APUSH

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others to do missionary work. Came from France to Quebec to covert to Christianity but mostly failed. Also spread literacy.

John Winthrop

Leader of the first large Puritan migration to Massachusetts Bay Served several terms as governor; envisioned the colony as a model Christian community "a city on a hill" First president of the New England Confederation

Olmec

"rubber people"=extracted latex from rubber trees to make rubber. Firts pre-Columbian civilization of mesoAmerica, set fundamentals for later American Indian cultures of Mexico and central America (Maya, Aztec). Developed agriculture, drainage systems.

William Bradford

A founder and longtime governor of the Plymouth Colony settlement. Bradford was among the passengers on the Mayflower's trans-Atlantic journey, and he signed the Mayflower Compact upon arriving in Massachusetts in 1620. As Plymouth Colony governor for more than thirty years, Bradford helped draft its legal code and facilitated a community centered on private subsistence agriculture and religious tolerance. Around 1630, he began to compile his two-volume "Of Plymouth Plantation," one of the most important early chronicles of the settlement of New England.

Powhatan/ Powhatan Confederact

Confederation is a Native American confederation of tribes in Virginia with the leader referred to as Chief Powhatan. They were also known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan or Virginia Algonquian.

Bacon's Rebellion/ Nathaniel Bacon

An unsuccessful uprising by frontiersmen in Virginia in 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government in Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising against American Indians and the colonial government in the Virginia Colony over taking reprisal action for alleged thefts by the Native Americans. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy 29-year-old planter, in opposition to the Governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley. Bacon's Rebellion was the first rebellion in the American colonies. Rebellion collapsed when Bacon himself died from dysentery.

Columbian Exchange

Animals, plants, and microorganisms crossed the Atlantic Ocean with European explorers and colonists in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. Africa gave the New World slaves. Lastly, the New World gave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials, and syphilis.

King's Philip's War

Armed conflict between native Americans of New England under their leader, King Philip and English colonies. Colonial forces won. King Philip's War of 1675-1676 (also known as Metacom's (AKA King Phillip) Rebellion marked the last major effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive out the English settlers

Moctezuma

Aztec Emperor who welcomed Spaniards to Tenochtitlan

joint-stock companies.

Business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone. They share profit in proportion to investment. Ex Dutch India Stock Company

Moche

Came from Chavin present on North coast of Peru from 1 to 8th century AD - Capital is great sight of Moche in the river valley

Lord Baltimore

Catholic nobleman who was granted control of Maryland. (Cecil Calvert)

Jamestown

Colony in Virginia, The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony. The settlement became part of the Joint Stock Virginia Company of London in 1620. Grew to be a prosperous shipping port.

James I

Divine right of kings-royal authority comes from God. No bishops, no kings. English monarch who granted the Virginia Company, and other groups, rights to etablish colonies

Chavin

Earliest highly developed culture in pre-Columbian Peru (coastal and foothills of Andes)

Puritans

English Protestant Reformers who sought to Purify the church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. The Puritans believed in predestination (man saved or damned at birth) and also held that God was watchful and granted salvation only to those who adhered to His goodness as interpreted by the church. The Puritans were strong in New England and very intolerant of other religious groups.

Sit Walter Raleigh

English adventurer and writer who established a colony near Roanoke Island, now known as Virginia. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London and eventually put to death for treason.

restoration colonies

English colonies established after Charles II began to rule England: Carolina, new York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

William Penn

English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

Henry Hudson

Englishman who sailed to New York (sent by Dutch to find NW passage to Asia) , claimed the area for Netherlands, sailed by the river that would later bear his name

Mayflower/Mayflower Compact

In September 1620, a merchant ship sailed from Plymouth, a port on the southern coast of England. It carried passengers hoping to start a new life on the other side of the Atlantic. Nearly 40 of these passengers were Protestant Separatists-they called themselves "Saints"-who hoped to establish a new church in the New World., referred to as "Pilgrims" today. They found they were in the wrong place: Cape Cod was located at 42 degrees north latitude, well north of the Virginia Company's territory. In order to establish themselves as a legitimate colony ("Plymouth," named after the English port from which they had departed) they drafted and signed a document they called the Mayflower Compact. This Compact promised to create a "civil Body Politick" governed by elected officials and "just and equal laws." It also swore allegiance to the English king.

Christopher Columbus

Italian sailing for Spain who opened the Western Hemisphere to further European exploration and settlement Landed in the Bahamas in 1492 Always he was in Asia

Aztecs

Nahuatl-speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a large empire in what is now central and southern Mexico.

Squanto

Native American an interpreter and guide to the Pilgrim settlers at Plymouth during their first winter in the New World.

Peter Stuyvesant

New Netherlands leader who surrounded Manhattan island without resistance

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese Prince, patron of navigation. sent expeditions during the age of exploration; created school of navigation, where improvidents to navigation technology were made

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who organized expedition to sail from Atlantic ocean to Pacific Ocean and was first to cross pacific Ocean. "Circumnavigation". Killed in Philippines.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer, first European to reach India by sea and create ocean route from Europe to Asia.

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese explorer, sailed around the Southernmost tip of Africa

Teotihuacan

Precolumbian Mesoamerican city located in the valley of Mexico, pyramids of the Sun and of the Moon. 30 miles NE of modern Mexico City

Hiawath

Prehistoric Native American leader and co founder of Iroquois confederacy

English Reformation

Protestant reformation that spread from Germany to British Isles. Scotland (John Knox)-Presbyterians, in England they were called Puritans. Puritans opened Presbyterian churches in America.

Anne Hutchinson

Religious dissenter in Massachusetts who rejected the idea that good works led to salvation; emphasized salvation through grace alone (antinomianism) Put on trial for her views before the General Court of Massachusetts Settled in Rhode Island and later Long Island

Duke's Laws

Set of laws for Long Island. English legal code for English, for non English a lot of freedoms were provided.

conquistadors

Soldiers and explorers of Spain and Portugal who sailed to the Americas and Asia in search of gold and to convert locals to Christianity. In your book-people from Hispaniola.

Inca

South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec and captured their capital Tenochtitlan

Francisco PIzarro

Spanish explorer and conquistador who helped Vasco Núñez de Balboa discover the Pacific Ocean, and after conquering Peru, founded its capital city, Lima.

Hernan De Soto

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, and the first documented to have crossed the Mississippi River.

Juan Ponce De Leon

Spanish explorer, who led a European expedition to discover the mythical fountain of youth, instead finding the southeast coast of what would become the United States. He gave Florida its name and went on to become the first governor of Puerto Rico.

Francisco Vasquez De Coronado

Spanish ruler, explorer and conquistador. He was the first European to explore North America's Southwest. Governor of New Galicia (a province of New Spain in present-day Mexico. Discovery of the Grand Canyon

St. Augustine

Spanish town in Florida; capital of Florida till 1824. the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the future United States. French protestants established colony; Spanish had control of Florida and reacted violently to newcomers

Manila galleons

Spanish trading ships that made trading round trip voyages across Pacific from Acapulco to Manila

Anasazi

The ancestral Pueblos, a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States.

Atlantic Circuit

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved wealth, people, goods and culture around the Atlantic Ocean basin (1500-1800)

Roger Williams

The political and religious leader who founded the state of Rhode Island and advocated separation of church and state in Colonial America.

Tenochtitlan

located on an island near the western shore of Lake Texcoco in central Mexico, was the capital city and religious centre of the Aztec civilization.

caravel

new ship developed by Portuguese which was smaller that a Chinese junk and made exploration of shallow coastal areas easier

mercantilism

a system that encouraged the idea of government trade regulation to gain wealth; a trade system whereby Americans provided raw goods to Britain, and Britain used the raw goods to produce manufactured goods that were sold in European markets and back to the colonies. As suppliers of raw goods only, the colonies could not compete with Britain in manufacturing.

proprietary colonies

a type of settlement dominating the period 1660-90, in which favorites of the British crown were awarded huge tracts of land in the New World to supervise and develop.

Pequot War

a war in 1637 between Connecticut colonists, aided by British soldiers and friendly Indian tribes, and the Pequot Indians under their chief, Sassacus, that resulted in the defeat and dispersion of the Pequot tribe

Act of Toleration

act that allowed freedom of worship and created a refuge for Christians in Maryland. 1649. religious toleration to all Christians; peace between Protestants and Catholics.

Treaty of Tordesillas

agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. The lines were slashed across the globe, giving most of North and South America to Spain and the easternmost area of what is now Brazil to Portugal.

Iroquois Confederacy

also called Iroquois League, Five Nations, or (from 1722) Six Nations, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five Iroquois nations, characterizing themselves as "the people of the longhouse," were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After the Tuscarora joined in 1722, the confederacy became known to the English as the Six Nations and was recognized as such at Albany, New York (1722).

Glorious Revolution

overthrow of king James II of England for William of Orange and Mary II. led to English Bill of Rights. Precursor to American Revolution and Constitution.

Separatists

any of the English Christians in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the Church of England and form independent local churches. One group of Separatists left England for Holland and some of them, the Pilgrims, settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts.

MIddle Passage

part of a triangular trade when millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World as a part of the Atlantic slave trade. Europe to Africa-goods-->traded for African slaves--->to New World, sold back for goods---> goods back to Europe.

kivas

ceremonial and social chamber built by Pueblo Indians of Southwest US, known for colorful paintings on the walls - mounds were partly subterranean

Indentured servitude

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years; Indentures servants were immigrants who could not afford the costs involved in travelling to North America during the seventeenth (1600s) and eighteenth (1700s) centuries. These immigrants signed an indenture contract whereby they agreed to work for 4-7 years for a master. Merchants and ship captains offered free passage to North America for those willing to sign these indenture contracts. Once they arrived in the North America, these indentured servants were sold to those needing laborers.

Pocahontas

daughter of Chief Powhatan who was the head of Algonquian tribes); known for her involvement with English colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia.

patrilineal descent

descent established through males from a founding male ansector

matrilineal descent

descent that is established by tracing descent exclusively through females from a founding female ancestor.

Maya

earliest heirs of Olmecs. Mesoamerican civilization known for fully developed written language of pre-Columbian Americas. Lived where now is S. Mexico and Central America. Built large ceremonial centers.

Protestant Worth Ethic

encouraged individual endeavors toward gaining wealth

Virginia Companty

first English colony established in the US; included traders and adventurers with no motive to settle; colony failed at first

New England Confederation

group of 4 colonies (the Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut Valley settlements) that came together to have better defense, share cost of war, soldiers, agreed on treaties.

Toltecs

group which flourished after the declined of the decline of Teotihuacan, unified people of central Mexico, later was repaced by Aztecs

patroons

shareholders who agreed to import tenants for agricultural labor.

Charles I

son of James I. King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49), whose authoritarian rule and quarrels with Parliament provoked a civil war that led to his execution.

non-Separatists

sought to reform the Church from within.

House of Burgesses

the first popularly elected legislature in the New World to make local government in Virginia more responsive to the colonists

Cahokia

the largest city ever built north of Mexico before Columbus and boasted 120 earthen mounds. Many were massive, square-bottomed, flat-topped pyramids -- great pedestals atop which civic leaders lived. At the vast plaza in the city's center rose the largest earthwork in the Americas, the 100-foot Monks Mound.

Atahualpa

the last Inca ruler, executed by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1533, marking the end of the Inca empire.