APHG Unit 7 Study Guide

Name 3 differences between American cities and European cities.

1. Very Small Cities in Europe 2. Public Transportation is widely available in almost all European Cities. 3. Less tall buildings in Europe.

Rank-Size Rule

1000 -> 500 (2nd Largest) 1000 -> 250 (4th Largest)

Range

5 minutes to convenience store.

What is an "urbanized area"?

A human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment.

What is the legal definition of a city?

A legally defined entity with a structured system of governance, and which has delegated powers to oversee local legislation as well as the management of resources.

What are "Command and Control Centers"?

A situation room that centralizes the monitoring, control, and command of an organization's overall operations.

Gravity Model

Amusement park has lots of gravity

Define a "Service" (Give 3 Examples)

An activity that fulfills a human want or need. (Haircuts, Mail Delivery, & Car Repair)

What are "Greenbelts" and have been 2 effects of them?

Any area of undeveloped natural land that has been set aside near urban or developed land to provide open space. Stop urban sprawl and protects the setting of many of our historical settlements.

What are "squatter settlements" and where are they found?

Any collection of buildings where the people have no legal rights to the land they built upon, usually on the edges of cities in the world's poorest countries.

Basic Industry

Big Manufacturing and Mining Companies

Name 3 reasons why businesses have moved to the suburbs since WWII.

Cheaper Land, Federal Housing, and Schooling for Families.

Burgess Concentric-Zone Model

Chicago

Give 2 examples of "Transportation Services".

City Buses, Trams.

What are "personal services"?

Commercial services such as catering and cleaning that supply the personal needs of customers.

Give 2 examples of "Producer Services"

Computer Design, Consultants

Galactic City Model

Detroit

Slow-growth cities

Detroit

Zones of Abandonment

Detroit, Michigan

Nonbasic Industry

Diners, Service companies, and Convenience stores.

Why do offices tend to cluster or agglomerate in the CBD?

Due to the high accessibility.

Give 2 examples of "Public Services".

Education, Fire Services

Central Place Theory

Education, Military, and Health Care

Annexation

Expands urban areas

Dispersed Rural Settlement

Farms

Disamenity Zones

Favelas in Rio

What is "Gentrification" and who has been affected by it?

General term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district. Poor Communities.

Name 2 good effects of "Zoning" and 2 bad effects of "Zoning".

Good: Can protect and enhance property value, and conserves existing neighborhoods. Bad: Can discourage development in some locations, increase cost of new structures.

Consumer Services

Haircuts, Auto Repairs, & Landscaping

Service Sector

Housekeeping, Tours, and Nursing.

How does the "Multiple Nuclei Model" of urban structure differ from the other two urban models?

It states a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center.

Public Services

Jewelry, Large Shopping Malls, and Arcades.

African City Model

Johannesburg, Cape town, and Durban

Define "Specialized Producer-Service Centers"

Larger cities with highly specialized functions. (Management, research, and development)

Define "Primate-City" and give 5 examples not in the book.

Largest City in its' country or region. 1. Seoul, South Korea 2. Tokyo, Japan 3. Parris, France 4. Lima, Peru 5. Monteridero, Uruguay

Business Services

Legal Services and Accounting Services

Harris-Ullman Multiple-Nuclei Model

Los Angeles

Give 3 reasons why manufacturing has declined in the CBD.

Lots of land needed in modern industry, Tourism/Building protected, and more Automation.

Why is a MSA an imperfect measurement for assessing a functional area?

MSAs may overlap and cause several large metropolitan areas to come so close together that they form one continuous urban complex.

Central Business District (CBD)

Midtown Manhattan in New York City

Why is there a tendency for the wealthy to cluster within a city?

More opportunity, more businesses, others with the same income.

Food Deserts

Nevada and Wyoming

New Urbanism

New Broad Street, Baldwin Park, Florida

Primate City Rule

New York City

Sprawl

New York City

Where is "Bosnywash"?

New York City

World Cities

New York City, London, and Tokyo.

Threshold

Only a certain percentage of actual people using a service.

Urbanization

People move into Hong Kong

Name 3 positive results of "Urban Sprawl" and 3 negative results of "Urban Sprawl".

Positive: People can move companies into less-competitive areas, More accessibility to transportation, low cost land in low-density areas. Negative: Encourages the degradation of agriculture, Increases pollution, Damages Habitats.

Clustered Rural Settlement

Ranches

Enclosure movement

Smaller Farms in England

Cultural Hearth

Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley

Latin American City Model

Mexico City and Rio de Grande

Megalopolis

The eastern seaboard of the United States

Hoyt Sector Model

The electric steel car allowed low-income areas to extend from the CBD to the outer edge of the city.

What is the "Threshold" of a service?

The minimum market needed to bring about the selling of a particular good or service.

Define "Urbanization"

The process where the population of urban settlements grow.

What is the difference between urbanization in LDCs vs. MDCs?

The rate of urbanization is higher in LDCs, when urban areas started to get too crowded in MDCs people would traditionally immigrate to LDCs.

Define "Urban Renewal"

The redevelopment of areas within a large city typically involving the clearance of slums.

What are "Retail Services"? (Give 2 Examples)

The sale of ads for display on the sites through retail channels. (Car Washing & Pest Control)

Smart-Growth

in Massachusetts

How do the Models of Urban Structure help geographers?

They help identify where people and types of businesses exist in an urban structure, they study how states build and rebuild cities, and work to understand the interlinkage between political geography and urban geography.

What is the purpose of "Consumer Services"?

To provide services to individual customers who desire and can afford them.

Megacities

Tokyo, Japan

Council of Government

Town Hall

Define "Megalopolis" (give an example other than BOSNYWASH)

Two cities whos suburbs are connecting that virtually form one major urban area. (Example: Greater Tokyo)

Edge Cities

Tysons Corner, Virginia

What is the number one reason suburbs have grown since WWII?

Vehicles and Transportation

Market area or Hinterland

Westchester to NYC

Describe the 5 zones of the "Sector Model" of urban structure.

Zones expand outward from the city center along transportation corridors creating a wedge shape. As growth occurs, similar activities stay in the same area and extend outward.

Name the 5 zones and their description in Burgess' "Concentric Zone Model" of cities.

CBD, Transition Zone, Low Income Housing Zone, Middle Income Housing Zone, Commuting Zone.

Name the 8 zones of the "Multiple Nuclei Model" of the urban structure.

CBD, Zone in Transition, Low Income Residence, Middle Income Residence, High Income Residence, Heavy Manufacturing, Outlying Business District, Residential Suburb

Gentrification

Cape Town, South Africa

Greenbelts

Plants and such on the border.

Offshore Financial Services

Switzerland, Bermuda, and The Cayman Islands