Appendicular Skeleton

Phalanges: __ phalanges form your thumb and __ form your fingers.

2, 3

Phalanges: __ phalanges form your big toe and __ form your remaining toes. Same pattern as your hand Metatarsals: ___ bones, just like your metacarpals. Tarsals: There are "ankle bones." Only the ______ forms the joint with your tibia and fibula.

2, 3 5 7, talus

The hand has ____ bones

27

Ball-and-socket joints are the most mobile in the body. These joints can move in ____ planes.

3

The hand has __ digits. Digits 2-5 have _ phalanges: ________, ____________, and __________ phalanges. The Digit 1, the _________, lacks the _________________ phalanx. Metacarpals 1-5 make up the ________ of the hand. There are __ bones that make up the wrist. The major joint of the wrist is the _________________. It lies between the proximal carpals and the radius/ulna, cradled by the ________________ of these bones. The carpals themselves comprise 2 rows of 4 carpals each. The proximal row, from lateral to medial: ____________, ____________, __________, ___________. The distal row: _____________, ________________, __________, ___________. The joints between carpals are usually described as a gliding or _______ joints; the bones slide past each other.

5, 3, proximal, intermediate, distal, pollex, intermediate, palm, 8, radiocarpal joint, styloid processes, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, plane

Metacarpals: These __ bones make up the palm of your hand. They articulate with the ___________ and the ______

5, phalanges, carpals

Carpals: There are __ "wrist bones" in roughly __ rows of __. They form a joint with the ___________ and a bit of the _________.

8, 2, 4, radius, ulna

_________ rotation of the glenohumeral joint rotates your humerus outward. Bend your elbow to 90 degrees and then swing your arm ____________ to experience this motion

External, laterally

__________________ rotation of the glenohumeral joint rotates your humerus ____________________

Internal, medially

Within digits 2-5 there are __ joints: the _________ joint and the ______ joint. The pollex has only 1 and is simply referred to as the _________ joint. All interphalangeal joints are ____________ joints, capable of flexion & extension.

___, proximal interphalangeal (PIP), distal interphalangeal (DIP), interphalangeal, hinge

_____________ is taking your humerus away from the side of your body

abduction

_____________ brings your humerus toward the side of your body

adduction

The humerus has two "necks:" the _____________________ neck is at the growth plate that separates the head of the humerus from its shaft. A narrower region called the ________________ neck is so named due to the fact that this region is much more commonly fractured than the anatomical neck.

anatomical, surgical

The radial head's bony protrusion could limit the extent of flexion of the elbow joint. Allowing for a more complete flexion, the _________________ has depression that receives the head of the radius, the ___________. Similarly, the ________________ of the anterior humerus receives the ________________ of the _______

anterior humerus, radial fossa, coronoid fossa, coronoid process, ulna

The appendicular skeleton is composed of the limbs: your _____ and ______. The bones occur in a similar pattern between the two limbs as we will see. In addition to the limbs, the ________ are part of the appendicular skeleton. The ___________ connects your free-moving upper limb to the axial skeleton.

arms, legs, girdles, pectoral girdle

The hip joint is a ______________ joint. Its lesser mobility than the ___________ joint is attributed to the greater depth of the _______________ compared to the glenoid, and makes sense in light of the need for ____________ at this weight-bearing joint.

ball-and-socket, glenohumeral, depth, acetabulum, stability

The only bone of the _____________ (upper arm) is the humerus. Near the head are two tubercles: the___________________________ and the __________________________. Between these tubercles lies the ________________________, an attachment site for some muscles that move the humerus

brachium, lateral greater tubercle, medial lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove

At the distal humerus, the humerus has _____________, prominent articular surfaces found on some limb bones. Here, there are two components, the __________ (pulley, spool-shaped) and _____________ (small head, spherical, articulates with ___________).

condyles, trochlea, capitulum, radius

The ______________ serves as an attachment for the _______________ as well as other muscles of the shoulder. The _________________ joins the scapula to the clavicle at the immobile ______________________________.

coracoid process, biceps brachii, acromion, acromioclavicular joint

The lower leg is referred to as the ________ in anatomy-speak. Therefore, the joint between the lower leg and the talus bone of the foot is the ____________. We commonly call it the _____________. It is a _____________ joint, allowing motion in __ planes as shown below.

crus, talocrural joint, ankle joint, saddle, 2

Mid-shaft, there is a ridge on the anterior surface for attachment of the ___________ muscle, the _____________________

deltoid, deltoid tuberosity

_________________ of the scapula occurs when shrugging your shoulders. The scapula moves superiorly. _________________ is the inferior movement of your scapula.

elevation, depression

______________ are the prominent ridges just outside of the condyles. The ___________ serves as the attachment for most of the muscles of the _________________, while the _________________ muscles attach to the _______________ of the ____________.

epicondyles, medial epicondyle, anterior forearm, posterior forearm, lateral epicondyle, humerus

_________ of the glenohumeral joint brings your humerus backward

extension

______________ of the glenohumeral joint brings your arm forward as when rolling a bowling ball

flexion

The appendicular skeleton is composed of the _______ and _______ limb, which contains a similar pattern of bones between upper and lower limbs. In addition, another region, the _________, provide ________ and _________ of the limb to the ______ skeleton. These pectoral and pelvic girdles are not nearly as mobile as the limb to which they attach, but they are essential in providing __________ and _________________ to the limb.

free, mobile, girdles, support, connection, axial, stability, muscular attachment

The ___________________ is classified as a ____________________ Because of how shallow the "socket" is, this is a highly _______ joint. In contrast the hip joint has a ____________ socket, making the range of movement _____ than that of the glenohumeral joint.

glenohumeral joint, ball and socket joint, mobile, deeper, less

The foot contains many similar bones to the hand. There are a series of tarsals that make up the posterior 1/3 of the foot, a series of 5 metatarsals in the middle, and the phalanges at the distal end of the foot. Like the hand, 4 of the digits contain 3 phalanges each. The big toe, or _______, contains just two. The tarsals are highly specialized. The talus forms a large articular surface that glides against the tibia and is supported by the ________ and __________ ____________. The heel bone is the ___________. The remaining 5 tarsals form part of the bridge of the foot. The arch extends from the calcaneus to the distal end of the metatarsals. A strong ligament, the ____________, holds the bones in an arch. When walking the arch flattens somewhat, and then springs back. There is only minimal movement between adjacent tarsal bones

hallux, medial, lateral malleoli, calcaneus, plantar fascia

The ______________ articulates with the ________________, and its neck angles downward and somewhat laterally. Two large eminences are present below the neck for the attachment of leg muscles: the _________________ for the attachment lateral hip rotators, and the _____________________ for the attachment of the hip flexors. The ___________ of the femur articulates with the tibia and the ________ to form the __________ joint.

head of the femur, acetabulum, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter distal articular surface, patella, knee

The upper limb and pectoral girdle are well suited to all sorts of tasks, being __________. The singular joint that attaches the limb to the axial skeleton occurs at the junction of the _________ and _________

highly mobile, clavicle, sternum

_______________________ : Although the radius articulates with the capitulum in what looks like a ball and socket arrangement, the range of motion of the humeroradial joint is strongly limited by________________ and the ______________. Flexion and extension are possible. In addition, rotation of the radius occurs resulting in motions called ___________ and ____________

humeroradial Joint, interosseous membrane, radioulnar joints, spination, pronation

_____________________ : The shape of the articulation between the humerus and ulna limits the range of motion to only flexion and extension. The ulna grips the trochlea of the humerus like a wrench, in a perfect example of a _________________

humeroulnar joint, hinge joint

The large _______ is the most prominent landmark of the ilium and can be easily palpated. It can be followed anteriorly to a noticeable bump, the ___________________, which serves as the attachment for the _________, a tough band that stretches to the pubis and creates a passageway for _____________ structures passing to from the pelvis to the leg. Lastly, the iliac fossa is a cupshaped depression that houses the ___________, a major ____________ of the hip joint.

iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, inguinal ligament, neurovascular, iliacus muscle, flexor

pelvic girdle contains

ilium, ischium, pubis

The coxa is comprised of three separate bones that fuse during development, the _______, _______, and __________. These three bones contribute to a centrally located socket for the femur, the ___________. The two coxa fuse at the _____ __________ through a _________ joint, and connect posteriorly to the ________ via the __________ joint. Both joints are relatively immovable. Together, the two coxa and sacrum make up the _________.

ilium, pubis, ischium, acetabulum, pubic symphysis, fibrous, sacrum, sacroiliac, pelvis

_________ rotation of the hip joint rotates your femur inward/medially, and ___________ rotation of the hip joint rotates your femur outwardly.

internal, external

The third bone of the coxa has three important landmarks. The _________ is a rough area on the most inferior region of the pelvis and is the part of the pelvis on which you sit. It is the attachment site for the flexors of the hip and knee joint. The ________ projects posteriorly from the ___________. This spine creates a large notch superior to it known as the ________, a landmark of the ilium. The largest nerve in the entire body, the ______________, passes through the notch on its way to the leg from the pelvis.

ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, acetabulum, greater sciatic notch, sciatic nerve

To make the larger pelvic outlet possible, the female's pubic rami are spread somewhat __________ when compared to the male pelvis. The result is that, while males have an __________, females have a much wider subpubic angle, 90 degrees or more.

laterally, acute subpubic angle,

The lower limb and pelvic girdle are suited for ________. The range of motion is more limited than the upper limb, and the joint that attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton occurs at the ______ and ______. This is an immovable joint that effectively transfers the weight of the body to the lower limbs.

locomotion, ilium, sacrum,

___________ joints are those between metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges. These joints are _____________ joints, much like the radoiocarpal joint. They allow flexion, extension, abduction & adduction. Abduction is used in reference to the 3rd digit in the anatomical position. Movements away from this axis are _____________, and movements toward it are _____________.

metacarpophalangeal, condyloid, abduction, adduction

The shape of the pelvis in males and females is one of the most distinguishing osteological characteristics. The _________ (an aperture formed by the _________ of the pubis, the __________, and __________) is larger and rounder in females to allow for passage of the ________ during child birth. The opening at the bottom of the pelvis is the ___________, which is also larger in females.

pelvic inlet, superior ramus, ilium, sacrum, fetus, pelvic outlet

The ilium, ischium, pubis are fused to one another to form a solid "________," which connects to the ________ via the very strong, weight-bearing _______________.

pelvis, sacrum, sacroiliac joint

Upper limb includes

phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius, ulna, humerus

Lower limb includes

phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, tibia, fibula, femur

On the _______________ humerus, there is a large depression, the ____________________. The _________________ of the ulna is the pointy part of your elbow. The large depression allows ____ extension.

posterior, olecranon fossa, olecronon process, full

___________________ of the scapula occurs when you reach for something that is just out of reach. Your scapula slides laterally and somewhat anteriorly. ___________________ occurs when you pull your scapulae toward the center of your back. The scapula moves medially.

protraction, retraction

___________________: The radial head fits into a crescent-shaped depression in the ulna, the ________________. The articulation is considered a _______________, permitting the rotation of the __________________. External rotation of the radial head at the radioulnar joint produces a movement known as ________________, wherein the hand faces forward. The opposite motion, ________________, moves the palm to face posteriorly. The distal end of the radius flips over to cross the ulna. Muscles that produce these movements are called ______________ and _____________, respectively. The _____________________ is a _________ joint, with no significant movement possible.

proximal radioulnar joint, radial notch, pivot joint, humeroradial joint, supination, pronation, supinators, pronators, distal radioulnar joint, fixed joint

The patellar surface of the femur allows the patella to glide superiorly and inferiorly on the anterior femur. Contained within the __________, the patella is a small bone that facilitates extension of the knee by providing better leverage. The tibia articulates with the _________ and ________ __________ of the femur to form a _________ joint called the knee. Flexion and extension are the primary movements of the knee, although a small degree of rotation occurs in _____________ (full extension of the knee and slight medial rotation of the femur that allows us to stand with minimal muscular effort).

quadriceps tendon medial, lateral condyles, hinge, knee locking

The ________________ (wrist) joint involves the radius and the ___________, __________, and ____________. The ulna is minimally involved.. This is a _____________ joint, which can be considered an ____________. Flexion, extension, abduction & adduction are all possible, but __________ is not. Recall that supination and pronation are actions of the proximal radioulnar joint; rotation of the radiocarpal joint is not possible.

radiocarpal, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, condyloid, egg-and-socket joint, rotation

The __________ and _______ are the two bones of the forearm. The radius is ___________ located, on the "thumb side" of your arm. The ulna is _____________ located, on the "pinky side."

radius, ulna, laterally, medially

The pubis is shaped like the Greek letter lambda. The two ______ (branches) of the pubis make connections with the other bones of the coxa. The _________ ramus joins the ilium and the _______ ramus joins the ischium. The rami surround a large opening, the _______________. At the junction of the two rami, the pubis joins its counterpart at the pubic symphysis. An anterior projection serves as an attachment for the inguinal ligament, the ______________. From the pubic tubercle extending laterally is the _______________, the attachment for the __________.

rami, superior, inferior, obturator foramen, pubic tubercle, pectineal line, pectineus muscle

pectoral girdle contains

scapula, clavicle

Following the acromion medially, the_______ of the scapula forms a ridge that separates the posterior surface into __________________ and _________________________. The entire anterior surface in contact with the ribs is called the __________________. These 3 fossae house the "__________________" muscles that rotate and stabilize the head of the ___________ in the ______________ cavity. Above and below the glenoid are two small bumps, the __________________ and ___________________. They serve as attachments for parts of the __________ and ______________, respectively

spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa, rotator cuff, humerous, glenoid, supraglenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle, biceps, triceps

The ___________ end of the clavicle forms a __________ with the ______, the _________________________. This moderately mobile joint forms the sole joint between the axial skeleton and the upper limb. The clavicle's __________________ end is flattened and forms a relatively fixed ________________________ joint with the _____________ of the _________.

sternal end, saddle joint, sternum, sternoclavicular joint, acromial, acromioclavicular, acromion, scapula

The ________________ is the single point of contact between bones of the axial skeleton and the upper limb. This type of joint is described as a __________________.

sternoclavicular joint, saddle joint.

Distally, each bone terminates in a ______________, which forms the boundaries of a joint at the wrist. Throughout the length of the radius and ulna there is a strong ___________ connections that hold them close together: ________________, __________________, and ________________.

styloid process, ligamentous, proximal radioulnar joint, interosseous membrane, distal radioulnar joint

Contraction of muscles results in the movement of the scapula on the ____________________. Muscles are important not only for moving the scapula, but they are also important for stabilizing its ________________

thoracic wall, position

As mentioned previously, the proximal end of the _______ articulates with the femur at the knee. Like the femur, the tibia has ________ and _____________ ________. On the anterior surface of the tibia, a large _________ serves as the attachment for the ___________ from the ____________ muscles of the thigh. The head of the fibula does not contact the femur, only the tibia. The fibula articulates with the tibia proximally and distally (_________________), and throughout its length through an _____________. These connections are fixed and involve no movement. Distally, the tibia and fibula surround the talus bone of the ankle. The _______________ of the tibia provides medial support, while the ________________ of the fibula supports the joint laterally.

tibia, medial, lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, patellar tendon, quadriceps, tibia, tibiofibular joints, interosseous membrane, talus, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus

In the proximal region of each bone there is a _____________ for the attachment of the strong ____________ muscles that move the elbow. These are the _____________________ and the _________________.

tuberosity, flexor, radial tuberosity, ulnar tuberosity

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the ________ and _________________ and the bones of the _________ and ____________.

upper limb, pectoral girdle, lower limb, pelvic girdle.

The lower limb is structured for ___________ and ___________ . It is comprised of bones in a similar pattern to those of the upper limb: _________ (pectoral girdle), ______ (humerus), _______ and ________ (radius and ulna), _______________ (carpals), ____________ (metacarpals), then the ___________.

weight transfer, locomotion, pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges