APHG Chapter 3

Recent interregional migration in the United States

*Between the 1995 and 2010 models, there is a lot less interregional migration Below shows the net growth of certain regions in the two years West: 1995: -300 2010: 153 Midwest: 1995: -450 2010: -224 Northeast: 1995: -1250 2010: -128 South: 1995: 2100 2010: 199 As it can be seen in 1995 a huge amount were migratiing to the south. Although south migration was still highest in 2010, it is no where near as high as it was

How many unauthorized immigrants does the US have?

more than 11 million

What is a prominent example of large-scale internal migration in the U.S.?

opening of the American West

What do the quotas not apply to?

refugees

What are the two key cultural/political elements forced internal migration has historically had?

slavery, political instability

What are the two types of internal migration? Definition?

interregional migration and intraregional migration Internal is a permenant move within the same country. Consistent with the distance decay principle in which the farther away a place is located, the less likely that people will migrate there. (Internal migrants much more numerous that international)

What gender are most migrants?

young males

What is the biggest reason for forced migration?

cultural reasons

What are the characteristics of Stage 2 in the Migration Transition?

high international *emigration* and interregional migration from rural to urban areas High NIR higher CBR rapid declining CDR

When did immigration stop in the U.S. and why?

1930s and 1940s because of the Great Depression and WWII. Steadily increased again beginning in 50's

What two regions have recent U.S. immigrants come from? (More than 3/4 of recent us migrants)

Asia and Latin America Recent immigrants not distributed uniformly through US

Where is the largest flow of migrants from?

Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, Latin America to north america

What are the three larges flows of migrants?

Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, and Latin America to North America Shows importance of migration from developing countries to developed. Migrants from countries w relatively low incomes and high natural increase rates head for relatively wealthy countries with where more jobs

Counties w net in and out migration

Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out NA, Europe, and Oceania have net in Other developed countries have net in like Australia and Canada but they're not as a populous as the US. Southwest Asia attracts immigrants primarily from poorer countries in Asia to perform more of the dangerous oil field jobs

How US has changed

Motives for moving the same, but US is no longer sparcely settled w lots of unclaimed land Symbolic closing of the frontier (making 48th state closing off all land in country) coincided w end of peak period of emigration from Europe

Major destination for migrants

Cali

What states have the largest number of unauthorized immigrants?

California and Texas

Political Push and Pull Factors

Can be especially compelling push factors causing emigration. Push: Slavery (many shipped to sub Sahara etc in 18th century), political tension Pull: Countries with little political violence; more govt freedom Forced political migration now occurs because of political conflict

Where do most international immigrants to Mexico come from

Central America

Which of the following types of thematic maps is heavily impacted by the concept of induction?

Choropleth

Circulation example

College students attending school each fall and spring in another city for four years

What are the U.S.'s three eras of immigration?

Colonial settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries, mass European immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and Asian and Latin American immigration in the late 20th and early 21st centuries

The spread of something over a given study area is...

Concentration

Shifting pop center in US

Consistent shift westward

Mexico's border with the United States

Crossing border on foot is possible in some areas (rural areas and small towns guarded only by handful of agents). Elsewhere the border runs through sparsely unhabited regions. US constructed a barrier covering one fourth of border (serveral large urban areas situated on border like California, San Diego, Mexico etc so driving across urban borders can be heavy traffic) US Mexican international boundary and water commission is responsible for keeping official maps based on a set of early treaties (locating border can be hard in some areas) US see Mexicans we trying to cross any way to get better lives but Mexicans see it more complex

What was the first intervening obstacle that hindered American settlement in the interior of the continent?

Crossing the Appalachians

Environmental push and pull factors

Current communication and transport allows living in attractive areas remote but not isolated from certain things like stores Water is the most important factor- too much in flood zones, too little in places where there is desertification (Sahel Africa for ex. They were pastoral nomads adapted to dry lands but only in small densities. Capacity of life declined w pollution and low rainfall. Many must move to cities and rural camps where they are given food and stuff by govt and organizations) Many forced to move by water related disasters if livin in places like flood plains (area subject to flooding during a specific number of years; like expecting floods once every century. Some unaware they even live in one) Disasters force people to move sometimes permanently, move to better climates

A map projection may distort a continent, making it appear stretched in some areas and smashed in others in order to...

Depict accurately the physical area of a country or continent

Who were the migration "laws" written by in the nineteenth-century?

E. G. Ravenstein

Largest number of immigrants sent among European countris

Germany Italy, uk, Ireland, Soviet Union *frequent Europe boundary change made precise national counts impossible

Which is a characteristic of countries in stage three

High international migration and increasing internal circulation

Subdivisions of migration

International and internal

European as emigrants

Ironic how tough Europe is on immigrant cuz Erie was the source of most emigration in 19th century (industrial revo brought to stage two. Too many people not bright jobs. 65 mil emigrated) Brought culture to other areas (art music literature philosophy ethics language (India European) religion (Christian)) Regions sparcely inhabited prior to European immigration because integrated w their culture. Political structure diffused. European planted seeds of conflict by moving to Indian lands (Africa Asia). Economies in Africa and Asia based on crops and extracting resources to export to Europe (rather than local use). Many of today's conflict in former Europe colonies result from past European practices (arbitrary boundary lines and discrimination)

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries. Results in part from rapid suburbinizationn, but most of this represents genuine migration from cities and suburbs to small towns and rural communities move for lifestyle reasons like suburbinization (opportunity for farm life)

What state has the largest percentage of unauthorized immigrants?

Nevada (although Cali and Texas have largest numbers)

What are the characteristics of Stage 3 and 4 in the Migration Transition?

high international *immigration* and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs 3: DECLINING NIR RAPID DECLINING CBR DECLINING CDR 4: LOW NIR CBR AND CDR

Which resource has contributed to the rise of economic migrants in southwest asia

Oil

Which obstacle do most migrants today face

Political

Reasons for migrating

Raven stein says most people migrate for economic reasons and he says political and environmental factors induce migration although not as frequently as economic

Age and education of migrants

Ravensetin thought they were young adults and for the most part the pattern continues Mainly young adults migrating for economic reasons, not a very thorough education (year higher than average Mexican but below US) 40 percent immigrants young adult; less likely to be old (only 5 percent). Children under 15 comprise 16% of immigrants (more women immigrating = more kids being brought along).

Who was the gravity model anticipated by?

Ravenstein

What was the government study in 1911 about?

Reflected popular attitudes when it concluded immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were racially inferior, inclined towards violent crimes, resisted assimilation, and drove "old-stock" citizens out of work (similar reactions still a century later w Latin America and Asia immigrants) Opposition to immigrants started early w Asia and Latin America immigrants. Hostility grew. By 20 the early century people saw when frontier was closed, the country should be as well

Description for migration transition

Result of same conditions that lead to the demographic transition

How interregional migration has changed in the US

SLowed considerably in the US into the 21st century; net migration between each pair of regions is about 0. Regional employment differnces less drastic (2008 recession discouraged migration bc of lack of jobs)

Migrants usually relocate....

Short distances within same country

How did Africans come to the US in the early 1800s?

Slave Trade

Largest flows in Europe

Southeast Europe (especially Romania, Bulgaria, Albania,) especially to Italy and Spain Eastern Europe (Poland Russia ukrane) especially to Germany the UK and Ireland Northern Europe (UK and Germany) ti attractive climates in Southern Europe (like Spain) During 20th century, largest flows within Europe w south tinnier especially from Greece and Italy to France Spain and Germany

Which stage? Relatively small Soviet growing slowly exhibiting internal migration

Stage 1

International migration primarily a phenomena in

Stage 2

Internal migration more people important in

Stage 3 and 4

What region has the largest number of international refugees? How many do they have?

Sub-Saharan Africa, over 8 million

Children of unauthorized immigrants? Years in US? Labor force?

The 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants had 1 million children (unath's have given birth to 4.5 mil) Duration of stay in us for unauths has increased (35% stay longer than 15 years in 2010, 16% stay longer than 15 years in 2000) 8 mil unauths employed in US (5 percent of total labor force). *Less likely in white collar jobs (more likely construction and hospitality)*

suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

What is true of economic migration is china

There is far ore internal migration that international in china

How do Russians move for interregional migration?

They forced people to migrate far north and construct. They later encouraged mifration north w higher wages, more paid holidays, etc. Failed to pull and reluctant because of climate and remoteness. Each year as many as half of people who migrated north came back and had to be replaced by young immigrants Govt send a brigade of young volunteers (the Konsomol) to help construct projects such as railroads. Collapse of soviet union ended policies encouraging this migration (govt no longer dictated optimal factoy locations)

Present day inter regional migration in US

This between pairs is minimal

Migrants seeking economic opportunities vs refugees fleeing from persecution

US Canada and Europe countries treat these differently. Economic migrants usually not permitted unless they have special skill Refugees receive priority Some unable to migrant permanent might be allowed to migrate temporarily

What to call a group of immigrants controversy (3)

Unauthorized immigrant: preferred by academic observers Undocumented immigrant: preferred my people advocating more rights to these people Illegal Alien: preferred by groups who favor tougher restrictions

Among the elements of globalization of culture are tendencies toward...

Uniform consumption preferences, enhanced communications, unequal access to resources, and uniforming in cultural form

Historically, interregional migration has been important in settling the frontier of which large countries?

United States, Russia, Brazil

What was the Komsomol in Russia?

a method the Soviet government used to sent a brigade of young volunteers during school vacations to help construct projects

What is the National Origins Act of 1924?

allowed 2% of the number of people from a country (already living there) to legally immigrate to the US For each country w people living in US, 2 percent of there number could immigrate each year (ensuring most come from Europe)

In what way did African-Americans come to colonial America?

as slaves (most forced) About 400000 Africans shipped as slaves to thirteen colonies that later formed US primarily by British. Made illegal in import in 1808 but another quarter million brought to US in next half century

How did the governor of Brazil encourage interregional migration?

by moving the captial

What do European political parties blame immigrants for?

crime, unemployment, high welfare costs Above all, anti immigration parties fear long standing traditions are threatened by immigrants adhering to different cultural habits (threat to traditions of host countries

What is the main concern with immigration in Europe?

cultural diversity. Americans think unauths, so they share mixed viewer about immigration

What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?

canals

In Us prominent type of intrargional migration is

cities to suburbs

What does Africa have lack of as far as a whole?

cohesion, democratic tradition

Why are interregional migrants pushed from rural areas?

declining opportunities in agriculture

What are some examples of brain drain?

doctors, scientists, and researchers

As with interregional migrants, what do most people who move from rural areas to urban seek?

economic advancement

Migration from a location

emigration

What are the three groups that Ravenstein's laws can be organized into?

the distance migrants move, the reasons migrants move, and characteristics of migrants

Where do Russians move to for interregional migration?

the far North Was before, highly clustered in the western or european part of the country; much of country especially near urals is very unpopulated. Encouraged factory construction near raw, uninhabitated areas and materials rather than existing

Urbanization

the growth of cities

According to Ravenstein, what is the most common reason for why people migrate?

economic reasons

What is the biggest reason for voluntary migration?

economic reasons

How do refugees transport themselves from one place to another?

first on foot, bicycle, wagon, or open boat - very low tech

Why do most people migrate

for economic reasons

Why do the Chinese move for interregional migration?

the jobs are plentiful

Why are interregional migrants pulled to cities?

the prospect of work in factories or in service industries

Why do hazardous regions push people?

there is either too much or too little water, there are water-related disasters, and floodplains

Why do some immigrants face opposition from some citizens of host countries?

they are culturally, ethnically, and religiously different

Why do physically attractive regions pull people?

they either have mountains, seasides, and warm climates (warm winters, too)

What have people involved in the guest worker program done in Europe?

they have stayed permanently

What is the Quota Act of 1921 (and national origins act of 1924)

Established quotas, or maximum limits on number of people who could immigrate to the US during a one year period QUOTAS DONT APPLY TO REFUGEES (who are admitted after judging, and w/o family). Number can vary sharply year to year bc group numbers are unpredictable

Where do the Chinese move to for interregional migration?

Estimated 100 million people have emigrated from rural areas in the interior of the country. Headed for large urban areas along east coast where jobs are plentiful (factories)

During first era of immigration where did most migrants emigrate from? Second?

Europe Germany

In what two principal regions did immigration to the American colonies and the newly independent U.S. come from?

Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa

Migration from Urban to Rural Areas

-developed countries - counter urbanization (Net migration from urban to rural; for first time more people immigrated into rural than emigrated) -Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming (Rocky Mountain states) have experienced net-in migration

Different eras where the rate of movement varied

1790: Hugging the coast virtually all colonial era settlements were near atlantic coast (dependant of shipping links with Europe). Appalachian blocked werstern development. Indians aoccupied large areas and sometimes resisted expansion of settlement 1800-1840: Crossing the Appaclacion Building canals (eerie canal between NYC and great lakes) and transportation improvements. People moved into forested river valleys and cut down trees for resources !850-1890: Rushing to the gold Pop center shifted rapidly westward. Instead of expanding farther westward plants, they just continued up through california where they hit the gold rush. Great plains wasn't suitable for plants to them 1900-1940: Filling in the great plains Western movement slowed. Advanced in tech allowed people to cultivate this area (railroad expansion ecourage this in which the extensive network allowed the transport of products to east coast; barbed wire and wind mill usage in farming) 1950-2010: Moving South Migrated south for warmer climate and more opportunities as western continued. Midwest and Northeast aggravated thinking industry was stolen from them (In reality, some industries relocated and most southern growth comes from new companies)

Migration from Europe to US peaks

1840's and 50's : Ireland and Germany (both compellled by economic push factors; Germany to escape political unrest) 1870: Ireland and Germany (continued until temporary decking during civil war) 1880's : Scandinavia (joined German and Irish bc industrial revo diffused here triggering rapid pop increase) 1905-1914: southern and Eastern Europe (again coincided w diffusion of industrial revo and rapid pop growth; 2/3 of all immigrants during this period from here)

Where were most immigrants from during the National Origins Act of 1924?

Europe bc US is heavily European populated at the time

Evolution of us quotas

1924: national origins act (2 percent of number of native born people can immigrate) 1965: individual country quotas replaced w hemisphere quotas (higher in eastern) 1978: global quota of 290k set (max 20k per country) 1990: global quota raised to 700k *at this point number of applications far exceed quotas so congress set preferences:* Family reunification: about 3/4 of immigrants permitted to reunify families (usually people already living in US; typical wait for a spouse to gain entry is 5 years) Skilled workers: high talent gets most of the remaining quota Diversity: few admitted by lottery under diversity category (country's historically send few to US)

How many Europeans migrated to the American colonies and the newly independent U.S. prior to 1820 and what percentage of Europeans came to the U.S. from Britain?

2 million, 90% (most voluntary) Permanent English colonies were established along the Atlantic coast (starting w Jamestown Virginia and Plymouth Massachusetts in 1610's

How many foreign-born residents has the U.S. had since 2010?

43 million

How many people migrated to the U.S. between 1820 and 2010?

75 million

What percent of the world's people are international migrants?

9

How far do most migrants go?

A short distance

Guest worker

A term once used for a worker who migrated temporarily to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job. Expected to return home; protected by minimum wage laws First of these programs involved emigration in northern European counties (wealthier w more opportunities) Term no longer used in Europe and govt program no longer exists (many who arrived under this now permanently live there; their grandchildren now citizens there. Many foreign born pop). Europe as a whole only half of NA foreign born pop

How countries have adopted selective immigration

Admit some types of immigrants but not to others Main reasons why visas are granted are for employment replacement and family reunification

What are the regions of dislocation?

Africa, South West & Central Asia, and South & South East Asia

Alabama and Arizona measures

Arizona requiring them to carry documents around at all time and be ready to share them if asks. Shut down but supreme fourth Alabama did similar restricting unauths from public schools. One other hand Texas has tried to give MORE rights to unauths

Where do Canadians move to for interregional migration?

As in the US, canada has had significant interregional migration from.. east to west for more than a century

Immigration concerns in US

BORDER PATROLS-Homeland security-more deportation of immigrants (more effective borders mean fewer unauths but they don't wanna spend the money for fences) WORKPLACE-support them so they keep taking unwanted jobs (unauths take jobs no one wants so they support some kind of job thing, but oppose raids in workplaces) CIVIL RIGHTS-let law verify anyone they suspect of being unauths. Some oppose saying it breaks civil rights LOCAL INITIATIVES- poll show many believe federal govt. responsibility to enforce unauths. Don't support local law enforcers to find unauths. Some resident however near border thing stronger enforcement is needed (strongest in Arizona where they required documents to be carried at ALL TIMES; Supreme Court shut it down)

Where do most migrants come from who are in search of work in Europe?

Egypt

According to surviving evidence, the first person to write the word geography was...

Eratosthenes

One of the largest flows in Europe

Eastern Europe to Germany UK and Ireland

Why does Europe attract immigrants from poorer regions located in the South and East?

Europe has 14 of the 16 countries with the highest per capita income Attracts many from poorer regions of south and easy (many immigrants provide essential low skill jobs) Relatively low pay however far more than they would at home (poorer countries reduce unemployment; immigrants help by sending money back home)

European immigrant overview

European never had more rights to migrate elsewhere within Europe. But non Europeans face more restrictions than in past (Turks and North Africans migrants here 20th century and they make up largest non European pop there)

Intereegional and intraregional definition

Inter region: one region of a country to another. (Rural to urban in search of jobs historically; in some modern developing urban to rural; jobs clustered in urban areas) Intraregional: movement within one region (within urban from older cities to new suburbs). Through mass amounts of this migrationo, the interior of the continent was settled and developed (opening of the american west). Ex) migration from older central city to nearby suburb Less traumatic to move within a country (same culture, language etc); usually shorter distances but can be longer is larger countries

Intraregional migration general conclusion

It has slowed from the recession People who move this way for lifestyle reasons rather than jobs are usually left with problems w loans and selling old houses No developed country region is isolated w technology and priveledges.

What's true of the guest worker program in euroe

It no longer exists

brain drain/gain

Large scale emigration/immigration by talented people High special workers migrate to places where they can make better of their ability (high preference in US NA and Europe contribute to this) Many well skilled Asians enter US for skilled workers preference. Once admitted they can bring family (under family reunification quotas) and eventually chain migration can bring a wide range of relatives

Where are most unauthorized immigrants from?

Mexico (approximately 58 percent; other evenly divided between Latin American countries and other regions)

What are the migration challenges facing Mexico?

Mexico is source for unauthorized EMIGRANTS on north border; but unauth IMMIGRANTS on south border. When talking to north, Mexicans urge sympathy for plight of immigrants. When talking to south, encourages stronger border security Mexico Guatemala border the river is shallow so many cross w/o passports illegally looking for higher paying jobs in tropical fruit plantations (most ultimately want to get to US)

What country passed Germany in most immigrants sent in 2006?

Mexico. (Many more coming from Latin America in 1986 when visas were given to thousands). Pattern changed from more Europe to Asian and Latin America (however all of them migrated in there times when entering stage 2 for better economic and social opportunities

Global pattern of immigration

Migration from developing to developed

General types of movement from one place to ankther

Mobility

Characteristic of migrants in US today

Most are women

Where do Brazilians move to for interregional migration?

Most brazilians live in a string of large cities near the atlantic coast (Sao palo and rio de janero became big). But tropical interior is very sparsley inhabited.

Characteristics of migrants (raven stein)

Most long distance migrants are male: because searching for new jobs was main reason for international migration and males were much more likely for hire; true in 'much of 20th century where 55% immigrants in US were male. Reversed in 90's where women held 55% Unauths show similar changes (85% male to over half female). Reflects changing role of women in Mexican society (used to have to stay home; can now move to US for family or job opportunities cuz high pressure w poor Econ conditions in Mexico) Most long distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families w children

What are Ravenstein's laws for the distance that migrants travel to their new homes?

Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

Opponents of European immigration

Most of Europe not stage 4 w Econ stable. *Pop growth fueled by immigration which many don't like* Anti immigrant party fear traditions destruction and blame violence and unemployment on immigrants

Why is China a major destination for migrants?

their economic boom is now attracting immigrants from neighboring countries to work in chinas expanding factories. 40 million Chinese currently live in other countries (most from southeastern China) but their current economic boom is bringing more

Trail of tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

What computes the U.S.'s population center at the time of each census?

The U.S. Census Bureau

Which of the following is most likely a functional region?

The area of dominance of a television station

Population center

The average location of everyone in the country, the "center of population gravity". The changing location of the population center graphically demonstrates the march of the American people accross the North Americaan continent over the past 200 years If you flattened the world and put it on one pin, w every person weighing the same, the flat map would balance on the pin at the population center

Push and pull factors

Usually both play a role in moving. They could feel pushed away and they may view another place as better and be pulled to it. 3 types in which most of the time one comes out as most important although ranking can be difficult: political environmental and economic

Voluntary and forced migration definition

Voluntary: migrant had chosen to move especially for economic improvement Forced: compelled to move especially by political or environmental factors Not a clear line between the two. Someone migrating for economic reasons may fell forced to move xuch as search for food or jobs, but they have not been explicitly compelled to migrate.

US vs European attitudes towards immigrants

When Us frontiers closed, attitudes towards immigrants changed. Opposition intensified when most immigrants stopped moving from Europe Europeans see immigrants as a burden. They blame violence and unemployment on them and they think they will ruin their traditions

Who was the demographer who identified a migration transition?

Wilbur Zelinsky

Geographer that identified migration transition

Wilbur Zelinsky Consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition (next)

Why do Brazilians move for interregional migration?

there are too many people along the coasts

What is the number one reason why people move to the United States and Canada?

availability of jobs and economic opportunity

Migration from rural to urban areas

developING countries -rural (nonmetropolitan)------>urban (metropolitan) -began because of Indus. Revolution in NA and Europe (In US: urban increased from 5% to 50 (1800 to 1920) and 80 in 1920 -worldwide urbanization- seek economic advancement (diffused to developing countries of Asia, latin america, and africa. ) Worldwide more than 20 million people are estimated to migrate from ural to urban -most people move this way seeking economic advancements. Pushed by declining agriculture opportunites and are pulled to cities by prospect of working in factories. )

Why are people pushed in economic push factors?

economic crashes and few job opportunities (attractiveness can shift in a region) In 19th century Ireland had net out from dire economic conditions. Reversed in 1990s as economic prosperity made this a destination for immigrants especially Eastern Europe. However recession in 2008 collapsed there economy and brought net out to Europe

What are the three objectives that people search when they migrate?

economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

What is the primary cause of migration?

economic push and pull factors

Migration from Urban to Suburban areas

developED countries -suburbs have grown rapidly while cities in developed countries has declined -not pulled by jobs, but by a suburban lifestyle -A result of suburbanization, is that the territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded. To accomodate suburban growth, farms on outside of urban areas are converted to housing and commercial developments -Twice as many americans migrate city to suberbs than suburbs to cities

Why do Russians move for interregional migration?

for rich natural resources Not enough workers lived nearby these new uninhavitated areas to fill jobs to govt had to simulate the interregional migration Really wanted to develop far north Russia like Siberia cuz it was rich in resources. (and only 2 percent of Russia's people lived north)

1985 Schengen Treaty

give a citizen of one European country the right to hold a job, live permanently, and own property elsewhere. One of the agreements among European countries. The removal of migration restrictions on Europeans has set of large scale internal flow (from poorer to richer)

What event has reduced the number of immigrants to the US and Europe?

global recession of 21st century W high unemployment and limited job opps have less incentive. Countries like relays and Spain were destinations late 20th century now have net out

Why do Canadians move for interregional migration?

gold

Why are people pushed in environmental push factors?

hazardous regions

What are the characteristics of Stage 1 in the Migration Transition?

high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food CBR high, CDR high, NIR low

Why are people pulled in economic pull factors?

high economic development and job opportunities (job prospects vary place to place) In 19th century people can to NA expected gold paved path but NA and Canada still offered prospects for economic advancement. (Prominent destination for economic immigrants; many lured to these places from Latin America and Asia)

In the migration transition, what type of migration occurs when countries are in stage 3 and 4 of the demographic transition?

internal migration

What type of refugees is a bigger issue than the other?

internal refugees are a bigger issue than external refugees

In the migration transition, what type of migration occurs when countries are in stage 2 of the demographic transition?

international migration

For what two reasons have people been migrating to the south in recent years?

job opportunities and warmer climate

What are some similarities between guest workers (Europe) and immigrant labor (US)?

jobs, remittances (money sent to family), Ravenstein's Laws, and chain migration

What are the main environmental obstacles faced by migrants?

long, arduous, and expensive passage over land or sea Ex) sailing immigrants in 18 19th century, or deserts Indians were forced to cross

What type of migrants do big cities attract?

long-distance migrants

Why are people pulled in environmental pull factors? Pushed?

physical attractive regions (mountains, seasides, warm climates. Proximity of Rocky's pulls people to CO. Some migrants shocked by pollution in these areas.) Warmer winter regions attract people from harsher climates. Many old people moving to Florida Pushed from hazardous ones (adverse physical conditions)

What are the three major kinds of push and pull factors?

political, environmental, and economic

What are two immigration policies for destination countries?

quotas and guest workers

What was the Immigration Act of 1965?

quotas for individual countries done away with and replaced with hemisphere quotas

What are the three groups of forced political migrants?

refugee - forced to migrate to avoid armed conflicts, violence, human rights violations, or other disasters and can't return for read of persecution bc of race religion nationality or political opinion. UN count d 10.6 million refugees, 14.7 million IDPS, and 838k asylum seekers in which many have been returned to their homes (ex many refugees forced to migrate from Afghanistan and Iraq bc of wars there) internally displaced person - similar to refugees reasons for movie but don't cross international border and asylum seeker- migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

Worldwide promimnent type of intraregional migration is

rural to urban

Today, what is the principle type of interregional migration?

rural to urban areas

What caused intraregional migration to slow during the early twenty-first century?

severe recession

What was once an important political push factor?

slavery

What are two reasons that visa's are granted?

specific employment placement and family reunification

How is most migration?

step-by-step

When did the number of unauthorized immigrants increase rapidly?

the first years of the 21st century (declined in 2008 w recession taking away job prospects) Historic high of people allowed to enter US but people who want to come even higher, so they come unauthorized w/o needed docs

How do Brazilians move for interregional migration?

the government created a new capital in the tropical inland because it was sparsely inhabited Made the new capital Brazilia 1000 km from coast which altered migration patterns (coastal areas now have net out migration whereas interior has in) Govt buildings in Brazilia like the center of an airplane and housing arranged along 'wings'. Thousands of people migrate here in search of jobs (people see a rapid pop growth country and move there thinkinng they can find jobs; Many can't afford housing in Brasilia so they were living in the shack on the outskirts of the city)

How do the Chinese govt respond for interregional migration?

the government once tried to severly limit ability of chinese to make interregional moves, but restrinctions have been lifted in recent years

Why are people pulled to suburban areas rather than urban areas?

they have the opportunity to live in a detached house rather than an apartment with a private yard; they can have a garage or driveway; schools are more modern and equipped and safer; people can have cars or ride on trains that enable them access to jobs, shops, and recreational facilities in the urban areas

Why are people pulled to rural areas?

they have the opportunity to live on a farm where they can own horses or grow vegetables; they can work in near-by factories, town shops, or other services

Why is Southwest Asia a major destination for migrants?

they have wealthy oil-producing countries have become major destination for people of poorer countries During late 20th century most arrived from south and Southeast Asia (like Philippines) where working conditions have been seen as poor. Philippine govt saw only Israel and Oman safe for their migrants bc other lacked workers rights protection. Oil producing countries fear increasing numbers of guest workers will spark political unrest and abandonment of cultures.

How do Canadians move for interregional migration?

they move from southern provinces to the Northwest (westernmost provinced like Alberta, British columbia, and Saskatechwan are destination for most migrants. Much more rapid pop increase here) Net out migration is being recorded in provinces from Manitoba eastward East to west

What do immigrants do to help their families back home?

they send a large percentage of their earnings back home

Why do immigrants have an important role in Europe?

they take low-status and low-skill jobs that local residents won't accept

What were quotas designed for initially?

to get more Europeans to come to the US rather than Asians

What were some of the reasons people were allowed in the US under the quota system?

to reunify family, skilled workers and exceptional talents, lottery systems, and diversity

Why did the Chinese migrate throughout Southeast Asia in late 1800s to early 1900s?

to work in trade, commerce, and finance

What has diminished the importance of intervening obstacles?

transportation improvements Today major intervening obstacle is political (like needing passport visa, etc)

What is the main concern with immigration in the US?

unauthorized immigrants

What are the two types of international migration? Definition?

voluntary migration and forced migration International is a permanent move from one country to another

What type of government does African countries have?

weak and corrupt

What does Africa have an excessive amount of from the Cold War?

weapons

Historically, the "center of population gravity" in the US has been moving where?

westward

What do refugees take with them while they migrate?

whatever they can carry or easily transport