APHG 5.3-5.4

Canada

French and English is official language. Quebec gov't use French mandatory in daily activities.

Give two examples of new modern languages.

Hebrew and Arabic

Even if there are many speakers of a language, the language is considered to be dying when...

childbearing generation is not capable of teaching the language to their kids, and the only remaining fluent speakers are older people

Define received pronunciation (RP):

dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the UK

Define Ebonics

dialect spoken by some African Americans

Take good notes on the "Gender Differences in Language" section:

divide equally in gender words. 12 make gender distinction and 8 don't. English is largely gender neutral.

2,447 of the world's 7,102 living languages are considered to be ____________________ and 912 of the 2,447 are classified as ________________________.

endangered, dying

The effort to preserve and/or revive dying languages reflects an emphasis on preserving...

local culture

How was it diffused throughout Britain?

migration

In a single word, why is American English different from that spoken in England and elsewhere?

migration

How have global-local tensions impacted standard languages and dialects?

migration, increased interaction, and other globalization processes have resulted in strengthening of standard languages and suppression of dialects

Icelandic

not isolated language. North Germanic group of Germanic branch of Indo-European family. Norwegian and other North Germanic languages had adopted new words and pronunciation, whereas isolated people of Iceland had less opportunity to learn new words.

Basque

only example of vigorous isolated language in Europe. Pyrenees Mountains of northern Spain and southwestern France. isolation helped them preserve their language in face of diffusion of Indo-European languages.

Why do governments promote the designation of a single dialect as the official language?

order to promote cultural unity

confederation=

organization that consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league

Now, Celtic languages are only spoken:

parts of Scotland, Wales, Ireland and on Brittany peninsula of France

Aborigines

person, animal, or plant that has been in a country or region from earliest times

How are the dialects projected to change and why?

reflect patterns of migration

Goidelic Celtic Group: Irish - Sottish Gaelic -

-1 of 2 official language of Ireland with English. 94000 people daily. like Welsh, % is higher in remote areas. -59000 or 1% of people speak it. Ireland to Scotland about 1500 years ago. Ethnologue consider Scots to be Indo-European Germanic Branch language separate from English, not merely dialect of English.

South Pacific: Australia - New Zealand-

-1% of population is Aboriginal.education is towards English than local languages. 211 indigenous languages but each have fewer than 10000 speakers. -14% population is Maori. Maori is one of 3 official languages, with English and sign language. 4% fluent in Maori, over age 50.

Take notes English dialects in U.S. (where? who? differences?): a. African American English - b. Appalachian English -

-South to large cities in Northeast and Midwest. African American Vernacular English (AAVE). use short words and cut some words from a sentence. -West Virginia. different pronunciation for words. Appalachia residents.

Brythonic Celtic Group: Welsh - Cornish - Breton -

-dominant in Wales until 19 century. 580000 speakers in Wales, 23% of population. 150000 border in England. Gwynedd, 2/3 speak it. UK made Welsh official language of Wales. -spoken in Cornwall, southwesternmost country of UK. last-known native speaker died in 1777. revied in 20 century. 2011 census 557 people fluent in UK. -Brittany, like Cornwall, an isolated peninsula out in Atlantic Ocean. declined to 1 million in 1950 to around 200000 today, 3/4 over age 65.

Give specific reasons for differences between American and British English in each of the following areas: a. Vocabulary - b. Spelling - c. Pronunciation -

-encountered many new objects and experiences -strong national feeling in US for an independent identity -interaction confined to exchange of letters and other printed matter rather than direct speech

In what two ways do languages vary by gender?

1. grammar of the language may distinguish between masculine and feminine 2. men and women use different words and converse differently

Switzerland

4 official languages: German (65%), French (18%), Italian (10%), Romansh (1%). form of gov't that power small areas. decentralized gov't, local authorities hold power and decisions made by voter referenda.

Nigeria

529 distinct languages. Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba are used by more than 10% of population. Adamawa Fulfulde, Kaura, Nigerian Fulfulde, and Tiv used by 1-10% of population. north Muslim and south Christian.

North America

61 in trouble and 142 dying. United Nations count 25 definitely endangered, 35 severely endangered, and 74 critical endangered in US. most were Native Americans but older passed way and young didn't learn. 5 endagered Native American languages are reawakening. reawakening languages is Myaamia.

What are some examples and where are they spoken?

Catalán (Andorra), Galician (northwestern Spain and northeastern Portugal), Moldovan (Moldova), Occitan (southern France)

Take notes/outline the history of the Hebrew language

Jewish Bible and Christian Old Testament were written in it. when Israel became independent, it and Arabic become official languages. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda revived it.

Give some examples (name & location/people) of recently extinct languages.

Liv in Uralic family, Grizelda Kristina is last person. Challam spoken in Washington's Olympic Peninsula and Vancouver Island, Canada, last speaker is Hazel Sampson.

Why is it difficult to distinguish individual languages from dialects?

Many residents of the regions choose to regard their language as distinct

Identify the four major U.S. dialect regions:

North, Midland, South, and West

Describe how the differences in origin of the early colonists led to the three different dialects on the East Coast:

North-2/3 of New England colonists were puritans from East Anglia in southeastern England South-half came from southeastern England Midland-Quakers from north of England

Identify the different English dialects in the U.K.:

Northern, Midland, and Southern

Why do these areas have high numbers of dying languages?

South Pacific and North America is dominated by English and Latin America uses mostly Spanish and Portuguese

Which areas of the world have high numbers of dying languages?

South Pacific, Latin America and North America

Belgium

Southern Belgians (Walloons) speak French and northern Belgians (Flemings) speak Flemish, dialect of Dutch. Brussels, capital, Bilingual. Belgium divided to 2 autonomous regions.

Explain what an isogloss is.

boundary that separates regions in which different languages usages predominate

What is the standard language for of English and where did it come from (3 cities)?

capital city of London, cities of Cambridge and Oxford

A language is classified as reawakening when...

a child is taught it as his/her first language

Asia has 60 percent of the world's population but only 20 percent of the world's dying languages. Why might Asia have relatively few dying languages?

because there are more countries in Asia and have the education for the adults to teach to the kids

Define standard language:

form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications

A language is considered to be sustainable if/when:

full use in the community and is being learned by kids as their first language

Celtic languages were once spoken:

in present-day Germany, France, northern Italy and British Isles 2000 years ago.

What is the basis for the different dialects?

language each spoke was the basis of distinct regional dialects of Old English

Define isolated language:

language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attracted to any language family

Define creolized language:

language that results from mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Define extinct language:

language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

What do the examples of Spanish and Portuguese illustrate?

level of interaction that is possible in the modern world between groups of people who live far apart

Dialects are defined as _________________________________________ and are distinguished by three things: *Accent =

regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation =distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class

Define subdialect:

subdivision of a dialect

Why do geographers study dialects and subdialects?

they reflect distinctive features of the environments in which groups live

How has globalization resulted in the extinction of many languages?

to be a part of global economy and culture, people choose to use widely used languages, leaving their traditions or indigenous language to disappear.

Why is there a relatively uniform form of English (dialect) spoken across the enormous area of the western half of the U.S.?

western settlers came from Midland

Other than isolationist reasons, why don't Americans speak "proper" English?

when colonists left England, "proper" English was not what it is today