APHG Exam Study Guide

Which of the following types of information is shown in the table? A. Tax records B. Military enlistments C. Census Data D. Diplomatic Records E. School enrollments

C. Census Data

Which of the following scenarios explains a demographic push factor for less developed countries? A. A large youth population, lacking educational opportunities, seek schooling in more developed countries. B. Religious persecution and threats of violence create a refugee crisis in neighboring countries. C. A working population, seeking higher wages, emigrate to more developed countries. D. Drought threatening agricultural output and food supplies create a refugee crisis in neighboring countries. E. An oppressive government discriminates against minorities, forcing ethnic groups to live in rural enclaves.

A. A large youth population, lacking educational opportunities, seek schooling in more developed countries.

The higher gross domestic product per capita in some less developed countries such as Brazil, South Africa, and Malaysia is best explained by increases in the value of the country's A. manufacturing output and service industry employment B. textile and clothing manufacturing C. agricultural land development and the number of farmers D. foreign aid payments and food aid from other countries E. women-owned business and microloan programs

A. manufacturing output and service industry employment

For centuries, sugar crystals were made from the evaporated juice of sugarcane, a plant grown only in tropical and subtropical climates. In the 1800s, industrial methods were developed to manufacture crystalline sugar from sugar beets. This allowed for large amounts of sugar to be produced in colder, temperate climate zones. Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the ability of humans to use technology to overcome the limitations of climate and modify the landscape? A. Environmental determinism B. Possibilism C. Cultural relativism D. Contagious diffusion E. Political ecology

B. Possibilism

Which of the following questions must be answered in order to identify a functional region? A. What specific characteristic defines a region? B. What general characteristics define the area's identity? C. What do people call the region? D. What languages are spoken in the area? E. What area is influenced by a node?

E. What area is influenced by a node?

Which of the following statements explains the data relationship between the statistics shown in the table? A. A high level of economic development does not guarantee that women will have an equitable position in society. B. A high level of economic development guarantees that women will have an equitable position in society. C. A high GII score indicates high levels of gender equality and a high level of economic development. D. A high GII ranking, in the top 6, indicates a low level of gender equality and a high level of economic development. E. A high GII ranking, in the top 6, indicates a high level of gender equality and a low level of economic development.

A. A high level of economic development does not guarantee that women will have an equitable position in society.

Explain how the map represents an incomplete picture of the economy in India. A. The data do not measure the informal economy, which in regions with high employment in agriculture could be significant. B. The data are measured per capita, so the total economy for each state in India cannot be compared. C. The data do not show the different sectors of the economy, so states in India with low employment in agriculture appear to be wealthier. D. The data do not include population figures, and without that information an accurate comparison cannot be made. E. The data are measured in rupees and cannot be compared to data from countries that use a different currency.

A. The data do not measure the informal economy, which in regions with high employment in agriculture could be significant.

By tradition it is uncommon for women to hold personal bank accounts in Pakistan, and until the 1990s this was much the same in Bangladesh. Which of the following best explains the significant change in the percent of women with bank accounts in Bangladesh? A. The increased access to microlending institutions for women, such as the Grameen Bank B. The increased number of women leaders in national politics, such as Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wazed C. The increased number of coeducational universities, such as the University of Dhaka D. The decrease in access to landownership for many women, such as those working in agriculture E. The decrease in the total fertility rate due to health initiatives, such as government-sponsored family-planning programs

A. The increased access to microlending institutions for women, such as the Grameen Bank

Which of the following best explains how the diffusion of industrialization relates to the two images shown? A. The stone bridge predates the Industrial Revolution. The technology for steel bridgework became available through the diffusion of steel manufacturing processes. B. Both bridges were built after the diffusion of technologies from the Industrial Revolution because the technology for constructing permanent bridges was not available until the late 1700s. C. The steel bridge was not built until the very end of the Industrial Revolution because stone bridges were stronger in their design and the strength of steel was not realized until much later. D. Bridge construction types are specific to local culture and do not indicate a diffusion of technology because there is little evidence of a specific pattern of diffusion between cities. E. The stone bridge is a safer design that rapidly diffused worldwide because it allows for more water to pass through as opposed to the design of steel bridges that rusted quickly from water passing through, leading to safety issues.

A. The stone bridge predates the Industrial Revolution. The technology for steel bridgework became available through the diffusion of steel manufacturing processes.

A high level of mobility for international migration and employment is best explained by which of the following demographic groups? A. Unmarried men in their late twenties with no children and a university education B. Unmarried woman in their twenties with no children and a high school education C. Married man in their forties with children and a high school education D. Unmarried men in their thirties with children and a high school education E. Married woman in their thirties with children and a university education

A. Unmarried men in their late twenties with no children and a university education

California's Silicon Valley is an example of a high-technology region. Which of the following would best accompany the map shown to help explain the origins of this high-technology region? A. A description of high-technology multinational corporations such as Google and Apple that have located their headquarters in the area B. A description of how the area's research institutions, including Stanford University and the NASA Ames Research Center, served as growth poles for development C. A description of the construction of interstate highways in California and how development occurred at the transportation nodes created by major highway intersections D. A description of how residential suburbs such as Redwood City and Cupertino formed within the San Francisco-Oakland metropolitan area E. A description of how edge cities such as Palo Alto and San Jose formed on the periphery of the San Francisco-Oakland metropolitan area

B. A description of how the area's research institutions, including Stanford University and the NASA Ames Research Center, served as growth poles for development

Japan has a low birth rate and a high life expectancy. Which of the following explains why Japan will struggle with demographic challenges in 30 years? A. Too many youth dependents for the education system will require increased taxes. B. An aging population needing health care will require more public funding. C. Too many workers for available jobs will lead to high rates of unemployment. D. A rapidly increasing population will strain the country's infrastructure. E. A rapidly increasing population will strain the available food supply.

B. An aging population needing health care will require more public funding.

If rural-to-urban migration continues in China, which of the following outcomes is most likely? A. Farming will become unsustainable. B. Housing shortages in urban areas will be common. C. Schools in rural areas will not have enough students to remain open. D. Manufacturing areas will face labor shortages. E. Wages will increase in urban areas.

B. Housing shortages in urban areas will be common.

Which of the following best explains a political-economic weakness or limitation of Rostow's stages of economic growth? A. The model does not hold up to modern times because essentially all countries around the world have moved through Rostow's stages of economic growth as expected. B. Rostow made the inaccurate assumption that all countries want modernization as defined in the model and would pass through the outlined stages in order. C. According to Rostow, countries will become less dependent on the sales of their commodities as they advance. D. Some critics claim commodities were exchanged between core and periphery areas well before modern times. E. The stages as defined by Rostow are not useful because sustainability is not addressed.

B. Rostow made the inaccurate assumption that all countries want modernization as defined in the model and would pass through the outlined stages in order.

Based on the data in the table, which of the following statements explains a limitation of using gross national income per capita compared to the Human Development Index as a measure of development? A. Using gross national income per capita in a composite measure of development does not allow for cross-national comparisons of purchasing power, a key indicator of development. B. Using gross national income per capita as a measure of development puts too much importance on economic production as the sole measure of development. C. The importance of gross national income per capita as a measure of development is reduced because it factors in life expectancy and education with the value of economic production. D. Gross national income per capita does not factor in population and therefore reduces the overall accuracy as a measure of development. E. The differences in gross national income per capita as a measure of development are less exaggerated between more developed countries than between less developed countries.

B. Using gross national income per capita as a measure of development puts too much importance on economic production as the sole measure of development.

Rostow's stages of development can easily be applied to countries such as the United States and Japan, but not so easily to countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Bolivia, because the theory A. is predicated on less developed countries receiving financial assistance from more developed countries B. places emphasis on developed nations having less developed nations to exploit for resources C. ignores unevenness in development across the globe D. does not take into account the interdependence of places and regions E. highlights the semiperiphery as the most successful in development

B. places emphasis on developed nations having less developed nations to exploit for resources

In 2008, a debt crisis within the United States housing market triggered a global economic crisis. Which of the following best explains how this process occurred? A. Because the United States is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), all members of the WTO were equally affected by the crisis within the United States. B. Properties owned by American businesses and individuals experienced a sharp decrease in value throughout the world. C. Because the global financial system is interconnected, banks in other countries were negatively affected by the crisis in the United States. D. Following the debt crisis in the United States, other countries disengaged from supranational free trade agreements with the United States. E. The debt crisis prompted many Americans to move abroad, causing housing shortages in countries with a lower cost of living.

C. Because the global financial system is interconnected, banks in other countries were negatively affected by the crisis in the United States.

Each image shows a different way that products of the Industrial Revolution were transported. Which of the following statements best compares the impacts of the two forms of transportation? A. The form of transportation in image A allowed for more global transportation of goods, while the form of transportation in image B allowed for more local transportation of goods. B. Both forms of transportation required use of sustainable energy resources. C. Both forms of transportation accelerated production and distribution of goods D. The form of transportation in image A generally transported goods, while the form of transportation in image B generally transported people. E. Both forms of transportation discouraged the growth of cities.

C. Both forms of transportation accelerated production and distribution of goods

Which of the following changes in global economic patterns occurred because of the innovations depicted in the two images? A. Most regions developed the two innovations shown in the images independently, with a rapid increase in output and worldwide distribution capabilities. B. The two innovations led to the development of many new cities and expansion of the leisure travel industry for people living near major transportation hubs. C. Early adopters of the two innovations began to increase colonization in search of new sources of raw materials for manufacturing goods. D. Development of the two innovations significantly increased economic equality in the world as goods could be spread much more evenly between countries.

C. Early adopters of the two innovations began to increase colonization in search of new sources of raw materials for manufacturing goods.

In less developed countries, ecotourism blends environmental sustainability with the travel and hospitality service industry. This combination attracts global tourists to locations such as Mount Kilimanjaro, the Serengeti Plain, and Victoria Falls in Africa. Which of the following best explains the relationship between global ecotourism and economic sustainability at the local scale? A. As ecotourism increases in popularity, it is predicted to become the only viable path to local economic sustainability in less developed countries. B. The largest ecotourism resorts lead to economic sustainability at the local scale, whereas smaller resorts have little effect on local economies. C. Global ecotourism does not necessarily lead to local economic sustainability, as workers might not be paid a living wage at ecotourism resorts. D. Global ecotourism always leads to economic sustainability at the local scale, but it also leads to cultural homogenization as local communities come into contact with tourists. E. Global ecotourism is a detriment to local economic sustainability, putting food supplies at risk as workers transfer from agricultural labor to jobs at resorts.

C. Global ecotourism does not necessarily lead to local economic sustainability, as workers might not be paid a living wage at ecotourism resorts.

Based on the data shown in the table, which of the following accurately describes changes in the roles of women as countries develop economically? A. More women work in agriculture B. More women leave the workforce C. More women work in professional jobs D. Fewer women enroll in secondary school E. Most women work in the home

C. More women work in professional jobs

In his book My Tears Spoiled My Aim, John Shelton Reed explains the difficulty of defining the American South. "Where is the South? . . . The South is, to begin with, a concept—and a shared one. It's an idea that people can talk about, think about, use to orient themselves and each other. People know whether they're in it or not." Based on Reed's explanation, the South is best described as which kind of region? A. Functional B. Formal C. Vernacular D. Peripheral E. Linguistic

C. Vernacular

The data presented in the map shown depict? A. latitude in a Robinson projection B. longitude in a Mercator projection C. population in a cartogram D. elevation topographic map E. taxation in a flow-line map

C. population in a cartogram

A population pyramid that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom most likely represents which of the following populations? A. A rapidly expanding population B. A stable or declining population C. A population with an unusually small percentage of older females D. A population of retirees E. A population with a large percentage of younger male guest workers

D. A population of retirees

Which of the following describes forced migration? A. Residents from New Orleans, United States, being displaced during Hurricane Katrina B. Residents from Sendai, Japan, being displaced during an earthquake and related tsunami C. Population movement to cities with more job opportunities created by economic recession D. British convicts shipped to Australia in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries E. Northern Europeans moving to southern European countries for health reasons

D. British convicts shipped to Australia in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries

Which of the following best explains the relationship of a country's economic sector employment to its development level? A. Semiperiphery countries and periphery countries have the highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector because of the emphasis on technology development. B. Semiperiphery countries and core countries have the highest percentage of workers in the secondary sector because of the economic dominance of manufacturing. C. Periphery countries have the highest percentage of workers in the secondary sector because of the availability of natural resources. D. Core countries have the highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector and the lowest percentage of workers in the primary sector because of the economic emphasis on services. E. Periphery countries have highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector and the lowest percentage of workers in the primary sector because of their importance as financial centers.

D. Core countries have the highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector and the lowest percentage of workers in the primary sector because of the economic emphasis on services.

The image shows an open-pit coal mine in the United States. Which of the following best explains a limitation of the image in analyzing economic patterns of coal mining? A. It does not indicate the pattern of environmental impacts associated with open-pit coal mining. B. It does not convey the availability of alternative sources of energy within the area shown. C. It does not indicate potential health risks associated with working at a coal mine. D. It does not indicate patterns of restructuring that have resulted in a decrease in coal mining jobs. E. It does not convey the distance of the coal mine to the closest urban area.

D. It does not indicate patterns of restructuring that have resulted in a decrease in coal mining jobs.

Which of the following explains the development patterns for a country that has a large proportion of its economy engaged in the secondary economic sector? A. The country exhibits extremely high land values as vast acreage is needed for manufacturing plants and luxury housing developments for manufacturing executives. B. The country has an aging urban population and is importing day laborers from rural areas to keep up with the demands of production. C. The country has a large population of well-educated labor, but it is widely dispersed around the country, distant from manufacturing facilities and employment opportunities. D. The country has access to shipping lanes and inexpensive transport options that lead to establishment of factories close to raw materials or to markets, depending on the manufacturing process. E. The country has available resources important to manufacturing, such as water and fossil fuels, but access is limited in many areas.

D. The country has access to shipping lanes and inexpensive transport options that lead to establishment of factories close to raw materials or to markets, depending on the manufacturing process.

The map shows GDP per capita by country, with darker shading indicating higher GDP per capita. Which of the following best explains a limitation of the map in answering questions about the world's changing economic landscape? A. The map shows all the countries of the world and their level of development according to GDP per capita without regard to the size of the country's population. B. The map suggests that the most productive economies are located mostly in the global north and that the least productive are located mostly in the global south, revealing a global pattern of development. C. The map shows GDP at the country scale, which is not appropriate for the analysis of change in the contemporary economic landscape at the global scale. D. The map shows economic productivity as GDP per capita in each country for a single year, but does not show change over time that would indicate a level of economic growth or decline. E. The map suggests the development of manufacturing-based economies in less developed countries, where GDP per capita is higher than what would be found in agriculture-based economies.

D. The map shows economic productivity as GDP per capita in each country for a single year, but does not show change over time that would indicate a level of economic growth or decline.

Which of the following explains the most significant weakness of Wallerstein's world system theory? A. The levels of development described in world system theory have little in common with the levels described in Rostow's stages of growth. B. World system theory relies on a global system of trade, without which industrializing states like Brazil could not develop economically. C. World system theory does not explain that historical core countries, like China, could decline and be reclassified as semiperiphery. D. World system theory provides little explanation about how a country like South Korea could rise from a peripheral country to a core economy. E. World system theory does not factor labor as a resource that all countries are dependent on for economic development.

D. World system theory provides little explanation about how a country like South Korea could rise from a peripheral country to a core economy

Chile is able to grow and harvest grapes and strawberries in the months of October through April, while in the United States such fruit is harvested from April through October. The United States has a much larger manufacturing capacity and ships durable goods such as cars and trucks to Chile. These examples can best be explained by A. divergent patterns of spatial diffusion B. the economic concept of transferability C. the industrial processes of a commodity chain D. the economic principle of comparative advantage E. the uneven development resulting from colonialism

D. the economic principle of comparative advantage

Which of the following population patterns is common in more developed countries? A. High birth rates, leading to younger age structures B. An uneven ratio of males to females, leading to lower total fertility rates C. Higher population densities in rural areas, leading to scarcity of natural resources D. A rapidly increasing working-age population, leading to high unemployment rates E. Declining levels of fertility and mortality, leading to older age structures

E. Declining levels of fertility and mortality, leading to older age structures

A nongovernmental organization is planning a new international elementary education program. Based on the map shown, which of the following groups of countries would be the best candidates to receive funding? A. Brazil, Bolivia, Peru B. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand C. Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador D. Egypt, Libya, Saudi Arabia E. Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan

E. Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan

Which of the following explains how microlending policies can lead to interdependence in the world economy? A. Microlending policies increase debt in less developed countries because banks in more developed countries make the loans. B. Microlending policies result in decreased infrastructure expenditures in less developed countries because the loans are specifically for improvements in more developed countries. C. Increased restrictions for the lending of microloans by banks and international lending agencies make it difficult for less developed countries to succeed in their goals. D. Decreased funding opportunities for governments in less developed countries through microlending policies have led to isolationism and decreased trade. E. Increased funding opportunities for individuals in less developed countries have led to increased economic stability on a local level and trade opportunities with other countries.

E. Increased funding opportunities for individuals in less developed countries have led to increased economic stability on a local level and trade opportunities with other countries.

Microfinance is a form of banking whereby financial institutions issue small loans to people with low incomes, generally in less developed countries. Which of the following best explains how microfinance loans are intended to contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals? A. Microfinance loans are used for environmental remediation, which contributes to the goal of reversing land degradation. B. Microfinance loans are available exclusively to women, which contributes to the goal of gender equality. C. Microfinance loans are used to pay for college tuition, which contributes to the goal of providing quality education. D. Microfinance loans fund research on renewable fuels, which contributes to the goal of providing clean and affordable energy. E. Microfinance loans enable people to start small businesses, which contributes to the goal of ending poverty.

E. Microfinance loans enable people to start small businesses, which contributes to the goal of ending poverty.

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the increasing global popularity of ecotourism? A. The expansion of luxury resorts owned by multinational hotel companies along Thai and Indonesian beaches that is based on tourists' attraction to tropical locations B. The high traffic and congestion at sites like Yellowstone National Park due to tourists' increased desire to experience the outdoors C. The expansion of cruise experiences that take passengers to multiple Caribbean and Central American countries because of tourists' desire to experience a variety of global cultures D. The increased use of snowmobiles, aircraft, and off-road vehicles by tour companies in Alaska as people seek to experience more remote locations to view wildlife E. The development of small, locally owned lodges near ecological preserves in the Brazilian Amazon due to tourists' desire to benefit the local economy and minimize their environmental impact

E. The development of small, locally owned lodges near ecological preserves in the Brazilian Amazon due to tourists' desire to benefit the local economy and minimize their environmental impact

Which statement best explains an environmental impact of China's population distribution? A. The population distribution shown allows for large-scale agricultural expansion in western China to increase the food supply. B. The population distribution shown permits the dispersal of industrial air pollution outside of the region due to prevailing wind patterns. C. The population distribution shown directs urban and industrial water pollution along riverways to less populated portions of the country. D. The population distribution shown depicts concentration in cities, which results in more open area to protect wildlife and preserve habitats. E. The population distribution shown requires more intensive use of limited soil and water resources to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land.

E. The population distribution shown requires more intensive use of limited soil and water resources to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land.

In a number of countries there remains significant inequality between men and women. Based on a comparison of the patterns on the map, which of the following statements draws an accurate conclusion? A. Women in Russia have more equality with men than do women in China. B. Women in South Africa have less equality with men than do women in Brazil. C. Women in India have more equality with men than do women in other Asian countries. D. Women in Australia have less equality with men than do women in China. E. Women in Libya have more equality with men than do women in other African countries.

E. Women in Libya have more equality with men than do women in other African countries.