APHG Ch.10 Development
how is empowerment measured?
% of seats help by women in national legislature and percentage of women who have completed some secondary school AND employment outside the home
why does one have to be careful when looking at crude death rates
- the diffusion of medical tech from developed to developing has reduced death rates in developing - death rates in developed are reflection of higher percentages of elderly and lower percentages of children
developing and developed countries GII
.468, .170 in developed
maternal mortality rate developed countries, undeveloped countries
16 per 100,000, 171 per 100,000 -highest rates are in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia - US is one of only countries where rate has increased since 1990 - most declined by 1/2 over past 30 years
Where does the US rank in GII? Explain why.
47, Reproductive rights are much lower in the United States than in other very high HDI countries. There percentage of women in the national legislature is much lower in the US than in other high HDI countries.
Rostow's Development Model
5 Stage Model of Development: 1) Traditional Society 2) preconditions for takeoff 3) takeoff 4) drive to maturity 5) age of mass consumption
For every ten boys who attend high school in developing countries, how many girls
6
how many countries are not ranked in HDI
6
what percent of women have completed some secondary school
62%, 71% of men
The HDI (Human Development Index), created by the UN, takes what three things into consideration when determining a country's level of development?
A decent standard of living, a long and healthy life, and access to knowledge (life expectancy and education)
peripheral
Africa, Asia, Latin America contain 3/4 of population and most of population growth
developed regions
North America and Europe
what are the 3 countries with majority women parliament or congress
Bolivia, cuba, rowanda
what are the 5 more developed regions
North America, Europe, Russia, Japan, Oceania
what areas of human welfare does HDI evaluate
economic (GDP or GNI per capita at PPP), social (literacy rate, amount of education), and demographic (life expectancy)
regions with best GII
Canada and some countries in Europe have less than 0.1
GDP variations in England
Central London is twice as much as northern
Self-Sufficiency Path
Countries encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership of businesses and resources, and protect their business from international competition
International Trade Path
Countries open themselves to foreign investment and international markets. Countries identify their distinctive or unique economic assets (ex: animal, vegetable, mineral resource). A country can develop economically by concentrating scarce resources on expansion of its distinctive local industries. Brings in funds to finance development.
Calculate productivity
Divide total GDP by the number of persons employed.
Describe how we see income inequality in Brazil and turkey
GDP: wealthiest is $20,000 and poorest $4000
what is the economic indicator of development for UN HDI
GNI *also economic structure, purchasing power, worker productivity, access to raw materials, availability of consumer goods
how is the standard of living measured
GNI per capita at PPP
HDI and IHDI
HDI=IHDI- perfect equality IHDI<HDI- few people are wealthy - MDCs have less variation, so less inequality
percent of women in congress in US, Canada, UK
House of Reps- 24% house of commons Canada- 26% House of Common's England- 32%
what are the UN's measures of inequality
IHDI GII- combines empowerment (ability to achieve economic and political power), labor force participation, reproductive rights (maternal mortality and adolescent fertility)
equal income
Incomes in the countryside keep pace with those in the city, and reducing poverty takes precedence over encouraging a few people to become wealthy consumers
explain GNI and education in developing countries
education receives higher percentages of GNI but their GNI is lower so overall they are receiving much less
what are the 3 other distinctive areas not classified in the 9 main regions
Japan and South Korea, South Pacific, Russia
developing regions
Latin America, east asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, southwest asia, north africa, sub-Saharan africa
Compare life expectancy in MDCs to LDCs.
MDC- 80 LDC- 61
Compare infant mortality rate in MDCs to LDCs.
MDC-more than 99.5% survive LDC-95% survive
What is the annual per capita (per person) GNI in an MDC? In an LDC?
MDC:$40,000 LDC:$10,000
how does the UN define development
enlarging people's ability to lead a long, healthy life, to acquire knowledge, and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living
What three "consumer goods" are considered to be particularly good indicators of development?
Motor vehicles- access to jobs and services; motor vehicles per 1000 people is 182 in world, 580 in developed, 102 in developing telephone- number per 1000 people 1045 in world, 1200 in developing, 1000 in developing computers- 1000/person 500 in world, 900 in developed, 400 in developing
what is GNI per capita at PPP
PPP GNI is gross national income converted to international dollars using purchasing power parityrates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
primary, secondary, tertiary sector jobs
Primary sector- mining, fishing, forestry Secondary sector- factory jobs Tertiary sector- retailing, banking, law, education, government
Within MDCs, what is the trend (increasing or decreasing) for each of the sectors?
Primary:decreasing Secondary:decreasing Tertiary:increasing
inequality in regional US
Reduced- GDP is 22% above national average in wealthy areas and 10% below in poor. SE is now 90% of national average vs 60% in 1950.
since 1990, gender inequality has declined in all but 4 of 138 measured countries, the greatest improvements being in ______________
SW asia and North Africa
what countries go against the trend of raw materials and development
developed countries like Japan, Singapore and Switzerland have little access to raw materials but countries in sub-Saharan africa have significant raw materials and they are developing *normally development requires access to raw materials
Female labor force participation rate variations in developing countries
South Asia, Southwest Asia, North Africa have substantial gaps East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa have smaller gaps
GII most improvement
Southwest Asia and north Africa
What is GNI per capita?
The GNI per capita is the dollar value of a country's final income in a year, divided by its population. It should be reflecting the average before tax income of a country's citizens
Explain empowerment
The ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status via achievement of economic and political power
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
The gender gap in level of achievement in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. The higher the GII, the grater the inequality (0 is equal, 1 is most unequal)
What is the adolescent fertility rate?
The number of births per 1000 women aged 15-19; the rate is 16 births per 1000 people in developed countries and 48 in developing countries.
how is global investment hierarchical diffusion
development of Latin America is tied with North America and same with Africa and eastern Europe to Western Europe
how to find per capita
dividing GNI by total population
what is the difference between GDP and GNI
UN uses GNI also
what are the 4 wide human development categories
Very High Human Development- 58 countries High Human Development- 53 countries Medium Human development- 39 low human development- 38
The UN uses two measures of quality of education. Define and explain both:
Years of schooling for today's adults: the number of years the average person 25+ has spent in school (12.2 in developed countries, 7.3 in developing countries) Expected years of schooling for today's youth: predicted that the average 5 year old will spend in school (developed is 16.4-half will graduate college and 10.1 in developing)
primary sector
activities that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture and sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry
what are the literacy rates in Latin America
at least 70-89%
import limits
barriers limit the import of goods from other places. Three widely used barriers include: - setting high taxes (tariffs) on imported goods to make them more expensive than domestic goods - fixing quotas to limit the quantity of imported goods, - - requiring licenses in order to restrict the number of legal importers
teenage pregnancy rate
below 10 per 1000 in developed because of contraception; in developing countries contraception rate is below 10% and teenage pregnancy rate is 110 per 1000
quaternary sector jobs
business services, wholesaling (highly developed countries have a large share in this sector) - considered tertiary
Insulation
fledgling businesses are nursed to success by being isolated from competition with large international corporations. Such insulation from the potentially adverse impacts of decisions made by businesses and governments in developed countries encourages a country's fragile businesses to achieve independence
North America HDI
has the highest at 0.908 and is well endowed with natural resources and agricultural land, has developed high tech industries, leading consumer, world's largest market
quinary sector jobs
health, edu, research, gov, retailing, tourism (highly developed countries have a large share in this sector) - considered tertiary
low GIIs hare found in countries with ______ HDIs
high
How is HDI "scored"?
highest is 100% or 1.0
Explain the statement: "Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not the distribution."
if only a few people receive much of the GNI, then the sardar of living for the majority may be lower than the average figure implies.
World Systems Theory
in an increasingly unified world economy, developed. countries form an inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations
how does unequal development usually appear within a country
income, gender, location
semi-periphery
intermediate level of economic development or situated close to both core and periphery - usually developing still
equal investment
investment is spread as equally as possible across all sectors of a country' s economy in all regions
what are the demographic indicators and what do they indicate
life expectancy (measures health and welfare) infant mortality (levels of health care), natural increase (higher in developing which causes them to spend more GDP), crude birth rates (caused for higher increases rates)
what does the self sufficiency plan require
limiting imports, imposing high tariffs and restrictions on foreign suppliers, and supporting new businesses with tax breaks and subsidies; -gov investment is sent across all sectors narrowing gap between wealthy and poor - goal is to replace foreign imports with domestically produced items and the only way is to put tariffs on foreign
reasons for infant mortality in developing
malnutrition lack of medicine dehydration diarrhea poor medical practices due to lack of edu
what is special about HDI
measures development in terms of human welfare rather than money or productivity
GDI
measures the gender gap in the level of achievement for the three dimensions of the Human Development Index: Income, education, life expectancy -closest to one, the more equal
where do Brazil and turkey fall in HDI
middle: Brazil 79, turkey 64
what are the literacy rates for more and less developed countries
more developed usually exceed 99% and less developed are below 70%
core
mostly northern hemisphere temperate zone of north of tropic of cancer
what countries have more women than men in political power
none
how is empowerment measured
percentage of seats held by women in national legislatures and percentage of women who have completed secondary school
where do we most commonly see uneven development
periphery countries of an economic core highest in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
What is the trend with contributions of GNI by primary, secondary, and tertiary among developed and developing countries
primary and secondary are higher in developing countries then developed and tertiary is highest in developed and lower in developing
secondary sector
process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products as well as industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods
Tertiary sector
provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment
US GII
ranked 36-41 because they have higher teenage births and higher mortality during birth and less empowerment
inequality in US overall
reduced in 1900s due to extended health care and edu and financial assistance but since 1980 it has increased
what is the largest contributor to gender inequality
reproductive health
which developed country has a life expectancy like those of developing countries
russia
when were self-sufficiency and international trade path popular
self-sufficiency in 1900s and international trade path in late 1900s
since when has HDI been in use
since 1980
what regions have the two lowest HDI scores
south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
regions with worst GII
sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southwest Asia, North Africa, South Asia, Southwest Asia,
what is value added per worker
the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
what is the struggle with less developed countries in literacy rates and language
the scientific and nonfiction publishing world is dominated by developed countries, so the books are no in their language
why are MDCs more productive
their GNI helps pay for machineries which allow them to produce more for less work - development also requires energy to fuel industry and transform raw materials into finished products
why are there more consumer goods in MDCs
they are essential to life in MDCs but not in LDCs
1.6 million children and 150,000 mother die in 48 hours after birth
true
true or false: girls are more likely then boys to graduate high school in North America, but boys are more likely than girls in Europe
true
does turkey or Brazil have more inequality
turkey because they have higher IHDI
adolescent fertility rate in US compared to Europe and Canada
twice as high due to lack of economic opportunities for young women -esp high in African Americans and hispanics
is the gap between GNI in developed and developing countries widening or narrowing
widening
GDI of world, developed, and developing
world- 0.941 (HDI for all females in the world (.705) is 94.1% of that of males (.749) developed- 0.983 undeveloped- 0.917
do more women than men vote
yes
