appendicular skeleton

anterior side of the scapula:

- acromion - coracoid process - sub-scapular fossa - glenoid cavity - medial border - lateral border

lower limb is made of

Femur, Patella, Tibia (medial), Fibula (lateral), Tarsals, Metatarsals, and the Phalanges 30 bones

metacarpals are made of 5 bones that articulate with the carpals proximally and proximal flanges distally; how are they organized

Numbered as roman numerals from I to V starting with the pollex moving towards the little finger. - pic is IV

The hip or coxal joint is formed by the___ of the os coxa articulating with the ___ to form a ___joint.

The hip or coxal joint is formed by the *acetabulum* of the os coxa articulating with the *head of the femur* to form a *ball-and-socket* joint.

The pelvic girdle articulates with the axial skeleton at the ___. The___ are located where the ___ surface of the ossa coxae unite ___ with the auricular surface of the ___.

The pelvic girdle articulates with the axial skeleton at the *sacroiliac joints*. The *sacroiliac joints* are located where the *auricular* surface of the ossa coxae unite *posteriorly* with the auricular surface of the *sacrum*

metaphyses

areas in an adult bone where the epiphysis and diaphysis join

epiphyses

enlarged proximal and distal ends of long bones

diaphysis

middle/shaft area

pectoral girdle is made of the

scapula and clavicle

the pectoral girdle is attached to the axial skeleton by the articulation of the ___ end of the clavicle with the ___ notch of the ___ of the sternum

the pectoral girdle is attached to the axial skeleton by the articulation of the *sternal* end of the clavicle with the *clavicular* notch of the *manubrium* of the sternum

the shoulder joint connects the upper limb to the pectoral girdle is formed by the head of the___, articulating with the ___ of the scapula.

the shoulder joint connects the upper limb to the pectoral girdle is formed by the head of the *humerus*, articulating with the *glenoid cavity* of the scapula.

Periosteum

tough, connective tissue membrane that covers the exterior of the bone.

spongy bones is organized in

trabeculae

pectoral girdle attaches an

upper limb to the axial skeleton.

how many known cases of FOP and who does it affect

• 800 • affects all demographics

ECM is made of

25% water, 25% collagen fibers, and 50% mineral salts

the great toe has how many phalanges

only 2; proximal and distal

7 tarsal bones • how are metatarsal organized .

• Metatarsals - I-V from the great toe to the little toe.

in medical terms, describe the tip of the pinky finger

"distal phalanx of digit V"

posterior side of the scapula: - acromion - coracoid process - supraspinous fossa - infraspinous fossa - glenoid cavity - medial border - lateral border - spine

- acromion - coracoid process - supraspinous fossa - infraspinous fossa - glenoid cavity - medial border - lateral border - spine

The ___ process of the ulna articulates with the ___ fossa of the humerus.

The *coronoid* process of the ulna articulates with the *coronoid* fossa of the humerus.

The ___ does not form part of the knee joint; however, the ___ articulates with the inferior surface of the lateral ___ of the ___ and not the femur

The *fibula* does not form part of the knee joint; however, the *head of the fibula* articulates with the inferior surface of the lateral *condyle* of the *tibia*tu ni and not the femur

The ___ of the radius articulates with the ___ of the humerus.

The *head* of the radius articulates with the *capitulum* of the humerus.

The ___ process of the ulna articulates with the ___ fossa of the humerus.

The *olecranon* process of the ulna articulates with the *olecranon* fossa of the humerus.

The ___ notch of the ulna articulates with the head of the ___.

The *radial* notch of the ulna articulates with the head of the *radius*.

The ___ of the ulna articulates with the ___ of the humerus.

The *trochlear notch* of the ulna articulates with the *trochlea* of the humerus.

how is FOP Dx'ed

• Misdiagnosis is very common • Doctors can diagnose by: - Looking if the patients toes and thumbs are abnormally shaped: short and wide - Clinical evaluation of physical characteristics - Genetic testing

what cause FOP

• Chromosomal mutation - Specifically the ACVR1 gene - Inherited as a autosomal dominant trait •Sporadically spread throughout families

what are the risk factors of FOP

• Lowered immune system • Trauma can lead to further abnormal bone growth ì Stiffness • Complete immobilization • Leads to many other health issues

1. Phalanges (phalanx) make up the ___. 2. The digits are also numbered I to V from the ___. 3. ___, ___, and___ phalanges.

1. Phalanges (phalanx) make up the *digits*. 2. The digits are also numbered I to V from the *pollex to the little finger* 3. *Proximal (green), middle (blue), and distal (orange)* phalanges.

1. Yellow marrow 2. Red marrow 3. Nutrient artery

1. Yellow marrow - fatty substance found within medullary cavity. 2. Red marrow - found within the cavities of spongy bone and produces blood cells. 3. Nutrient artery - large artery that enters compact bone near the middle of the diaphysis.

name the parts of the patella

1. base 2. apex (pointy like an 'A')

the coxal bone is formed by the fusion of 3 bones. name them

1. illium 2. ischium 3. pubis

what is fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive (FOP) disease what what does it cause

A rare connective tissue disease of abnormal bone growth -Causes ligaments, tendons, or skeletal muscle to ossify -AKA turn into bone - Eventually leads to locking joints - Can lead to complete immobilization and spinal fusion

name and describe a disease similar to FOP

Aggressive juvenile fibromatosis • increased growth of fibroblasts in tendons, ligaments, and connective tissues • causes stiff tissues, swelling, and pain

pelvic girdle is composed of 2 ___ called ___ that attach the lower limb to the axial skeleton.

Composed of 2 *coxal bones* called *os coxa* that attach the lower limb to the axial skeleton

the upper limb is made up of the

Humerus, Ulna (medial), Radius (lateral), Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 30 in total

The scapula *does not* articulate directly with the axial skeleton but is attached to it with muscles. (T/F)?

T

carpus is made of 8 bones in 2 rows ; S L T P T T C H SOME LOVERS TRY POSITIONS THEY CANT HANDLE

SCAPHOID LUNATE TRIQUETRUM PISIFORM TRAPEZIUM TRAPEZOID CAPITATE HAMATE

The head of the ___ articulates with the radial ___ of the humerus

The head of the *radius* articulates with the radial *fossa* of the humerus

the _______ end of the clavicle articulates with the acromial process of the scapula

acromical

humerus features

anatomical neck lesser tubercle greater tubercle intertubercular sulcus radial fossa lateral epicondyle capitulum head surgical neck humerus deltoid tuberosity body (shaft) coronoid fossa medial epicondyles olecranon

Endosteum

connective tissue membrane lining the medullary cavity

what do we use to sex an os coxa ;)

greater sciatic notch get yo mind of the the gutter

Medullary cavity

hollow center of the bony diaphysis.

articular cartilage is made of

hyaline cartilage

epiphyseal line

ossified e-plate

compact bone is organized in

osteons

the knee joint is formed by the articulation of the___ and___ condyles of the ___ with the medial and lateral condyles of the ___. The ___ articulates with the ___ of the femur.

the knee joint is formed by the articulation of the *medial* and *lateral* condyles of the *femur* with the medial and lateral condyles of the *tibia*. The *patella* articulates with the *condyles* of the femur.

Tx of FOP

• Researchers are looking for treatments - Management is the best option - Drugs to help with pain and swelling - Occupational therapy to help with their daily lives - Avoiding injections

Sx of FOP

• Shortened big toes, and thumbs at birth • Abnormal bone growth in early childhood - Appears to be swelling - Typically found in the back, neck, and shoulders • Pain, stiffness at joints