appetite hormonal 2

what is the difference between hunger and appetite

Hunger is the need to eat, appetite is the desire to eat

leptin inhibits what

NPY/AgRP neurons

What is gherlin?

a protein produced by the stomach cells that enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure

what is the visceromotor response

adjustment of the balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

what does destroying LH do

animal has no interest eating

the PVN is

anorexigenic

several groups within the PVN have what function

anorexigenic, not eating

what can orexin regulate

appetite sleep/wakefulness arousal emotional memory reward/motivation stress

most mammals are born with a preference for sweet and salty tastes and with an a aversion to

bitter tastes

what happened in the db db and wildtype mouse

dbdb no change wild type food intake decreases eventually causing starvation decrease body weight experiencing twice the amt of leptin db db mouse produces a blood borne factor but does not respond to it wildtype mouse responds to factor and starves

the peak of satiety means what for food consumption

decrease

stimulating the VMH does what

depresses hunger

CCK is released by the ____ and ____ hunger

digestive tract, decreases

PYY is released by the ____ and ____ hunger

digestive tract, decreases

what are the results of the ob ob mouse

does not produce the blood borne factor that decreased food intake kept eating and had leptin deficency

destroying the VMH leads to what

eat excessively

true or false: leptin itself determines obesity

false

true or false: there is a single region in the brain that regulates appetite

false

leptin is released by the ____ and ____ hunger

fat cells (adipocytes) , decreases

what functions does arcuate nucleus function

feeding metabolism fertility cardiovascular regulation

what is satiety

feeling of fullness

treating humans w ghrelin increases what

feelings of hunger/appetite as well as food intake

what are some emotional influences on eating

food related sensory inputs, negative emotions

What are satiety signals?

hormones from the gut send signals to the hypothalamus to indicate fullness and satisfaction and slow feeding

ghrelin aka

hunger hormone

hormones released from the gut are sent to the

hypothalamus to indicate hunger

leptin acts on receptors in the

hypothalamus, VTA, hippocampus

orexin is released by the ____ and ____ hunger

hypothalamus, increase

What is the somatic motor response

incitement/motivation of an appropriate somatic motor response

gherlin is _____ during fasting and ____ after a meal

increased, decreased

what does stimulating LH do

induces appetite and food intake

PYY has what effect on NPY/AgRP neurons

inhibitory

the brain integrates what in regulation of feeding

insulin and blood glucose

what are the results of the db db mouse

lacks a functional receptor for this factor so cannot respond to leptin even if present

stimulating the PVN does what

leads to satiety and reduces feeding behavior

what is conditioned taste aversion

learning to avoid any taste that is followed by illness

what is conditioned taste preference

learning to prefer tastes that improve health

some obese patients have high leptin serum what does this mean

leptin resistance despite high levels of leptin food intake is not decreased so energy expenditure is not high

fat cells produce what

leptin, secrete into bloodstream

how is orexin stimulated

low blood glucose levels stimulate LH to produce it

what to POMC/CART neurons do

make proopiomelanocortin derived alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone and cocaine and amphetamine related transcript inhibit appetite, raise metabolism, and promote weight loss

hypothalamus is important in regulating

metabolic rate food intake body weight

NPY/AgRP neurons makes what

neuropeptide Y and agouti related peptide

destroying LH leads to

no interest in eating

what happened with ob ob and wildtype mouse

ob ob food intake and body weight went down wildtype no change bc ob ob responded to blood borne factor in wildtype but the ob ob mouse does not produce the factor to suppress the wildtype appetite

leptin deficiency leads to

obesity rat is hyperphagic (overeats)

what happens with ghrelin disruption in patients with disordered eating

obsess individuals have low baseline levels and poor regulation of ghrelin levels, levels do no drop after a meal so no signal for "just ate a meal"

the lateral hypothalamus is

orexigenic

what is released in the LH

orexin

insulin is released by the ____ and ____ hunger

pancreas, increases

what are some cognitive emotional influences on eating

sensory and memory

leptin, PYY and CCK do what

signal satiety

What do NPY/AgRP neurons do?

stimulate appetite, lower metabolism, promote weight gains

treating rats with ghrelin does what

stimulates food intake and growth hormone release

what is the humoral response

stimulation or inhibition of the release of piturairy hormones into the blood stream

receptors where monitor BGL

stomach liver and intestines

ghrelin is released by the ____ and ____ hunger

stomach, increase

What is a parabiosis experiment?

surgical union of two animals to link their blood and bb factors

after VMH or LH lesions what happens

there is a "new normal " at which body weight stabilizes

some obese patients have mutant leptin receptors (truncated) what does this mean

these patients cannot sense leptin they have a high leptin serum leptin treatment not effective because receptor has no effect

in patients with congenital leptin defieceincy what happens

they have no leptin but they have the receptors so treatment normalizes

how do different neurons mediate functions in the arcurate nucleus

througj specific neuropeptides

What are orexigenic signals?

to eat

true or false: NPY/AgRP neurons and POMC/CART neurons can regulate each other in the arcurate nuclues

true

true or false: leptins effects on the arcurate nucleus are long lasting

true

true or false: orexin and hypocretin are released in multiple areas

true

What is the lipostatic theory?

Eating is controlled by a hypothetical body- fat set-point (Long term homeostatic maintenance)

what are the major hypothalamic nuclei involved in appetite/feeding

LH VMH ARCURATE nucleus and PVN

in conditioned taste aversion the ____ produces the nausea while the ___ was the control

LiCl, NaCl

what is one way the PVN can be activated

POMC cells from the arcurate nucleus

leptin activates what

POMC/CART neurons

cells from the arcuate nuclues innervate what else

PVN, LH