APUSH AP REVIEW 1

Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

( July, 1848) Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Jamestown

(1607) first permanent English settlement in North America founded by the VA Company

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(1630) est by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies

New York Slave Revolt

(1712) Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of 21 participating blacks

Pontiac's Rebellion

(1763) Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion

Stamp Act Congress

(1765) assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in NYC to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity

Boston Tea Party

(1773) Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Natives, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament

Lexington/Concord

(1775) first battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston.

Articles of Confederation

(1781) First American constitution that established the US as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. It was replaced by a more efficient Constitution.

Whiskey Rebellion

(1794) Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern PN in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central gov, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

(1807) royal British ship overhauls US frigate the Chesapeake, British captain demands surrender of deserters, Americans unprepared to fight but still refuses, Brits killed 3 Americans and wounded 18; London Foreign Office apologizes, but Americans super pissed.

Missouri Compromise

(1820) Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36 30'; abolished by Kansas-Nebraska Act

Cohens v. Virginia

(1821) Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government. Another of John Marshall's cases, gave him opportunity to defend federal power. Cohen brothers were found guilty by VA courts for illegally selling lottery tickets. VA won bc the conviction was upheld by Supreme Court, but Marshall made sure Supreme Court got to review decisions of state supreme courts in cases involving federal gov.

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) suit over whether NY state could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. Marshall strikes yet another blow against states' rights.

John Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Free-Soil Party

(1848-1854) Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers

Ostend Manifesto

(1854) Secret Franklin Pierce admin proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain (for slavery). Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North

Freeport question

(1858) -raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglass debates by Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

Crittenden Compromise

(1860) failed constitutional amendments that would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36 30' where slavery was supported by the popular sovereignty. Proposed in an attempt to appease the South.

Emancipation Proclamation

(1863) written by Lincoln during the Civil War, after Antietam, Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in nonrebelling Border States. Closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.

13th Amendment

(1865) Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate states were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union

14th Amendment

(1868) Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process

15th Amendment

(1870) Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists, who wanted the amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage.

Pottawatomie

(May 24, 1856) the slaughter of 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas by John Brown and his followers, in reaction to the Sack of Lawrence; as a result of this event, Kansas collapsed into a civil war and over 200 citizens were killed as pro and antislavery advocates attacked each other

Patronage

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Stamp Act

1775. Parliament requires the colonists to pay for stamps on documents essential to life. The main purpose was to raise money for military troops. The colonists formed the Stamp Act Congress to repeal it; in 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

Louis XVI

- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 commissioned by JEFFERSON to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Embargo Acts

1807 ruined Jefferson's second term; prohibited trade with other countries; hurt people who made thier living through trade

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Florida Purchase Treaty

1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain

The Indian Removal Act

1830: Provided for the resettlement of all Native Americans then residing east of the Mississippi to what is now Oklahoma. There the Indians were to be free to pursue their lives without interference. Removal intended to be voluntary, but groups of Indians were harshly pressured to go. Countless died.

Rise of second party system

1830s-1850s, A historian's term for the national two-party rivalry between Democrats and National Republicans / Whigs... It started in the late 1820s and ended in the 1850s with the death of the Whig Party and rise of the Republican Party.

Species Circular

1836, Issued by Andrew JACKSON, it required a payment for public land purchases in gold or silver. This was an attempt to deduce the amount of money in circulation and limit land speculation. The results contributed to the Panic of 1837 and had deflationary results.

PERIOD FIVE

1844-1877

Seneca Falls

1848 in New York - first women's right convention in American history; Many leading feminists were there - I think Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott there I believe, Declaration of Sentiments (modeled after dec of independence); listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them and created equal; in context of all the reform movements of this time

California Gold Rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Trent Affair

1861; A union warship cruising on the seas North of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe. Britons were outraged and the London Foreign Office prepared an ultimatum demanding surrender of the prisoners and an apology. Lincoln saw the prisoners as "white elephants" and released them.

Siege of Vicksburg

1863 Union army's blockade of Vicksburg, Mississippi, that led the city to surrender during the Civil War

Lincoln's "10 percent plan"

1863. Said that the southern states could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters pledge an oath to the Union and acknowledge the emancipation of the slaves.

Laird Rams

1863; two confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons in Great Britain. They were designed to destroy the ships of the Union navy with their iron rams and large-caliber guns. Minister Adams warned that war would be provoked if the rams were released. The London government bought the two ships for the Royal Navy, disappointing Confederates. This lead to the repent of Britain, who offered $15.5 million for d amages caused by wartime commerce-raiders.

laird rams

1863; two confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons in Great Britain. They were designed to destroy the ships of the Union navy with their iron rams and large-caliber guns. Minister Adams warned that war would be provoked if the rams were released. The London government bought the two ships for the Royal Navy, disappointing Confederates. This lead to the repent of Britain, who offered $15.5 million for d amages caused by wartime commerce-raiders.

Tenure of Office

1867, passed by Congress over Johnson's veto. This said that the president could not remove one of his appointees without the Senate's consent. To secure secretary of War Edwin M Stanton (informer for the radicals). Johnson dismissed Stanton 1868 and gave the radicals a reason to impeach him.

The Resumption Act

1875. Called for the gradual redemption of greenbacks for gold starting in 1879, making the value of paper money equal to the value of gold.

War of 1812

2 year war between Britain and America, started by growing tensions from impressment, war-hawks in Congress, Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, issues with trade, ends in a draw, earns America respect from Europe; nationalism in American emerges finally after this war

Civil War

4 year war between the North and South due to Lincoln's election, the rising sentiment that slavery should be abolished, won by the Union

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Stephan A. Douglas

-an illinois politican who debated lincoln in a series of debates -he supported annexation of texas and popular soverignty -he is responsible for the kanas nebraska acts

Gaspee Affair

A British customs schooner engaged in anti smuggling operation that ran aground on the coast Rhode Island on June 9, 1792. It was then attacked by a group of armed colonists, looted, and torched.

Florida

...

Reconstruction (Plans)

...

Yorktown

...

The Fourteenth Amendment

1. All Blacks had civil rights and were American citizens. 2. If a state denied Blacks' citizenship, then it's representatives in the Electoral College were reduced. 3. Former Confederates could not hold federal or state office. 4. The federal debt was guaranteed while the Union assumed all Confederate debts. All Republicans agreed that states HAD to ratify this in order to

Why 1491 - 1607 was chosen as the dates for period 1?

1491 is one year prior to the arrival of Columbus and Europeans, and 1607 is the year England established a permanent settlement at Jamestown

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Why 1607 - 1754 was chosen as the dates for period 2

1607 = 1st English permanent settlement in Jamestown; 1754 = start of the 7 Years War (AKA "French and Indian War")

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress

Pequot War

1637, hostilities between the Pequot tribe and English settlers in the Connecticut River Valley that lead to the virtual annihilation of the Pequot Tribe and lead to four decades of peace between the natives and the setters.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

1639, new Connecticut River Colony set up the fundamental orders, in effect a modern Constitution that established a democratic regime by substantial citizens

Half-Way Covenant

1662. Caused by the decline in conversions to Puritanism. Modified the "covenant" or agreement between the church and its adherents to admit baptism but not "full communion." Allowed children of the converted to have church membership even if they had not been baptized. Weakened distinction between "elect" and others, diluting the spiritual purity of the original community, but also led to greater church participation and a change in church membership.

Slave Codes

1662. Slave codes made blacks and their children the property for life of their white masters. They were not aloud to read or write. Conversion to Christianity would not qualify a slave for freedom. Laws were beginning to be made on a racial basis and racial discrimination began

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when he died of an illness.

Dominion of New England

1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President. Head of the Republican Party. Wanted to halt slavery, not abolish it. Won civil war.

Zenger Trial

1735 trial that promoted the idea of freedom of the press.

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area.

Saratoga

"Burgoyne's Blunder"; this turning point in the American Revolution had the Americans win, and subsequently caused the French to support the Americans through ships and other supplies

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System." Left Britain in disguise and arrived in America with the plans in his head for a textile machine that would spin cotton. In 1791, he created the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread

The Bank of the United States

"Moneyed monster" according to Jackson. Minted gold and silver coins. Most powerful bank in America. Its notes, unlike other banks' were stable in value. Privately owned institution. Bank eventually fell into practices of overextending credit.

Article I Section 8 Clause 18

"To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof" It's the loose or strong interpretation part of the Constitution.

Oliver Hazard Perry

"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote.

Radical Whigs

A group of British political commentators. They were very nervous about the power of Parliament and the arbitrary powers of the monarch. They warned the colonists to be always on the lookout for a violation of their rights.

Charles Beard

A historian who believed that the ideology presented in the Constitution was a result of the economic needs of the land-owning Founding Fathers (rather than philosophical principles). His ideas fell out of favor in the 1950's, when other historians pointed out problems with his research.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. Outlined a plan for surveying western territories. Each township was subdivided into 36 lots or sections that were exactly one mile square, or 640 acres, in size. The one mile square lots were then sold at auction for no less than $1 per acre, or $640 per lot.

Molasses Act

A law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies; it was aimed to reserve a monopoly of the colonies. This caused anger among colonials due to the fear of increased prices of rum, since they felt that the British West Indies could not meet the needs of the colonies.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical Republicans in the Senate. Senator of Massachusetts. He was strongly opposed to slavery.

Lyceum

A literary institution, lecture hall, or teaching place.

Nat Turner's rebellion

A literate slave led an uprising and slaughtered about 60 Virginians. He eluded his pursuers for two months before being captured, tried, and executed. Result: southern states strictly enforced laws prohibiting the education of slaves, and increased surveillance of free African-Americans.

Hartford Convention, 1814

A meeting of Federalist delegates from Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont, at Hartford, Conn., inspired by Federalist opposition to President Madison's mercantile policies and the War of 1812. The convention adopted a strong states' rights position and expressed its grievances in a series of resolutions against military conscription and commercial regulations. The convention contributed to the death of the Federalist Party after the war as there was an upsurge of nationalism during the "Era of Good Feelings"

Mathew Perry

A militant leader who commanded a fleet of well-armed American fleets, and brought a letter to Japan demanding them to open its ports to diplomatic & commercial exchange

The Association

A military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin which formed fighting units in Pennsylvania and erected two batteries on the Delaware River.

Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.

Denmark Vesey

A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Underground Railroad, 1850-1860

A network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escape to freedom by setting up hiding places and routes to the North. Harriet Tubman is a key person to its success.

Midnight judges

A nickname given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms

Carpetbagger

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.

Carpetbagger

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;

Common Sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued that America should be independent and that the reasoning thereof was simply common sense.

Panic of 1819

A paralyzing economic panic. Brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors' prisons. There were many causes—most important being overspeculation in frontier lands. The Second Bank of United States was to blame. Brought a resurgence of sectionalism

Democratic-Republicans

A party led by Thomas Jefferson. Overall supported the common, small agricultural man. Favored strong state government, good French relations, and opposed a National Bank.

mestizo (AKA Métis)

A person of mixed race who had one white parent and another parent who was American Indian.

Empresario

A person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas during the 1800s, they had cheap land as long as they obeyed mexican law and followed catholic religion

Mulatto

A person who had one parent who was white and another parent who was black. If mulattos were born into slavery in a Spanish colony (i.e., their mother was a slave), they would be slaves also, but if their mother was free, they were free.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton:

A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870.

Appomattox Court House, 1865

A place in Virginia where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant.

Galloway Plan

A plan proposed at the First Continental Congress which would have created an American parliament appointed by colonial legislatures. It was defeated by one vote.

New York Conspiracy, 1741

A plot by slaves and poor whites to burn New York. Over 170 people were arrested for participating in the plot. Most were hanged, burnt, or deported.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

The Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government. Called for a halt to westward expansion beyond the Appalachians. The British hoped to keep the colonists tied more closely to English colonial authorities by confining them to the coast. Also, the Seven Years' War had put England in dire financial straits, and keeping colonists east of the Appalachians would facilitate the collection of taxes. The Proclamation incensed the colonists, who felt they had earned the right to expansion by risking their lives in the new country. They openly defied British rule and rushed westward, creating new settlements, facing new challenges, and becoming more self-reliant.

Tariff of 1842

A protective tariff signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost.

Thaddeus Stevens

A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.

Thomas Paine

A radical british immigrant who put an end to American toasts to King George (By writing Common Sense and The Rights of Man)

Roger Williams

A radical separatist who believed in freedom of religion. He used the Church in Salem to voice his opinions: respect the land rights of Native Americans, religious groups shouldn't be supported by taxes, magistrates should have no voice in spiritual matters, and complete separation of church and state. He was banished from Massachusetts in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island, named it Providence, and established a government based on the consent of the people, with religious toleration and separation of church and state.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land (1676)

Shays' Rebellion

A rebellion of poor, debtor farmers led by a Revolutionary veteran. Overall a poor military conflict, but had significance to the economic interests in the Boston region, and contributed to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

Gaspee Incident

A schooner was beached in Providence, RI, This upset Americans because it was one of the last of the customs racketeering ships. It was burned down by local inhabitants. It greatly angered the British and showed how militant the colonials were becoming.

Society of Cincinnati

A secret society formed by officers of the Continental Army. The group was named for George Washington, whose nickname was Cincinnatus, although Washington himself had no involvement in the society.

Nullification Crisis, 1832-33

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 (AKA the "Tariff of Abominations"). Jackson got Congress to pass the Force Act, empowering him to use federal troops to collect tariffs and prepared to invade South Carolina. Henry Clay guided the Compromise Tariff of 1833 that reduced rates and ended the crisis.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Coercive Acts

A series of acts established by the British government as punishment in Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. It included the quartering act and closing of the Boston Harbor.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858

A series of seven debates for US Senate in Illinois between Lincoln (R) and Senator Douglas (D). The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery as it related to popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won election, but Lincoln's fine showing made him a national figure and helped him win Republican nomination in 1860

Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.

Beaver Wars

A series of wars in the mid-1600s in which the Iroquois, who allied with the English and Dutch, fought the Huron and Algonquin tribes, who were backed by the French. The wars were fought over land and the monopolization of the fur trade. European weapons and trade made the wars far more deadly and devastating than previous wars between Native American tribes

Nat Turner

A slave who led a rebellion in 1831 Virginia that resulted in 60 white deaths, many of them women and children. An estimated 200 blacks were killed in retaliation with 57 being arrested for the rebellion itself. This led to an increase paranoia in the south concerning slavery.

Casta system

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

triangular trade

A system of trade between Africa, Europe, and American colonies that involved slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods.

Sharecropping

A system of work for freedmen who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freedmen's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations.They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Pet Banks

A term used by JACKSONs opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

royal African company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

Henry David Thoreau

A transcendentalist and friend of Emerson. He lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden.

Adams-Onis Treaty

A treaty also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819. Spain ceded Florida as well as the Spanish claims to Oregon, in exchange for America's abandonment of equally claims to Texas, soon to become part of independent Mexico. The vague boundary of Louisiana was made toward the Rockies to the forty-second parallel and then to the Pacific, dividing Oregon from Spanish holdings.

Appomattox Court House, 1865

A village in Virginia where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War. The Confederates were treated with respect after their surrender

Mexican-American War, 1846-48

A war fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. The United States won the war, encouraged by the feelings of many Americans that the country was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion. US gained approximately half of Mexico's territory. This Mexican Cession would revive the controversy over the expansion of slavery and help lead to the Civil War

Molasses Act, 1733

A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism

First Africans brought to Virginia, 1619

A Dutch ship brought 20 Africans to Virginia, the first Africans to arrive in the present-day United States. Until 1680, indentured servants from Europe were far more numerous in the English colonies than African slaves. After 1680, the number of indentured migrants from Europe diminished and African slavery increased.

Jacque Cartier

A French explorer. Sailed as far as Montreal in 1535. Led the first European expedition into the Gulf of St. Lawrence

Genet Affair

A French representative who attempted to violate the neutrality proclamation by recruiting citizens to armies, but Washington ejected him from the country when he caught wind of this

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Dorothea Dix

A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners in the 1830's. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. Dorothea Dix traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual.

John Peter Zenger

A New York editor whose trial for seditious libel backfired on the government; the jury found that truth was a defense for libel.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Susan B. Anthony

A Quaker who had been active in the temperance movement. Assumed the leadership role in the drive for women's legal equality and the right to vote.

Sacajawea

A Shoshoni woman who served as a guide and translator to Lewis and Clark. She showed them how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Worchester v. Georgia

A Supreme Court case ruling that the Cherokee Indians constituted a nation with sovereign powers. Didn't prevent the removal of said Indians from their Southern territory due to greed over land, preceding the Trail of Tears.

Ex Parte Merryman

A Supreme Court case that Chief Justice Taney's ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional without an act of Congress. Lincoln openly defied the ruling by suspending it for the arrest of anti-Unionists during the Civil War. Lincoln justified his overstepping the boundaries of the constitution by saying he was doing so to preserve the Union.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A Supreme Court ruling which Maryland's attempt to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing taxes on its bills was ruled against by John Marshall. More importantly, it gave Congress implied powers of loose construction, and set the precedent that state government could not impede federal action.

Battle of Bunker Hill

A battle outside of Boston that was a pyrrhic victory for Britain, and an undoubted moral victory for the colonist's. It was fought on Breed's Hill

Antinomianism

A belief that was brought out by Anne Hutchinson. It claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. High heresy in the eyes of the Puritans.

Wilmot Proviso

A bill passed following the Mexican Cession, declaring that slavery shall not exist in those regions gained from the Mexican War. Never came to fruition, but had far-reaching effects on the vitriolic slavery debate.

chattel slavery

A chattel slave is an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved. Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold.

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Boston Massacre

A conflict between a mob in Boston and a regiment of British soldiers. Overall tensions were high due to occupation, and the mob exacerbated the issue -- but it did lead to a furthered outrage against the British government in America.

Crittenden Compromise, 1860

A desperate measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced by John Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.

Roger Williams

A dissenter, Roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Mayflower Compact

A document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government. They signed it before disembarking, and it set the standard for later constitutions

"Peculiar institution"

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the american south. the term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose declaration of independence states that "all men are created equal". it was one of the key causes of the civil war.

encomienda

A forced labor system that the Spanish used on the native populations where thy basically enslaved them in return for "Christianising" them; bartoleme las casas (catholic spanish priesty guy) condemned this system

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George WASHINGTON on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to warring countries.

Mayflower Compact

A formal document signed by those aboard the Mayflower that gave a crude government to the Plymouth colony

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Sojourner Truth

A former slave. A leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women

Hessians

King George III hired 1000's of these German troops to help crush his rebellious subjects. This was a shock to the colonists—really angered them. These hired soldiers were good soldiers but were "more interested in booty than in duty"

Lexington and Concord

King George III sent British soldiers here to capture minutemen and confiscate their weapons. About 70 minutemen gathered in their path. A shot was fired. Sparked the Revolutionary War.

Samuel Slater established the first textile mill, 1790

Known as the "Father of the American Factory System" because he brought British textile technology to America with a few modifications fit for America. He learned textile machinery as an apprentice to a pioneer in the British industry. He brought the knowledge to America where he designed the first textile mills. This brought work to factories instead of homes where efficiency skyrocketed.

Jonathan Edwards sparked the First Great Awakening, 1734

Known for his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God "sermon. Leading theologian (religious thinker) of First Great Awakening, a massive religious movement that swept through the colonies, which emphasized the community of all Christians. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.

Freeport Doctrine

LINCOLN & DOUGLAS Developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

Wade - Davis Bill

LINCOLN 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Credit Moblier

LINCOLN Construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific RR, used it to dishonestly skim railroad profits for themselves

Trent Affair

LINCOLN In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

New York City Draft Riots 1863

LINCOLN drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned

Ten Percent Plan

LINCOLN's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Louisiana Purchase

Land deal between the United States and the French; Made under Thomas Jefferson; 15 million for doubling the size of the nation

Mexican Cession, 1848

Land that Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This territory included CA, NM, NV, AZ, UT, TX, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The addition of so much land to the United States exacerbated conflict over the expansion of slavery because some Northerners feared that the extension of slavery into California and New Mexico would deter free laborers from settling there.

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark case which ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, and gave rise to "judicial review," which incredibly strengthened the judicial branch.

Mexican Cession

Lands sold by Mexico to the US following the Mexican War

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to redeem the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Battle of New Orleans

Last battle of the War of 1812, led by Andrew Jackson. It boosted American morale and Nationalism with its victory.

Embargo Act, 1807

Law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ships and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Black Codes

Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves the complete civil rights enjoyed by whites and intended to force blacks back to plantations and impoverished lifestyles.

Henry Clay

Leader of Senate Whigs and unsuccessful presidential candidate against Polk and many others. Known as the "Great Compromiser" for feats such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.

Thaddeus Stevens

Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress who was devoted to a stringent and punitive Reconstruction effort. Worked towards equality for Southern blacks.

Crispus Attucks

Leader of the mob during the Boston Massacre. One of the "innocent" victims that was killed. Considered the first death of the Revolutionary War.

Copperheads

Led by Clement L. Valladingham, they were a group of northern Democrats who strongly opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War.

Radical Republicans

Led by Thaddeus Stevens, Ben Wade and Charles Sumner. A minority group that felt that the Confederate states should be treated like conquered provinces and deserved punishment for seceding. They wanted to drastically change the south and give the free slaves full citizenship before restoring the states. Also, they thought that Congress should be in charge of Reconstruction, not the president. Thinking the 10% plan was not sufficient, they passed the Wade-Davis Bill in

Nathaniel Bacon

Led the Virginian freemen in revolt in 1676. Resented Governor William Berkeley's policies, especially towards Indians. When Berkeley wouldn't retaliate against an Indian revolt, Bacon fell murderously upon the Indians and there was lots of chaos. Bacon died of disease and Berkeley crushed the uprising. Bacon led the most brutal rebellion in thus far in America, and ignited the unhappiness of landless former servants. Reinforced how dangerous a mass of freed indentured servants might prove.

Fort Duquesne

Lieutenant Colonel George Washington was sent with 150 men to an area near the forks of the Ohio River, where the French were building a fortified post. Washington hoped to prevent the French from completing the fort, and to develop the fort for the British. However, before Washington and his troops reached the Fort, they came into contact with a small contingent of French and Huron Indians in the woods. After a bloody battle, the French and Indians emerged as victors. They allowed Washington to retreat with what was left of his troops. This battle marked the beginning of the French and Indian War.

Stephen A. Douglas

Lincoln's biggest foe, Freeport Doctrine (proponent of popular sovereignty), known for Kansas-Nebraska Act, beat Lincoln for the Illinois Senate but Lincoln got him back in the 1860 Presidential Election

Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

Lincoln's order abolishing slavery as of JAnuary 1, 1863, in states "in rebellion" but not in border territories still loyal to the Union.

"Wildcat" banks

Loaned money to speculators. These banks were more interested in making a fast dollar than building a secure banking business. Excessive loan practices caused many more banknotes to be in circulation in the United States than there were deposits to cover them.

Fort Sumter

Located in the Charleston harbor. It needed supplies in order to support its men. Lincoln told the South that the North was sending provisions to the fort, not supplies for reinforcement. On April 12, 1861, SC fired cannons onto the fort; after 34 hours of non-lethal firing, the fort surrendered. Lincoln now had a reason for an armed response.

Fort Sumter, 1861

Located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. One of only two federal forts that had not fallen to Confederacy. The troops needed provisions, or would have to surrender to seige. Lincoln informed the South Carolinians that he would send provisions but no reinforcements. When the Union sent a naval force, the South opened fire on the Fort, marking the official beginning of the Civil War. There were no casualties (except for a horse) and the fort surrendered.

Loose vs. Strict Construction

Loose construction: the government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid; Strict construction: the government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do

First Lowell factory opened, 1823

Lowell mills were seen as a Utopian society for young women. These mills hired girls from 15-25 who were expected to work for a short period of time, usually 1-3 years. The women earned their own wages, had comfortable and clean room and board, and were encouraged by education. Criticisms included: long 12-14 hrs a day, tending loud machines, inhaling cotton dust, and sweating because of the humidity level.

Treaty of Ghent

MADISON December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Hartford Convention

MADISON Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Essex Junto

MADISON New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. A group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S.

Impressment

MADISON... British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British... pre 1812

Open Door Policy

MCKINLEY A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Platt Amendment

MCKINLEY Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Spanish American War

MCKINLEY War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Adams Onis Treaty

MONROE an 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States

Slave codes

Made blacks and their children the property for life of their white masters. Some colonies made it illegal to teach a slave to read or write. Shows legal differences between the slaves and their masters—largely based on racial discrimination.

American System

Made by Henry Clay. It had 3 main parts: a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a network of roads and canals

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment.

American goods that transformed European life

Maize, potatoes, and other crops - helped increase European population and the shift from feudalism to capitalism

Thaddeus Stevens

Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican

Bill of Rights

Many antifederalists criticized the Constitution, for it failed to guarantee individual rights. In 1791, a necessary number of states adopted the first ten amendments to the Constitution. It guaranteed civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, and press; the right to bear arms and be tried by jury; and the right to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. It also prohibits cruel and unusual punishments. Written by James Madison.

Bill of Rights

Many states had ratified the Constitution on the condition that this would be part of it, and many antifederalists had criticized the Constitution for not having one. Eventually, they were added as the first 10 amendments of the Constitution. Issues addressed include freedom of religion, press, speech, and assembly; the right to bear arms; the right to refuse to house soldiers on private property; the right to trial by jury; protection against unreasonable searches and seizures; and protection against cruel and unusual punishment. The rights it granted only applied to white, free man

Dredd Scott Case

March 6, 1857 Dredd Scott was a slave who, after the death of his master, tried to buy his freedom. But was denied. He filed suit stating that since he had lived in the Ill. & Wisc. Territories, he was free. A local jury agreed with him, but the State Supreme Court ruled against. The US Supreme Court ruled that since Dredd Scott was a slave, he had no legal citizenship & therefore could not file suit.

Election of 1840

Martin Van Buren ( incumbent Democrat) vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig and victorious general in 1811 at Battle of Tippecanoe against Indians under Tecumseh). MVB hurt by Panic of 1837. Significance: massive voter turnout & use of slogans: "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", "Log cabin and hard cider" were pro-Harrison slogans. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland attempted to place an annual tax on the Bank of the United States and other "foreign" banks. The Maryland branch of the Bank of the United States refused to pay. Maryland filed a suit against John W. McCulloch. Chief Justice Marshall declared the bank constitutional. Strengthened federal authority and power of Congress while striking a blow at states' rights. Loose Construction—Constitution derived from consent of the people and allowed the government to act for their good.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the US by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. The court ruled that "within the power to tax is the power to destroy" and since federal government institutions should be supreme (under the Supremacy Clause), no state had the authority to destroy the 2nd BUS. Important for increasing power of federal government over states

John Brown's Raid

Massacres led by a radical abolitionist. He believed that he was appointed by God to rid the nation of slavery. Gathered a group of volunteers and raided Pottawatomie Creek. Savagely murdered and mutilated five proslavery supporters. Moved from town to town, raising havoc in the name of God and antislavery supporters. In 1859, he and his gang advanced toward Harpers Ferry and cut the telegraph lines. The men overpowered the few night watchmen and took several townspeople hostage. The next morning, his men shot a railroad employee. Townspeople heard shots and sent for help. Before long, they were surrounded by local militiamen and a company of United States Marines. Charged with murder, conspiracy, and treason against the state of Virginia. His lawyer planned to enter an insanity plea, but he refused. He wanted to become a martyr. Southerners linked the violence to all Northerners and were outraged that some Northerners sympathized with him

Battle of Antietam

McClellan's men found a copy of Lee's plans and were able to stop the Confederates on one of the bloodiest days of the Civil War. No side won, but it was the Union display of power that Lincoln needed to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

David Wilmot

Member of Congress who proposed an amendment to outlaw slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.

Tejanos

Mexican residents of Texas

Texas Independence

Mexico refuses to recognize Texas's independence and seen as a province in revolt, Texas made treaties with some European countries who wanted to make America crumble, many want Texas to join the Union but the slavery issue prevents them until Polk's presidency

Marshal Court

Milestone cases on the movement towards national gov. supremacy in the ongoing struggle between states' rights and federal power, it made key decisions that strengthened the federal government's power

Charles Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

Abolitionists

Minority in the north; used fierce arguments (Garrison's Liberator), helping slaves escape (Underground RR), and violence (Nat Turner, John Brown at Harpers Ferry)

Johnson's Plan

Mirrored Lincoln's plan but omitted 10% plan, issued Proclamation of Amnesty but Johnson ended up pardoning many former Confederates. Johnson favored quick Reconstruction and wanted former Confederate states to return as soon as possible

The Monroe Doctrine

Monroe's statement proclaiming that the era of colonization in the Americas had ended. US wouldn't interfere with existing European colonies and would avoid involvement in European affairs

William Lloyd Garrison

Most conspicuous and most vilified of the abolitionists, published "The Liberator" in Boston, helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. Favored Northern secession and renounced politics

Copperheads

Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group.

Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852

Most important book in US history. Portrayed horrors of American slavery, especially slave auctions. Helped intensify Northern abolitionism and contempt for the South, thus contributing to likelihood of war. International bestseller that helped move public opinion in Europe against the South, thus assuring the failure of King Cotton diplomacy (hope that England would intervene for Confederacy to maintain the supply of cotton for its textile mills) as Europeans didn't want to die to save southern slavery.

Nativism

Movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic; feared anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers

Confederate States of America

Name adopted by the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed their own country during the Civil War

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war.

The Tarrif of Abominations

Name the Southerners gave to the Tariff of 1828. It wreaked havoc during Jackson's presidency. Southerners felt the financial strain of the tariffs due to their reliance on northern commodities. Felt they were being treated unfairly, and they rallied against the Tariff of 1828 and against Jackson

The Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 million. The purchase was finalized on April 30, 1803. It doubled the size of the United States, and was the biggest bargain in history (average 3 cents per acre). Greatly expanded the fortunes of the United States

Daniel Webster

Nationalist from New Hampshire. He was involved in the Webster-Hayne debate over states' rights. He served as Secretary of State under the Tyler administration. In 1836 he ran for the Presidency as a member of the Whig party, losing to Martin Van Buren. He was also America's greatest orator.

Aztecs

Native civilization in Mexico. Capital: Tenotichlan. Practiced human sacrifice.One known chieftain: Montezuma. Eventually defeated by Hernan Cortes. One of the advanced ancient civilizations in the Americas.

Mayans

Native civilization situated in Central America. Significance: One of the advanced civilizations in the Americas

Incans

Native civilization situated in Peru. One of the advanced civilizations of the Americas

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Naturalization Acts said that you had to live in the US for 14 years for citizenship. Alien Enemies Act allowed the president to expel aliens in wartime. Alien Act authorized the president to deport or imprison all aliens whom he considered dangerous to the safety of the United States. Sedition Act prohibited antigovernment activity. Many colonists, angry at the Federalist abuse of authority, shifted their political support to the Democratic-Republican Party

Jay's Treaty

Negotiated by chief justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain in 1794. The treaty included a British promise to evacuate U.S. soil and pay damages for American vessels in exchange for which Jay bounded the U.S. to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Marquis Duquesne

New France's leader. Established new settlements in the North American interior and unsuccessfully tried to persuade the Iroquois to break their ties to Britain.

New Jersey Plan

New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress

Zenger Case

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

War Hawks

Newcomers in the Twelfth Congress who were weary of hearing how their fathers had "whipped" the British single-handedly and they detested the manhandling of American sailors and the British Orders in Council, also yearned to wipe out a renewed Indian threat to the pioneer settlers who were coming into the trans-Allegheny wilderness

corn

No, Samuel.

49th Parallel

Northern boundary of Oregon Territory jointly occupied with Britain, advocated by the Democratic Party and others as the desired lines of American expansion.

Debates over the tariff and internal improvements

Northerners generally favored high tariffs and internal improvement at federal expense. Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense.

Carpet Baggers

Northerners who went South for personal power and profit

Oregon Country

Northwestern territory in dispute between Britain and United States, subject of Manifest Destiny rhetoric in 1844.

THE tariff (Tariff of Abominations?) (1828)

Noteworthy for its unprecendtly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who were forced to pay higher prices for manufacturers.

Popular sovereignty

Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories

Winfield Scott

Old Fuss and Feathers, marched on Mexico City in 1847, considered to be the ablest general of his generation

Abraham Lincoln assassination, 1865

On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and Confederate sympathizer, fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln at a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox Court House. It was the first assassination of a US President.

Appomattox Court House

On April 9th, 1865, Grant cornered Lee here to discuss the terms of surrender. The Civil War was finally over.

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.

Treaty of Ghent, 1814

On December 24, 1814, The Treaty of Ghent was signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium, ending the War of 1812. By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Committees of Correspondence

On the eve of the American Revolution, these were established as a system of communication between patriot leaders

James Russell Lowell

One of America's best poets. Remembered as a political satirist in his Biglow Papers, where he condemned the alleged slavery-expansion designs of the Polk administration

Chautauqua Movement

One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.

The Second Great Awakening

One of the most momentous episodes in the history of American religion. Encouraged evangelicalism. Spread on frontier through huge "camp meetings." Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney held moving sermons. Feminization of religion—women were the most fervent enthusiasts of religious revivalism. Result: converts, reorganized churches, and numerous new sects.

Abraham Lincoln

One of the most skillful politicians in Republican party. Lawyer. Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted much attention. Lincoln's attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election.

Robert E. Lee

One of the most talented officers. General of the Confederate Army. Sent McClellan's Union army in retreat after the Seven Day's Battle. Crushed McClellan's forces in Richmond. In the Second Battle of Bull Run he defeated General Pope's Union forces. He met McClellan's forces again at the Battle of Antietam, and after a bloody battle, the Confederate march Northward was stopped. Defeated by Meade's force at Gettysburg. On April 1865, he surrendered at the Appomatox Convention, ending the Civil War.

Erie Canal

Opened the Great Lakes states to rapid economic growth and spurred the development of major cities. DeWitt was New York governor who built the Erie Canal

Whigs

Opposition party to the Democratic-Republicans. Adams' supporters. Supported a national bank, strong central government, tariffs, and government induced moral reform.

54°40' or Fight

Oregon was claimed at one time or another by four nations: Spain, Russia, Britain, and the United States. Spain ceded this land to the United Sates in the Florida Treaty of 1819 while Russia retreated to the line of 54 40 by treaties of 1824 and 1825. British claims north of the Columbia River were based on prior discovery and exploration, on treaty rights, on actual occupation and on the Bay Company. Americans under Robert Grey discovered the Columbia River and their efforts were strengthened with the Lewis and Clark expedition as well as the settling of missionaries. "Joint occupation" was adopted pending future settlement and was regarded in the presidential election of 1844.

Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by SAMUEL ADAMS consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Republican Party, 1854

Organized in 1854 by anti slavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860.

"Old Lights"

Orthodox clergymen. Skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists.

reformers

Other reformers were driven by more traditional religious impulses, such as the Protestant revivalism known as the Second Great Awakening. Charles Grandison Finney, the greatest of the revival preachers, denounced both alcohol and slavery. Some reformers, including those who embraced transcendentalism, promoted the divinity of the individual and sought to perfect human society. A number of experimental communal "utopias" were formed to further this effort.

Ostend Manifesto

PIERCE The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

Kansas - Nebraska Act

PIERCE This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Bloody Kansas

PIERCE-BUCHANAN A series of political confrontations involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the neighboring towns of Missouri between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state.

Wilmot Proviso

POLK Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Thomas Paine published Common Sense, 1776

Pamphlet that inspired people in the 13 Colonies to declare and fight for independence from England in the summer of 1776. In clear, simple language it explained the need for immediate independence. It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places and became a huge sensation, radicalizing much of the population towards independence. Washington had it read to all his troops. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in US history.

Specie

Paper money was not the currency—gold and silver coins were. The value of these coins was determined by the value of the metal in the coins themselves. The _____________ Circular was a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard," or metallic, money.

French and Indian War, 1754-63

Part of the 7 Years' War, Great Britain & France fought for control of the Ohio Valley & Canada. Algonquins & Mohawks fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied w/ GB. The colonies fought under British commanders and won, however strained relations between GB & its American colonies since the colonists were disorganized and weakly supported the war effort. The war resulted in France being pushed out of N. America and massive British war debt that would lead to increased taxation on colonies and thus increase tensions

Fugitive Slave Law

Part of the Compromise of 1850, this was an attempt to appease the south by assuring them their property was safe, but ultimately played a significant role in the beginning of the Civil War

Democrats

Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS

Fugitive Slave Law, 1850

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Indian Removal Act, 1830

Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears".

Wade-Davis Bill

Passed by congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent" Reconstruction plan, it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the president, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.

Judiciary Act 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships, ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

Indian Removal Act, 1830

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Passed in 1862, it offered states land to support agricultural colleges.

The Fifteenth Amendment

Passed in 1869, it gave Blacks their right to vote.

Northwest Land Ordinance

Passed under Articles - banned slavery in NW territory (OH, MI, IN, etc.); created a process for admitting new states (60,000 inhabitants)

Jonathan Edwards

Pastor who ignited the Great Awakening. Ridiculed believing in salvation through good works. Affirmed the need for complete dependence on God. Described the torments of hell in detail. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Valley Forge

Pennsylvania; in American Revolution, George Washington's troops spent a long, hard, bitter winter here - little food; showed the struggle and low supplies of the american rev; also sort of A need for an alliance witnh france

Indentured servants

People who bound their labor for 4-7 years in exchange for a passage to the new world. During service, they received food, shelter, and clothing. When their terms ended, they were issued freedom dues. Sometimes they were unable to find land and just had to go back into servant-hood.

Forty-niners

People who came to California by the thousands in search of gold.

Puritans

People who were angry with the Anglican church, saying it was too corrupt and similar to the Church of Rome. They wanted to "purify" it from the inside. When William Laud was allotted more control over religious affairs and issued many anti-Puritan decrees, they fled to North America to form the Plymouth colony.

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican), because the Federalist Party had died in the wake of its opposition to the War of 1812.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Permitted American trade with all the world. Promised American restoration of trade to France and/or England if either dropped their commercial restrictions

The Enlightenment

Philosophy focused on reason and promoting new forms of government (Locke, Montesquieu); influenced the American Revolution

Transcendentalism

Philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions

Harper's Ferry, 1859

Place John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Nathaniel Bacon

Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony

What were the New England colonies?

Plymouth (later absorbed into Massachussetts), Massachussetts Bay Colony, New Hamphire, Connecticut, Rhode Island

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Poet and philosopher. Stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism, and freedom. Ideas reflected those of an expanding America. Outspoken critic of slavery. Supported the Union in the Civil War

Henry David Thoreau

Poet, mystic, transcendentalist, and nonconformist. Condemned government that supported slavery. Gifted prose writer—Walden: Or Life in the Woods describes living a full emotional and intellectual life for two years while residing in a tiny cabin he made himself and existing in every other way at a barely subsistence level. He believed he should reduce his bodily wants so as to gain time for a pursuit if truth through study and meditation. He refused to pay a tax that he felt would support the Mexican War and was temporarily jailed. Wrote the essay On the Duty of Civil Disobedience.

The American System, 1815

Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay to stimulate the growth of the economic and particularly manufacturing: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements (known as infrastructure today - building bridges, canals, etc for economic benefits). Federal government plays a big role in economic development, which Democrats opposed.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Policy that was introduced on December 2,1823 that asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries and the that US would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.

Federalists

Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank (BUS); loose interpretation

Whigs

Political Party led by Henry Clay! Favored the BUS and the American System; strong legislative branch; against "King Andrew I"

Democratic-Republicans

Political Party led by Jefferson - pro-French; supported by middle-class and farmers; pro-agriculture; against the BUS; strict interpretation

Henry Clay

Political Scientist during the 1820's. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He developed the American System which US adopted after the War of 1812. The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for better transportation.

Constitutional Union Party

Political party that recognized "no political principles other than the constitution of the country, the Union of the states, and the enforcement of the laws."

Fifty Four Forty or Fight

Political slogan of the Democrats (POLK) in the election of 1844, which claimed the boundary of the Oregon territory claimed by the United States

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

Da Gama

Portuguese explorer who managed to find a route from Europe all the way to India

reserved powers

Powers given to the states

concurrent poiwer

Powers shared by the federal government and the States

implied powers

Powers that, though not expressed directly, seem to be allowed by other powers (elastic clause)

Maysville Road Veto, 1830

President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the Federal government to construct Maysville Road, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. Jackson vetoed the bill on the grounds that federal funding of intrastate projects of this nature was unconstitutional. He declared that such bills violated the principle that the federal government should not be involved in local economic affairs, and that funding for these kinds of projects interfered with the paying off of the national debt.

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

President George Washington decided not to seek reelection for a third term, setting a precedent every president would follow except FDR (who was elected 4 times). In the 32-page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations - an element often referenced by those who prefer "isolationism" in international affairs.

Nicholas Biddle

President of Bank of United States. Held an immense amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. Was able to force smaller banks to refrain from excessive printing of banknotes, which was a major contributor to inflation. When Jackson told the Secretary of State to remove all federal funds from the bank, _________ freaked out and called in many of the Bank's loans, especially those to other banks. Placed a hardship on smaller banks and businesses, and caused a minor financial downturn.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy; wanted strong central government but impossible with all the states rightist rebellious southerners and couldn't very well say don't secede - had an impossible job; planter aristocrat and statesman; imprisoned temporarily after CW

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Brooks-Sumner Affair

Preston Brooks viciously assaulted Charles Sumner after he gave a speech attacking one of Brooks' relatives. It took Sumner three years to recover. Many Southerners stopped Northerners from helping, insisting that it was between Brooks and Sumner. This also showed the North that the South was unwilling to compromise on the slavery issue and made the South look savage.

Turnpikes

Privately funded, toll-based public road which was constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce. It developed national economy by creating faster and efficient transportation.

Frederick Douglass

Prominent abolitionist; African American who escaped slavery in Maryland

Federalist Party

Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. Federalists were known for the loose constructionist views regarding the Constitution.

Wilmot Proviso, 1846

Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War, but southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, defeated the measure in 1846 and 1847. It Failed

Bank of the U.S.

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton in his plans for the national economy. Established to handle the needs of the central government -- was completely new, as until then all banks had been under state jurisdiction.

The Missouri Compromise

Proposed by Henry Clay. Agreed to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave state. Maine spilt from Massachusetts and accepted as a free state. Prohibited slavery in all other parts of the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri (36 30 line)

Clay's Compromise

Proposed by Henry Clay. Tariffs would be reduced by 10% over an 8-year period. Lessened tension between Andrew Jackson and South Carolina.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed by Stephen Douglas. Split the territory into two sections, slave state Kansas and free state Nebraska. Residents of each territory decide whether their state would permit slavery. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise that prohibited slavery north of the 36° 30' line because both Nebraska and Kansas were located north of the line. Northerners were enfuriated. Outraged protesters declared the compromise repeal "a gross violation of a sacred pledge." The decision to reopen the slavery issue to allow more slave states re-ignited decades-old conflict between Northerners and Southerners and set the foundation for the coming Civil War

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination.

Charles Sumner

Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

The Wade-Davis Bill

Radical republicans passed this because they thought the 10% plan wasn't strong enough. It required 50% of the states' voters to take oaths of allegiance and also required the state constitutional conventions abolish slavery. Lincoln vetoed it by letting it expire.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad crossing the US connecting East and West coasts. Everyone (northern and southern states) wanted a piece of this bc it would provide lots of money and business and stuff to its' endpoints and areas it went through. The debate as to where this railway would come from and go to lead to increased sectional tension. The Gadsden purchase was made to make a southern route feasible, but this did not come to pass and it was made in the north starting in Illinois. This lead debate also led Stephen Douglas to create the Kansas Nebraska Act so that it would go through the north and his home state of Illinois and benefit his real estate. Construction started 1863 and ended in 1869? UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD 1869. Many died in the construction, especially many Irish and Chinese laborer's

Tariff of Abominations, 1828

Raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South claimed that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional

Leisler's Rebellion

Rebellion against royal officials representing the Dominion of New England. Led by Jacob Leisler, a German merchant in New York. Leisler was executed when he refused to surrender to a royal governor.

Farewell Address

Referred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.

American Colonization Society, 1817

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves

Utopian Movements

Reformers in the aftermath of the Second Great Awakening sought to get away from authoritarian power structures. Brook Farm, New Harmony, the Shaker and Amana communities, and Oneida Colony are examples

Old Northwest

Region north and west of the Ohio River, included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, MIchigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

Describe slavery in the British colonies

Reinforced by a strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority, the British system enslaved black people in perpetuity (forever), altered African gender and kinship relationships in the colonies, and was one factor that led the British colonists into violent confrontations with American Indians.

Transcendentalism

Rejected that all knowledge comes to the mind through senses. Believe that truth cannot be found through observation alone. Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the truth and put him/her in direct contact with God, aka "Oversoul"

Deism

Relied on reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the Bible. Believed in a Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.

Quakers

Religious group that settled Pennsylvania. Often known as the "Society of Friends," Quakers believed in an "Inner Light" that would guide them toward religious truth and were pacifists (opposed violence) who had good relations with Native Americans

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

The Great Awakening

Religious revival that emerged in Northampton Massachusetts and exploded between 1730s and 1740s. Emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality undermined the older clergy. Caused schisms in denominations that increased the numbers and the competitiveness of American churches. Encouraged missionary work among Indians and black slaves. Led to founding of "new light" centers (Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth). First spontaneous mass movement of the American people.

Non-Intercourse Act

Reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except France and England

Constitution

Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery

Constitution

Replaced the Articles of Confederation - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers and state); did not address problems of slavery

The "Wilmot Proviso"

Representative David Wilmot introduced an amendment that said that slavery should never exist in any of the territory that the US got from Mexico. Amendment passed the House twice but not the Senate. Eventually endorsed by all but one of the free states. Symbolizes the burning issue of slavery in the territories

The Force Bill

Response to South Carolina's resistance to tariffs. Jackson felt that a new and specific bill would strengthen his case against South Carolina. Gave the president the power to use the army to enforce a tariff. South Carolina hated it— called it the "Bloody Bill." Eventually Congress repealed it.

Military Reconstruction

Response to that lack of ratification of the 14th Amendment. Divides South into 5 military districts (except for Tennessee). Union general would be at the head of each district. In order for the states to be readmitted, the state majority must swear allegiance to the Union and each Southern state must produce a new constitution in which they ratified the 14th amendment and gave black men voting rights. Marshall Law was implemented.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

Result of the Boston Tea Party. Designed to punish the colonists and tighten British control over the colonies. Closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their own homes.

The Romantic Movement

Retaliation against the classicism and rational thinking of the Enlightenment. People felt a need to balance reason and calculation with emotion and spirit. Emphasized feelings, intuition, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature, rather than pure thought

"New Lights"

Revivalist ministers. Defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion.

The Lost Colony

Roanoke, in modern North Carolina and off coast of VA; Virginia Dare; organized by Sir Walter raleigh - landed 1585; failed and all that was left of the entire colony was Croatan carved on a tree trunk I think

The California gold rush

Rumor spread that there was gold in California. Estimated 100,000 "Forty-niners" flocked to the gold fields the following year alone. Seemingly overnight, San Francisco grew from fewer than 1,000 residents to a major port city of 20,000.

Cripus Attucks

Runaway African American slave that was thought to be the first one to be killed in the Boston Massacre

Nullification Crisis

SC hated the protective tariff of 1828 (abomination); they felt discriminated against bc they were strictly agricultural southerners - all manufactured goods they used would have to be imported from the north or elsewhere (pricey, thus north is protected), and the farmers' protects went out into an open un protected and competitive world market; they were pissed and then Congress tried to make things better by lowering rates with the Tariff of 1832 but SC called for a special convention and nullified it; Andrew Jackson like no an sent in the miliatry; the hero henry clay stepped in with the Compromise Tariff of 1833; congress passed face saving Force AcT (authorized president to send in military to collect tariff duties); SC nullified the force Act and repealed the nullification of the tariff

Tenure of Office Act, 1867

Said the president had to secure the consent of the Senate before removing his cabinet members once they had been approved by the Senate. It's purpose was to keep Edwin M. Stanton in the cabinet.

Black Hawk

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)

Second Great Awakening

Second religious revival in the 19th century. characterized by emotional "camp meetings" and widespread conversion brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

Know-Nothing Party

Secret Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party

Sons of Liberty

Secret societies formed to protest new taxes passed by Parliament. Led the Boston Tea Party and threatened tax collectors.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Edwin M. Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Horace Mann began school reform in Massachusetts, 1837

Secretary of the MA Board of Education, prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. Pushed for the idea of free public schools w/ trained teachers. Wanted opportunities for all as well as teaching democracy and social values, but also social control of immigrants and training a skilled, docile industrial work force. Spread across the North, but was less effective in the West and had little impact on the South which had no public schools until Reconstruction

"The South Carolina Exposition"

Secretly written by Vice President John C Calhoun, a South Carolinian. Offered persuasive arguments for nullifying the Tariff of 1828, stating that it was unjust and unconstitutional.

Brigham Young

Seized Mormon movement after Joseph Smith. Aggressive leader, eloquent preacher, and gifted administrator. Led the oppressed Latter-Day Saints to Utah. Under his leadership, the community became a prosperous frontier theocracy.

Blanche K. Bruce

Senator of Mississippi from 1875 to 1881 and was one of the first African Americans to serve a full term in the Senate.

Zebulon Pike

Sent by Jefferson to gather information about the territory west of the Mississippi River. Explored the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River and parts of present day Colorado and New Mexico. His explorations offered Americans valuable information regarding the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.

Lewis and Clark

Sent by President Jefferson in 1804-1805 to explore the newly acquired territory in the Louisiana Purchase. They were part of the Corps of Discovery and went from St. Louis through North Dakota over the Rockies, to the Columbia River, and the Pacific Ocean.

Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804-1806

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route from the Mississippi to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Aroostook War

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory over Maine. resolved when a boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

Martin Van Buren

Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836

Supreme Court Justice John Marshall

Served at Valley Forge during the War. Became a lifelong Federalist, committed to strengthening the power of the federal government. Many famous cases: Fletcher v. Peck (1810), McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819), and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). Shaped the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other single figure

Role of the Spanish and Portuguese traders

Settled heavily in South America, reached West Africa and contributed to the development of the African Slave Trade.

Compromise of 1877

Settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden. Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South. As a result, the Reconstruction was over and the Republicans gave up on the fight for racial equality.

The Panic of 1837

Several states defaulted on their bonds or repudiated them openly. Englishmen who lost money assailed their rash American borrowers

Technologies that allowed for increased trade and contact

Sextant - helped determine longitude and latitude

Lucretia Mott

She and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were two female delegates to the World Anti-Slavery Convention held at London in 1840. Denied full participation because of their gender, and they returned to America determined to campaign for equal rights. They organized the first women's rights convention held at Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

She and Lucretia Mott were two female delegates to the World Anti-Slavery Convention held at London in 1840. Denied full participation because of their gender, and they returned to America determined to campaign for equal rights. They organized the first women's rights convention held at Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848. Adopted a "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions." Patterned on the Declaration of Independence. "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal."

March to the Sea, 1864

Sherman's march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah from November 15 to December 21, 1864, during which Union soldiers carried out orders to destroy everything in their path.

Vicksburg

Siege in the Civil War, arguably Grant's best battle; 2 1/2 month siege of Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in TN. Vicksburg fell to Grant giving Union army control of the Mississippi and split the South in two

Treaty of Ghent

Signed December 1814. Called for both the British and Americans to quit fighting and return conquered territory. Did not acknowledge the complaints that prompted the United States to declare war on Britain. Search and seizures, Orders in Council, and the impressment of American sailors were ignored. After the treaty was signed, ships were free to sail to any port, goods could be traded with any customer, and Royal Navy warships no longer patrolled the American coastline.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify it or exclusively control the isthmus waterway.

Quebec Act

Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed

Seneca Falls convention, 1848

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Promontory Point, Utah, 1869

Site where railway lines are built by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific met in 1869, completing the first transcontinental railroad line and contributing to the integration of the western territories into the rest of the Union and the development of the Great Plains.

Compromise of 1850

Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed

Carpetbaggers

Sleazy northerners who came to the south seeking get-rich-quick business opportunities. They wanted power and profit.

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, had proposed an excise tax on whiskey to raise money for the national debt and to assert the power of the national government. The farmers rebelled against the tax they felt was unfair. Washington used the opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries, as officials moved into western Pennsylvania to quell the uprising.

Grange

Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century.

Jane Addams and Hull House

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

Utopian communities

Socialists created an image of a perfect world with model communities

Pre-Columbian economy in Great Basin and the western Great Plains

Societies responded to the lack of natural resources in the _____ and ________ by developing largely mobile lifestyles.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator. Advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification; (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Stono Rebellion, 1739

South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.

Compromise of 1850

South: Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands, Texas was paid $10 million for land lost, stricter fugitive slave law. North: California admitted as free state, Texas gave up claims to disputed lands in New Mexico, Slave trade in DC was banned, but slavery was legal.

13 Colonies (regions)

Southern (Georgia, NC, SC, VA, Maryland) mainly sold tobacco and sugar, Middle (NY, NJ, Delaware, PN) known for more diversity, New England (MA, CN, RI, New Hampshire) known for Puritanism and manufacturing

Farmers Alliance Movement

Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop — farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks

Antietam

Southern invasion of the north; bloodiest day of battle (22,000 in one day); statistical draw, but obvious the north won through the lack of European intervention and the Emancipation proclamation that ensued

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Cotton Belt

Southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown/deep south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier which had the highest concentration of slaves.

Scalawag

Southern republicans, considered turncoats (traitors) by neighbors. Worked with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

The Black Codes

Southern states passed these to control the freed slaves. They were oppressive laws aimed at keeping the Black population in submission and to regulate their affairs. Blacks were forbidden to serve on a jury, vote, or rent or lease land. The harshness of the laws varied from state to state. They had to sign annual labor contracts and were severely punished if they were violated. The conditions of the blacks made many abolitionists wonder if the price of the Civil War was really worth it.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Nullification Crises

Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

Scalawags

Southerners who were accused of plundering Southern treasuries through their political influence in the radical governments and selling out the Southerners. They were ridiculed for not wanting to secede and allying with the blacks.

Pinckney's Treaty

Spain let us use NEW oRLEANS for trade - we got pretty much everything we wanted: free navigation of the Mississippi, the right of the deposit (warehouse rights) at New Orleans, and large disputed territory of western Florida; 1795 ----- Spain did this bc afraid of Anglo-American alliance from Jay's Treaty

What was the general character of Spanish colonization?

Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization and to religiously convert and/or exploit the native population.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans.

Juan de Sepúlveda

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. Sepúlveda also argued in favor of the Christianization of native Americans.

Balboa

Spanish Conquistador who established the town of Darien on the Isthmus of Panama and traveled the Pacific.

How did the Spanish and English differ in their views of Native American culture?

Spanish colonizing efforts in North American, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, saw an accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture; by contrast, conflict with American Indians tended to reinforce English colonists' worldview on land and gender roles.

de Soto

Spanish conquistador who explored florida looking for gold 1539 -1542; crossed Mississippi River; brutally mistreated indians

Pinckney's Treaty

Spanish granted almost all the United States' requests, including ownership of the previously disputed territory north of Florida. Gave American western farmers and traders the right of deposit at New Orleans

Eli Whitney

Sparked the Industrial Revolution. Invented the cotton gin, a machine used for removing the seeds from the cotton fiber. He hoped to make the lives of slaves easier through this invention. He also invented interchangeable parts, parts that looked exactly alike and were easily assembled or exchanged. Eventually became the basis of modern assembly-line production methods.

Maine Laws of 1851

Sponsored by 8, it prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor

KKK

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

Freeport Doctrine

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually led to his loss in the 1860 presidential election

Monroe Doctine

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European Powers, to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Act of Toleration

Statute of toleration in colonial Maryland that wasn't really tolerant, but allowed all forms of Christian to worship freely

Olive Branch Petition

Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George 3 didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion

Cumberland Road / National Road

Stretched 591 miles from Maryland to Illinois. The first highway built by the federal government, and was an important connection between the North and the West, thus increasing trade. It was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by highways.

Benedict Arnold

Successful American general during the Revolution who turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause.

15th Amendment, 1870

Suffrage given to black males. Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.

The Virginia Plan

Suggested by Edmund Randolph and James Madison. Called for a 2-house legislature that would select the president and the court officials for the judicial system. Population determines representation, and therefore, the big states would have the advantage.

The New Jersey Plan

Suggested by William Patterson. Called for a one house Congress that had the power to tax and control trade. Each state has one vote. The Executive and Judicial branches were separate from Congress and not as powerful.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

Supreme Court Case ruled by John Marshall; William Marbury sued for his commissioned as a judge because he had been promised a job by Adams but refused by Jefferson. Ruling: Marshall claims that Supreme Court cannot rule on the case and ruled earlier Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, established judicial review

indentured servitude

System of labor in which a company or individual paid a person's passage to America in return for a contract of repayment through servitude (usually seven years).

Roosevelt Corollary

T. ROOSEVELT 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804-6

Tasked by President Jefferson to explore the new Louisiana Purchase and on to the Pacific. From 1804-1806 they traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration. The purpose was to search out a land route to the Pacific, to strengthen American claims to Oregon territory, and to gather information about the indigenous inhabitants and the country of the Far West.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Tecumseh and the Prophet lead a surprise attack but are defeated by William Henry Harrison; makes many Americans suspicious of British aid, since Tecumseh drove into an alliance with them, and also stirred up talk of Canadian invasion. Harrison became a national hero.

Tenskwatawa, "The Prophet"

Tecumseh's brother. Told Indians to be scared of white culture; said Native Americans must give up white ways, and no longer trade with them.

Armed Neutrality

Term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain

Annexation of Texas, 1845

Texas was annexed to the U.S, in 1845, it was this action that caused the Mexican War. It was the 28th state and came in as slave state.

Old Lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.

John Dewey

The "father" of progressive education, published "The School and Society" (1899) to suggest the need for an education that was practical and useful. He insisted that education should be child centered and that schools should build character, teach good citizenship, and be instruments of social reform.

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

Alien and Sedition Act

The Alien Act were laws passed by a federalist congress, raising the requirement for citizenship to 14y years and granting the president the power to deport immigrants during times of peace. The Sedition Act was a law that made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. It expired in 1801.

American Colonization Society

The American Colonization society was founded for the purpose of 1817 and 1822, the Republic of Liberia, on the fever stricken West African coast. It was established for former slaves, with the capital, Monrovia, after President Monroe.

Baldwin Locomotive Works

The Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad (railway). The company was very successful as the largest producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of diesel's was far less so. Later, when the early demand for diesel locomotives to replace steam tapered off, Baldwin could not compete in the marketplace. It stopped producing locomotives in 1956 and went out of business in 1972, having produced over 70,000 locomotives, the vast majority powered by steam.

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

The Battle of New Orleans was the last major battle of the War of 1812. American troops were led by General Andrew Jackson to the biggest US victory in the war, making Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency. The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, had been signed two weeks before the battle but the news had not yet crossed the Atlantic.

Alamo

The Battle of the Alamo was an important battle in the Texas Revolution -- General Santa Anna of Mexico laid siege to the Alamo mission for 13 days. "Remember the Alamo" became a rally cry for Texan independence.

Bill of Rights, 1791

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215).

Salutory Neglect

The British policy of the 17th century in which the British were lax in the enforcement of laws in the colonies, allowing the colonies to develop without much interference from the British government.

Milan Decree

The British, acting under the "Orders in Council," punished Americans who traded directly with France, and the French punished Americans who traded with Britain with this. It said that any vessel that submitted to Britain's Orders In Council or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France.

Trail of Tears, 1838

The Cherokee Indians were forced to travel from North Carolina and Georgia through more than 800 miles to Oklahoma More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Jefferson's embargo, 1807

The Embargo Act of 1807 was an attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other. The law, which was passed after sailors from the USS Chesapeake were impressed by officers from the British ship HMS Leopard, ultimately failed to achieve its objective. By barring American ships from using European ports, it stifled American trade, and wound up doing more damage to American merchants than to European governments.

The Federalist Papers published, 1787-8

The Federalist Papers were 85 newspaper essays by Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay on the importance of having a new Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. This explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. Considered the definitive statement on the political philosophy behind the American system of government.

Gadsden Purchase

The Gadsden Purchase was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad, it also showed the American belief in Manifest Destiny. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement.

Half-Way Covenant

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Midnight judges, 1801

The Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was the Federalists & Adams's attempt to secure the Federalists a position of power in the new government in the judicial branch after losing the congressional and presidential election of 1800 to the Democratic-Republicans. The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called "midnight judges" because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

KKK

The Ku Klux Klan, an extremist, right-wing secret society founded in the mid 19th century. It was anti-foreignism and anti-black, anti-Semitic, anti-pacifist, etc. But it was pro-white and pro-Protestant. Its member terrorized freedmen after the Civil War. By the 1890's Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all southern blacks.

Mayflower Compact, 1620

The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent amongst Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier.

Mormons migrated to Utah, 1847-48

The Mormons (founded by their profit Joseph Smith) were persecuted so they migrated west along the Oregon Trail. Led by Brigham Young after Smith's death, the Mormons created a large settlement near the Great Salt Lake, which is now Utah. Utah has a large Mormon population today, and Mormonism is one of the world's fastest growing religions.

Describe the general characteristics of the New England colonies

The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of likeminded religious believers, developed a close-knit, homogeneous society and — aided by favorable environmental conditions — a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

Northwest Ordinances of 1784, 1785, 1787

The Ordinance of 1785 created a system of surveying and selling western lands (then the area below the Great Lakes). In 1787, the NW Ordinance dissolved the Ordinances of 1784 and 1785; it created a single NW Territory divided in 3-5 regions capable of statehood with 60,000 pop., having freedom of religion, trial by jury, and no slavery. One of the primary purposes of the Ordinance was to raise funds for the increasingly insolvent government. Providing land speculators security in their purchases encouraged additional demand for the western lands.

Salutary Neglect

The Period where the British left the American colonies to run their own government while still under their rule and ignored them for a while.

Election of 1840

The Presidential election was between the re-election of Martin Van Buren and the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison. The Whigs defeated Van Buren.

Puritans

The Puritans first came to America on the Mayflower in 1620. They were separating from the Anglican church and escaping religious persecution in England by escaping to America. Other Puritans soon flocked to America hoping to "purify" the Anglican Church and develop a colony which would be a model to the world.

dissenters

The Puritans who challenged the authority of the English Church and rebelled against it. Also could mean those who broke away from the Puritan churches and cities in New England and were banished from them and started their own colonies (Roger Williams is one example)

Ohio River Valley

The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allowed the French Colonist to go back freely to their own customs - access to the Catholic religion freely. It extended to Quebec Region north and south into the Ohio River Valley, all creating more tension between the colonists and the British, which lead to the American Revolution.

Salem Witch Trials, 1692

The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the Devil's magic—and 20 were executed. Eventually, the colony admitted the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those convicted. Since then, the story of the trials, and the term "witch hunt," has become synonymous with paranoia and injustice - for example, during the McCarthyism period of the Second Red Scare during the late 1940s and 1950s.

Adam Smith

The Scottish "Father of Modern Economics," that frontally attacked mercantilism in 1776. He influenced the founding fathers of the United States, and convinced the advocate of free trade

John Breckinridge

The South's pro-slavery Democratic candidate in the election of 1860. Completed the split of the Democratic Party by being nominated.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Ratification of the U.S. Constitution and the Creation of a New Government, 1788-1789

The U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1788, led to the creation of a new national government on March 4, 1789. The Constitution created a republican form of government within a federal system, limited by a separation of powers.

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Virginia/New Jersey Plan

The Virginia Plan was a "large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states. The New Jersey plan was the "small state" plan put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared the larger ones would overpower them.

Wilmot Proviso, 1846

The Wilmot Proviso was a rider to a bill proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot in 1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War.

What factors led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade?

The abundance of land, a shortage of indentured servants, the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples, and a growing European demand for colonial goods led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade.

Washington's Farewell Address

The address made by George Washington in 1796, never delivered orally, but through newspapers. It warned of entangling foreign alliances and sectionalism.

New England Confederation

The alliance of four colonies, the two Massachusetts colonies (the Bay Colony and Plymouth) and the two Connecticut colonies (New Haven and valley settlements) in 1643. They binded together to form a defense against the Indians, French, and the Dutch. It was one of the first steps toward colonial unity.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

French and Indian War

The beginning of the Seven Years War; fought between the French and their Indian allies vs the British and their Indian allies on American Soil; British victory led to the French conceding all of their American colonial holdings to the British

Manifest Destiny

The belief that Americans had the god-given right to expand their states from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific seaboard. Spurred massive expansion in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Deism (Ben Franklin)

The belief that God designed the Universe and set in motion, but does not ever intervene with His Creation. FRANKLIN is famous for his numerous inventions, newspapers, pamphlets, and participation in the Enlightenment, facilitating it through clubs and reading works done by the philosophies. Served as a member of the Pennsylvania assembly for 14 years.

Battle of Gettysburg

The bloodiest battle of the Civil War. General George Meade led the Union Army. Union eventually won. However, both sides suffered heavy losses: 23,000 Union soldiers and 28,000 Confederate. North was inevitably going to win the war now.

Glorious Revolution

The bloodless revolution against King James II in England. Resulted in the instatement of William and Mary as monarchs.

Election of 1800

The candidates were Republicans Jefferson and Aaron Burr and Federalists Adams and Charles C. Pinckney. Jefferson and Burr both received 73 votes. Eventually Thomas Jefferson won

Describe the general characterstics of the British West Indies and the Southern Colonies (South Carolina & Georgia)

The colonies along the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British islands in the West Indies took advantage of long growing seasons by using slave labor to develop economies based on staple crops; in some cases, enslaved Africans constituted the majority of the population.

popular sovereignty

The concept that the majority of the voters/citizens in a region should have the sovereignty to decide for themselves how all aspects are run -- a supremely democratic idea.

Worcester v. Georgia, 1832

The court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country. Marshall claimed only the federal govt. could do that. He explained that the tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. In defending the power of the federal government, he was also affirming and explaining the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

The courts ruled that the states cannot tax the federal government, an example is the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy". Federal government is supreme to the state's (supremacy clause); confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States (elastic clause).

Samuel J. Tilden

The democratic presidential candidate in the election of 1876

Describe the general characteristics of the Middle Colonies

The demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops (wheat, corn, barley, etc)

1st Amendment

The first amendment guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion, and the right to petition. This was violated by the Alien Laws and Sedition Act of John Adam's presidency, in 1798.

Lexington and Concord

The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

House of Burgesses, 1619

The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia.

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative assembly in the new world; established in Virginia in 1619 and set later precedents of this type of government

John Winthrop

The first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

The Confiscation Acts

The first of the two acts allowed the Union to seize Confederate property. It also granted freedom to any slave serving in the Confederate Military. The second act punished "traitors" by declaring their slaves property of war who shall be free.

House of Burgesses

The first official legislative assembly in the Colonies. It was a representative self-government in Virginia

Fort Sumter

The first spark of the Civil War; as the confederate states took control of the area surrounding, and they fired shots leading to the secession of four more states

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

Declaration of Independence, 1776

The fundamental document establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Second Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain, offered reasons for the separation (that the colonists rights as Englishmen had been trampled on by King George III), and laid out the principles for which the Revolution was fought (based on Enlightenment principles of natural rights, especially those of 17th century English philosopher John Locke).

What are the big issues that separated England and its colonists?

The goals and interests of European leaders at times diverged from those of colonial citizens, leading to growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic, as settlers, especially in the English colonies, expressed dissatisfaction over territorial settlements, frontier defense, trade and other issues.

Headright System

The grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought to Virginia by a colonist. Established a pattern of small wealthy planter elite and a large, landless, powerless majority that would characterize politics/society in the South until the Civil War and beyond.

Turner Thesis

The historian argued that the frontier was the key factor in the development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier served as a "safety valve" during periods of economic crisis.

Jacksonian Democracy

The idea of spreading political power to the people, ensuring majority rule, and supporting the common man

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

virtual representation

The idea that members of the British parliament represented the American colonies

King Phillip's War

The last significant effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive away English settlers. The Indians were led by Metacom, the Pokunoket chief whom English setters called "King Philip."

Davy Crockett

The most bitterly outspoken opponent of the Indian Removal Bill. He was a Jacksonian Democrat until he and the president parted ways over treatment of the Indians. Disgusted with partisanship, Crockett left the arena of national politics and went to Texas. Died at the Alamo.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Abolition

The movement that sought to free slaves and abolish slavery. Really picked up speed during the Antebellum Period and years directly before the Civil War; Notable abolitionists: Frederick Douglass, Charles Grandison Finney, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth

The black belt

The name given to the region in the Deep South, an area stretching from South Carolina and Georgia to Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana for its abundance in slaves.

National Road (Cumberland Road), 1811

The national road was the first highway built with entirely federal funds. Congress authorized the road in 1806 during the Jefferson Administration. This was the first road open to all people, which opened up many new trade routes and ways to get to other states. It was very helpful in creating a national economy.

Newburgh Conspiracy

The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan.

Olive Branch Petition

The olive branch petition was adopted in 1775 by the Continental congress as a last ditch effort to avoid a full war between the colonies and Britain. It was ineffective and was followed by King George III declaring the colonies in full Rebellion.

Proclamation of 1763

The prohibition of colonists going past the Appalachian Mountains in 1763 following the seven years war and more importantly Pontiac's uprising. It was made to limit hostilities with the native peoples.

Aroostook War

The result of the conflict over The Caroline ship, which consisted of angry Americans and Canadians, mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the disputed Aroostook River region, causing a violent brawl.

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Plymouth

The settlement founded by the Pilgrims located in the Cape Cod area of Massachusetts

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Seneca Falls

The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.

maize cultivation

The spread of ____________ from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areas. EX: Anasazi, Pueblo

Union Party

The temporary 1864 coalition of republicans and War Democrats that backed Lincoln's re-election

Trail of Tears

The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their home land to indian territory between 1838 and 1839, thousands of cherokees died.

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty of Ghent, signed on Christmas Eve, 1814,was an armistice. Both sides agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. No mention was made of those grievances for America had ostensibly fought: the Indian menace, search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressments, and confiscations. They are proof that the Americans had not managed to defeat the British.

John Peter Zenger Trial

The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies... he published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty...

Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, 1863

The two victories at Gettysburg, PA and Vicksburg, MS, turned the Civil War in the Union's favor. Culminating within a day of each other, Gettysburg and Vicksburg respectively put Lee on the defensive in the East and opened the Mississippi in the West, paving the way for the South's ultimate defeat.

American Revolution

The war that began with the colonial United States rejecting the British monarchy after the establishment of new taxes such as the stamp act

Nullification

Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected

The Three-Fifths Compromise

There was a constant debate occurring about whether or not a slave should be counted as a person in population counts. This compromise said that a slave counted as 3/5 of a person. It also said that Congress wouldn't restrict slave trade for 20 years.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Shay's Rebellion, 1786

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes. This was the final push towards constructing the Constitution because the politicians throughout the nation felt the Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced or fixed.

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Antifederalists

This group consisted mainly working class citizens. They were loyal to state governments. Examples are Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams. They had a strict interpretation of the Constitution

Federalists

This group consisted of mainly wealthy and well educated. Basically the aristocracy. Examples are Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin. They Wanted a strong central government. Had a loose interpretation of Constitution (loose constructionists)

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Why 1754 - 1800 was chosen as the dates for period 3

This time period represents the end of the 7 Years' War through the first two presidential administrations (Washington and Adams)

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

New Harmony

This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q

Nonintercourse Act

This was an act passed in 1809 replacing the embargo of 1807. It allowed all shipping to foreign ports except those controlled by Britain or France. It was largely ineffective in hurting the economies of either European power and contributed heavily to the war of 1812 several years later.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Jamestown

This was the first permanent English settlement and was founded in 1607. Instead of farming, people were searching for nonexistent gold and were starving and dying, until John Smith took leadership

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Thomas Jefferson & James Madison. Asserted that each state enter into a or contract, with the national government and delegate power to the centralized entity for the common good of all states. If a state decided that the national government overstepped its constitutional authority, it could intervene to protect its citizens from tyrannical law

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson became president! First peaceful transfer of power in world history via competitive elections when Federalists (under President Adams) orderly transfer power to Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans. Called "Revolution of 1800" because the aristocratic Federalists gave way to the much less elitist Democratic-Republicans. Also, because of the confusion caused by the process of electing Prez & VP separately, the 12th Amendment was added changing the electoral process so that Prez & VP run together.

Statute of Religious Freedom

Thomas Jefferson. Basically said government shouldn't control religious institutions

California gold rush, 1849

Thousands of miners travel to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 had spread around the world. This caused Californians to apply for statehood in 1849

Gold, Glory, God

Three goals of spanish exploration in the new world

Dorothea Dix

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

Disestablished

To separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century.

John Smith

Took over the Jamestown colony in 1608, forced everyone to work for food, ceremoniously married Pocahontas making a stable relationship between the colonists and the natives of the Powhatan Tribes

Morrill Land-Grant Act, 1862

Transferred public acreage to the state governments which could sell land and use proceeds for the establishment of agricultural colleges (for example, Texas A&M). Called "Land-Grant" colleges, it help spread public education in America.

Alexander Hamilton appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 1789

Treasury Secretary Hamilton helped put in place the basic economic foundations of the new government during the Washington Administration, with the overriding goal of strengthening the national government's role. Key elements include: assumption of state debts (to centralize economic life and elite interests in national government and enhance its legitimacy for international trade), creation of the First Bank of the US (under a loose construction [interpretation] of the "elastic clause"), strong support for manufacturing (proposed protective tariffs)

Peace of Paris, 1783

Treaty that ended American Revolution, granting US independence. Negoiated by John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin. Secured American fishermen's right of access to Canadian waters, US gets all territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, doubling the size of the new nation. For its part, the US agreed to use its powers to end the persecution of Loyalists by state and local governments and to restore their property confiscated during the war (this mostly didn't happen). Both countries agreed to honor debts owed to them.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Gettysburg, 1863

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Gettysburg

Turning point of the war for the north; 50,000 died but the south lost its ability to invade the north

Laird Rams

Two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards, they were eventually seized by the British for British use to remain neutral in the Civil War.

Jay Gould and Jim Fisk

Two millionare businessmen who came up with the scheme to corner the gold market during the Ulysses S. Grant's presidency.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation.

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

War of 1812, 1812-1815

US declared war for several reasons: trade restrictions brought about by Britain's continuing war with France, the impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honor after humiliations on the high seas, and possible American interest in annexing Canada. The war lasted from 1812 to 1815 proved inconclusive, with both countries agreeing to revert to their prewar status as much as possible. James Madison was president during the war and the US capital was burned.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in the early 19th century during Monroe's presidency. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. Written by John Q. Adams, its objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention, so that the U.S. could exert its own influence.

William Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general known for hard tactics, ballsy, bravery, not afraid to lose men, kinda drunk, and lincoln liked him. Became main general after a series of crappy genreals (timid or incapable); shiloh, vicksburg, fort henry and fort donelson, Appotamox courthouse, wilderness campaigns, cold harbor (the Butcher); ------------Republican president 1868 and 1872 - corrupt AF

Appomattox Courthouse

Union troops rapidly advancing and captured richmond and cornered Lee here april 1865; Grants terms of surrender were very generous; ENDED THE WAR WHOOP

John Wilkes Booth

United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865)

Henry Beecher

United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887)

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Joseph Hooker

United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee (1814-1879)

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

How did the European colonial powers differ regarding intermarriage with native populations?

Unlike Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies, which accepted intermarriage and cross-racial sexual unions with native peoples (and, in Spain's case, with enslaved Africans), English colonies attracted both males and females who rarely intermarried with either native peoples or Africans, leading to the development of a rigid racial hierarchy.

What was the general character of English colonization?

Unlike their European competitors, the English eventually sought to establish colonies based on agriculture, sending relatively large numbers of men and women to acquire land and populate their settlements, while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians.

salutary neglect

Unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade laws. Salutary neglect lasted throughout most of the 1600s and 1700s. Considered good because the colonies grew economically and learned to govern themselves

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Until the adult male population reached 5,000, the territories would be subject to a governor and three judges chosen by Congress. Territory would be divided into no less than three and no more than five states. When a territory had 5,000 voting age males they could elect a legislature and send a nonvoting delegate to Congress. Once any territory's population reached 60,000 settlers it would be granted statehood. Excluded slavery permanently from the Northwest.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Urged government to assume its debts ($54 million) and try to pay them off at face value, PLUS interest, as well as assume the debts of the states ($21.5 million). Wanted to create a national bank. Added custom duties and taxes on certain goods (ex. whiskey)

The Ostend Manifesto

Urged that the administration offer $120 million for Cuba. If Spain refused, US would be justified in fighting for it. It was leaked to the New York Herald, and it created a furor in the north. Drove a wedge between the North and the South and undermined the effectiveness of the Compromise of 1850 as the final solution to the sectional controversy

The "Era of Good Feelings"

Ushered in with Monroe's election. The country enjoyed peace & progress during his first yrs of presidency. There was a sense of nationalism. The name is a misnomer, however. Tariff and bank issues. Sectionalism crystallizing. The slavery was conflict taking its toll

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

William Berkely

Virginia governor, friendly policies toward inians; monopolized fur trade; surpressed rebellion by Bacon when he died

Thomas Jefferson

Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.

George Washington

Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

Citizen Genet

WASHINGTON A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall him after he began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed him U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest him.

Jay - Gardoqui Treaty

WASHINGTON A treaty between Spain and the United States. It guaranteed Spain's exclusive right to navigate Mississippi River for 30 years. It also opened Spain's European and West Indian seaports to American shipping.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

WASHINGTON Designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy, he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.

Pinckney's Treaty

WASHINGTON agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans

Jay's Treaty of 1795

WASHINGTON... Britain promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S soil, and pay damages for the recent seizures on American ships and damage to Indians in the Ohio valley. Britain forced him to give ground by binding the U.S to pay debts.

Whiskey Rebellion

WASHINGTON... In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem

Judiciary Act of 1789

WASHINGTON... It was an act past by the first Congress that established the first federal courts and organized the Supreme Court comprised of a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts. This act completed the three branch government with a judiciary branch which was strong enough to still stand today.

Radical Republicans

Wanted to democratize the South, establish public education, and ensure the rights or free people; strongly promoted free blacks and black suffrage

The War of 1812

War between Britain and America caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. An attempt to invade Canada failed when a large number of British troops, and a group led by Indian chief Tecumseh, overwhelmed American forces that were spread too thin. In 1813, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry defeated British forces that controlled Lake Erie. The battle was a turning point for the Americans because Chief Tecumseh died, which caused the Indians to bail out on the war and Britain had to think of another strategy. Britain burned the White House and the Capital building. The Battle of New Orleans in 1814 was an overwhelming success for the Americans. In the end, the war was basically a draw. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

War of 1812

War between US and Britain; America declared war in 1812 because of trade restrictions, impressments, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, and humiliation of American honor.

King Phillips War

War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags... lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

Chickasaw Wars

War in the 1700s between the Chickasaw, allied with the British, against the French, who were allied with the Choctaw and Illini. The war was fought over land, primarily for control of the Mississippi River.

Preston Brooks

Was a Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate.

Lowell system

Was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods

French and indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

American Temperance Society

Was established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Valley Forge

Washington & his troops spent the winter in this place in Pennsylvania. Awful conditions: freezing cold, no food, morale decreasing, troops dying. Prussian drill-master Baron von Steuben whipped the troops into shape

Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

Washington declares United States neutrality in the face of emerging European conflicts. He warns citizens not to undermine the neutrality of the country at the risk of prosecution. This led to a strong sense of isolationism and helped keep the US from being drawn into constant European wars that might threaten the existence of the young fragile nation

Balboa

Went to Panama in 1513 and claimed all the lands washed by that sea for his king. Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean

"The Burned-Over District"

Western NY was so blistered be sermonizers preaching hellfire and damnation that it earned this name

Seminole Wars, 1814-1819, 1835-1842

When Andrew Jackson received orders from Calhoun to stop the raids on American territory by Seminole Indians, he used it as an excuse to invade Florida and seize the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola, an operation which became known as the Seminole war. The American Government assumed responsibility for Jackson's raid, saying that they had done what was necessary to stop threats from across the borders, and demonstrated to the Spanish that the United States could easily take Florida by force, and that they might consider doing so.

The Aaron Burr Conspiracy

When Jefferson removed him as Vice President, he planned with Federalists to make New England and New York secede from the union. Hamilton foiled his plans, and then _____ killed him in a duel. He formed a partnership with the governor of the Louisiana Territory, General James Wilkinson. Wilkinson changed his mind and sent Jefferson a letter warning him of Burr's scheme. In 1806, he was arrested for treason, but the two witnesses were nowhere to be found. He was acquitted and he fled to Europe where he tried to persuade Napoleon to make peace with Britain and attack the U.S.

The Boston Tea Party

When the British East India Company was going bankrupt, Parliament gave it a complete monopoly on the American tea business and sell directly to the American merchants. The Americans didn't like this and would force the ships to turn back. The Royal Governor of Massachusetts, Tom Hutchinson, docked 3 ships at Boston Harbor and told them to stay until all the cargo was unloaded. Members of the Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians boarded the ships on 12.16.1773 and smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped it into the harbor. Some colonists like John Adams were thrilled. Others like Ben Franklin were appalled. Parliament wanted to punish the colonists' behavior and show them who was boss

How did Europeans justify the subjugation of Africans and Natives?

White racial superiority, bible, view of groups as "savages"

Cult of domesticity

Widespread cultural creed that glorified the traditional functions of the homemaker around 1850. Married women commanded immense moral power, and they increasingly made decisions that altered the family. Work opportunities for women increased particularly in teaching.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. Promoted women's rights. "Remember the Ladies"

Marbury v. Madison

William Marbury had been one of the "midnight judges" appointed by John Adams. When Secretary of State James Madison decided to shelve the position, he sued for its delivery. Marshall dismissed the case, but he said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. This suggested that the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws (judicial review)

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

The Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay and they argued that limitations on governmental power were built into the Constitution with a series of checks and balances. Explained the need for centralized government so the United States could earn the respect of other countries. Because of this, Federalists were able to break down resistance and gain enough support to ratify the Constitution. They were the most influential political writings of the time

Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Most significant response to the Fugitive Slave Act. Sold 10,000 copies its first week in print, and 300,000 within a year. By the time of the Civil War, several million copies were in circulation. Released feelings of guilt and revulsion toward slavery among Northerners who previously had not given much thought to the sectional controversy. Stowe was denounced in the south but her novel was a propaganda victory for the antislavery cause

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-99

Written by Jefferson and Madison, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, these resolutions gave states the power to decide when the government has abused its powers, and allowed states to declare federal acts unconstitutional. These resolutions would contribute to one of the reasons why the Civil War erupted, since it was the beginning of "nullification".

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Arms

Written by John Dickinson and Thomas Jefferson. Said the colonies were justified in fighting for their rights. "Our cause is just. Our union is perfect"

Two Treatises of Government

Written by John Locke. Lashed out at the view that monarchs had a divine right to rule over others. Said government should be established among free people as social contracts. Civil rulers should be given authority from among the people they were governing. If government failed to give natural rights (life, liberty, property) then rebellion is justified. Had a huge influence on the American Revolution

The Compromise of 1850

Written by Stephen A. Douglas, a young Democratic senator from Illinois. California was admitted as a free state, Utah and New Mexico were created as territories, Texas was compensated with $10 million for reducing its borders, slave trade abolished in the District of Columbia, and a more stringent fugitive slave law enacted.

Common Sense

Written by T-Paine, and Enlightenment thinker. Urged that it was "Common Sense" that colonies should break away from Great Britain

The Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson. An act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense. Argued that the cause or problems between Britain and America was King George III. Authority of all government officials should originate from the popular consent of the people they governed. Concept of an island ruling a continent goes against natural law. Called for colonists to establish an American republic where free citizens were in control, NOT a monarch. Paine said America had an obligation to the world to become an independent, democratic society. Influenced people to turn their backs on the status quo and embrace new ideas of a free society

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, an antislavery propaganda novel that had a huge influence on people in the North. People who weren't too concerned about the slavery issue before began to abhor slavery.

Lord Sheffield

Wrote a popular pamphlet in England that said Britain would win back America's trade and that commerce would naturally follow old channels.

Francis Scott Key

Wrote the Star Spangled Banner

Neutrality Proclamation

a 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict

Anti-Masonic Party

a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party

Gettysburg Address

a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

John Trumball

a Revolutionary War veteran who painted the scenes and spirits of the war

Anthony Johnson

a black gentltman who bought his way out of slavery, bought land in Virginia and then sold it due to strict slavery laws and fear of loss of rights and property, then moved to Mayland

Second Continental Congress, 1775

a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, PA, soon after first shots of the Revolution. The SCC managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition was sent to King George III (who rejected it) and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the Declaration of Independence. By raising armies, appointing George Washington head of the Continental Army, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government.

Ostend Manifesto

a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

European exploration and conquest were fueled by...

a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity. (god, glory, gold)

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Panic of 1837

a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices and wages went down while unemployment went up. The panic had both domestic and foreign origins: Speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land speculation bubble, international specie (gold) flows, and restrictive lending policies in Great Britain. On May 10, 1837, banks in NYC announced they would no longer redeem commercial paper in specie at full face value triggering the panic.

George McClellan

a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Tariff

a government tax on imports or exports

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Cotton Gin, 1793

a machine invented by Eli Whitney that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. Offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition. Made slavery much more economically favorable for the South.

Unitarians

a member of a religious group that emphasizes reason and faith in an individual; deny the idea of the Holy Trinity

Pre-Columbian economy in Northwest and areas of California

a mix of foraging and hunting. EX: Chinook of Pacific Northwest

Pre-Columbian economy in the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard

a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages. EX: Iroquois & Algonquian

Transendentalism

a movement that sought to explore the relationship between humans and animals through emotions rather then through reason

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Nativism

a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Whiskey Rebellion

a protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy

Columbian Exchange

a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic, including plants, animals, disease, people, etc.

Jeremiad

a sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance

Goliad

a site where about 400 defeated, surrounded, and surrendered americans were slaughtered by santa anna. "remember goliad" became a war cry soon thereafter.

Common School Movement

a social reform effort, started by Horace Mann in the mid-1800s, that promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

caste system

a system of segregation of people who are born into a caste and stay for life regardless of ability

Stamp Tax

a tax collected by requiring a stamp to be purchased and attached (usually on documents or publications)

War of 1812

a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

Writ of Habeas Corpus

a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge

John Brown

abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

sharecropping

agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and poor white farmers rented land and residence from a plantation owner in exchange for giving them a certain "share" of each year's crop. landowners would often manipulate this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations

Battle of Buena Vista

also known as the Battle of Angostura, saw the United States Army use heavy artillery to repulse the much larger Mexican army in the Mexican-American War. The location, a village of the state of Coahuila, Mexico, is seven miles (12 km) south of Saltillo, in northern Mexico.

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

John Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Franklin Pierce

an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.

Jefferson Davis

an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Garrison and the Liberator

an abolitionist leader who wrote an abolitionist newspaper... He advocated total equality... He was uncompromising towards American cultures... Churches suck... Anti-slavery

Quartering Act

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Rush-Bagot Agreement

an agreement that limited navel power on the Great lakes for both the United States and British Canada.

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state or hereditary noble class

Mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Compass

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it

Transcendentalism

any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material

burned-over-district

area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform. As wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

Burned-Over District

area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

Atlanta Compromise

argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

William Seward

arranged for US to buy Alaska

Land Act of 1820

authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money

Mormons

church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Congress of Vienna

conservative, reactionary meeting, led by prince metternich, restore europe to prerevolution time

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Election of 1824

corrupt bargain: Jackson had the popular vote but Clay the Speaker of the House got to influence who would win, chooses JQ Adams

John Marshall

created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

antinomianism

developed by Anne Hutchinson - (greek - "against the law") - the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man; a holy life was no sure sign of salvation; this was a challenge to the Puritan orthodoxy in Mass Bay Colony and they thus tried her and banished her

William Howe

during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer.

Orders in Council

edicts that closed European ports to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862)

headright system

employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony

Treaty of Paris 1763

ended 7 Year's War, France gave up all its territories in North America to Britain, ends foreign military threat to British, Brits emerge as global hegemony

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

ended the Mexican american war; we got the Mexican Cession (California, new mexico, arizona, some of oregon, texas boundaries to rio grande); we agreed to pay $15 million (less than our original offer for Cali) and assume the claims of its citizens against mexico - 3.25 mill; haste bc Concience Whigs increasingly damning the war and that the Southerns who wanted all of Mexico realized they shouldn't appear too greedy in light of the incoming policy problems over slavery for these territories; negotiated by Nicholas Trist (Polk disgusted with him previously for bribing Santa Anna and failing to secure a treaty)

Anglo-American Convention

established border between US and Canada at the 49th parallel; issue of Oregon border put on hold for 10 years

New Lights

evangelists or the leaders of the revivalist beliefs during the Great Awakening.

Josiah Strong

expansionist who blended racist and religious reasons to justify American expansion in the 1880s and 1890s; he saw the Anglo-Saxon race as trained by God to expand throughout the world and spread Christianity along the way.

Pontiac

famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)

New sources of mineral wealth from the Americas facilitated the European shift from...

feudalism to capitalism.

National Banking System

financial arrangement set up by the federal government to sell government bonds and stabilize the currency

Articles of Confederation went into effect, 1781

first constitution of the US. Put into effect during Revolutionary War. Based on equality of states, with each getting one vote. National government was very weak, with no power to tax. Laws required 9/13 vote to pass, changes to AOC required unanimous vote. 3 major accomplishments: winning Revolution, Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Jamestown, 1607

first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607 - 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts - sparked a series of cultural encounters that helped shape the nation and the world. Initially, the settlers spent too much time trying to find gold and neglected to prepare for the winter. The "Starving Time" of 1609-10 saw 80% of the settlers die. Only after several more shipments of immigrants and the widespread adoption of TOBACCO cultivation did the colony begin to thrive.

Freedman's Bureau

formed in Reconstruction March 3, 1865 as a kind of early welfare agency; provided food, clothing, and medical care for recently freed blacks and poor whites; EDUCATION its biggest success and lead by Oliver Howard - Howard University (DC); authorized to confiscate former Confederate land and give freed blacks and poor whites 40 acre land plots...but this didn't really happen bc local administrators and planters banded together to expel them from towns and get them to sign labor contracts; Johnson repeatedly tried to kill and south resented it; expired 1872

Thomas Hooker

founder of the Hartford colony in Connecticut.

Homestead Act

free 60 acre land grants if the people agreed to settle and farm it for 5 years; 1862; peoplem continually pushing westward and strong propellants were the federal draft agents

Thomas Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

Charles Townshend

government official, close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea,

Stamp Act Congress

group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent

Sugar Act

halved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court

Republican Motherhood

ideal of family organi

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

important treaty between north American Indians and the British empire; 1763; drew new line to avoid indian hostilities

Gabriel Prosser

in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

Salem Witch Trials

in Salem, Massachusetts - an outbreak of witch fervor lead to the deaths of many innocent people were wildly accused of being a witch and many were hanged; a group of adolescent girls claimed to have been bewitched by a certain older woman (often directed at property owning women); reflected the widening social stratification of New England (accused from salem's burgeoning market economy and accusers from subsistence farming) and the fears of many religious traditionalists that Puritanism was being eclipsed by Yankee commercialism; ended 1693 when governor's wife accused and so he pardoned and prohibited further trials

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Halfway Covenant

in the 1660's, a generation had passed since the founding of the first puritan colonies in New England. The new native-born generation showed signs of beingless commited to religion. in an effort to maintain the church's influence and membership religious men decided that ___ would be offered to those who professed limited religious commitment. people could now take part in religious services without making a formal declaration of their total belief in christ.

Border States

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

Astrolabe

instrument formerly used to make astronomical measurements, typically of the altitudes of celestial bodies and in navigation for calculating latitude, before the development of the sextant. It consists of a disk with the edge marked in degrees and a pivoted pointer.

What did European colonization efforts in North America stimulate?

intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts? this revitalized slavery and cotton became a main southern crop, while the concept of interchangeable parts made industry boom

mestizo

is a term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish-speaking America to mean a person of combined European and Native American descent

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Funding at Par

it meant that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value with interest

Model Treaty

its basic principles were, no political connection, no military connection, only commercial connection

King George III

king during the Revolutionary War, hated for his various taxes and acts by Americans

Battle of Yorktown, 1781

last major battle of Revolution. French navy and ground troops were crucial to victory.

Black Codes

laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers

Alien Laws

laws which placed a barrier on immigration and raised residency requirements to apply for citizenship

Daniel Shays

leader of over 1,000 Massachusetts farmers in an uprising after the state seized and sold their farms for non-payment of taxes

Richard Henry Lee

leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies (1732-1794)

loose construction

legal doctrine that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities.

Writs of Assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

Tariff of 1857

lowered duties to about 20%

Robert E. Lee

main Confederate general - a hero to Southerners; his strikes into the north failed (Antietam and Gettysburg); cornered and surrendered at Appotamox courthouse

Sewards Folly

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

Tammany Hall

most notorious political machine; NY city; Marcy Tweed also know as Boss Tweed became head in 1863

Knights of Labor

national labor union that was open to nearly all workers. It was a secret society. They were open to all, therefore more equal than others, but more importantly, it gave them a large population, which led them to gain an 8 hour day after many strikes.

Thomas Macdonough

naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.

New Light/Old Light

old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening

Macon's Bill No. 2

opened trade with britain and france, said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other, didn't work

Antifederalists

opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states

Committee of Correspondence

organized by Samuel Adams in Mass. ; spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and thus keeping alive the opposition to British policy; critics saw as "eggs of sedition"; intercolonial comitees next step (VA first with House of Burgesses and all the colonies followed suit); EVOLVED DIRECTLY INTO THE FIRST AMERICAN CONGRESSES

Headright System

parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Ashcan School of Art

part of realist movement focused on everyday life often of rough urban squalor use dark pallet, applied paint thickly, and visible brush strokes

Mexican Cession

part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ceded roughly 1/2 of Mexico

Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798

passed by Federalists in Congress & signed by President Adams. It increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. Used to attack Democratic-Republicans, who supported the French Revolution and appealed to more immigrants. Jefferson & Madison wrote the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions to "nullify" (states declare acts of the national govt unconstitutional) the A&S Acts.

Townshend Acts

passed by Parliament in 1767, placed taxes on imported materials such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Led to outrage and tons of people boycotted British goods.

writ of habeas corpus

petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. It was suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.

Albany Plan of Union

plan created to unite the 13 colonies suggested by Franklin at the Albany Congress (during French and Indian War)

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin FRANKLIN in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Columbian Exchange, from Americas to "Old World"

potatos, corn, tomatoes, squash, beans, chocolate, syphillis, etc

enumerated powers

powers given to Congress explicitly said in the Constitution

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Gadsden Purchase

purchase made by James Gadsden, it acquired additional land from Mexico for 10 million dollars to start the construction of the Southern railroad.

Gadsden Purchase

purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary. allowed for completion of transcontinental rail road

Benjamin Wade

radical republican and a senator of OH wanted to abolish slavery completely, was the chair of the committee on the conduct of the war

Regular Movement

rebellious movement of frontiersmen in the southern colonies that included future President Andrew Jackson

The Great Awakening

religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people

Second Continental Congress

representative body of delegates from all 13 colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort.

Spot Resolution

request by Abe Lincoln that Polk provide Congress w/ the exact location where blood was spilt on US soil during Mex/Am War.

Tenure of Office Act

required the president to secure consent of the Senate before removing appointees once they had been approved

Spoils System/patronage

rewarding political supporters with public office, cemented party loyalty but still widely abused

Beecher's Bibles

rifles shipped to antislavery settlers in kansas by the congregation Brooklyn, NY minister Henry Ward Beecher

delegated powers

same thing as enumerated powers

Navigation Acts

series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England

Indentured Servents

servents who agreed to work for a period of time with no pay in exchange for a trip to America

Privateers

ships that are privately owned but are urged to attack enemy ships during a war

Nat Turner's revolt, 1831

slave rebellion that took place in Virginia, led by Nat Turner. Rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55-65 people, the highest number by any slave uprising in the South. The rebellion was put down quickly. There was widespread fear after the rebellion, and white militias organized. The state executed 56 slaves accused of being part of the rebellion. 100-200 innocent blacks were murdered by mobs. Southern states passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free blacks

Sally Hemings

slave with whom Thomas Jefferson had children

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

Caravel

small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries

Columbian Exchange, from "Old World" to Americas

smallpox, livestock (pigs, cows, sheep), bees, bananas, coffee, sugar

John C. Calhoun

southern planter aristocrat statesmen; Jackson's first vice president and resigned; supported SC's nullification and disgust with the tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) and 1832 by secretly writing The South Carolina Exposition

Scalawags

southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

scalawags

southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Federalists

supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution

Samuel Chase

supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.

Excise Act

tax on the production, sale, consumption of goods produced within a country

Talleyrand

the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.

Roanoke

the Lost Colony, in modern North Carolina and off coast of VA; Virginia Dare; organized by Sir Walter raleigh - landed 1585; failed and all that was left of the entire colony was Croatan carved on a tree trunk I think

Tenskwatawa

the Prophet; inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

Appomattox Courthouse

the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

Three-Fifths Compromise

the agreement by which the number of each state's representatives in Congress would be based on a count of all the free people plus three-fifths of the slaves

Treaty of Alliance, 1778

the alliance between France and the America in the American Revolution, formed after the Battle of Saratoga which showed France that the Americans had a chance to beat England. Alliance would be decisive in helping America beat the British and winning independence. France joined not to help democracy, but to embarrass its old rival England. Treaty was annulled by the US Congress in 1793 when George Washington gave his Neutrality Proclamation speech saying that America would stay neutral in the French Revolution, which outraged Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans

Civil Law

the body of laws established by a state or nation for its own regulation

middle passage

the brutal journey of slaves in bondage across the Atlantic to America.

Fourteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

Thirteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Bunker Hill

the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775)

Deism

the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation

Force Acts

the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

What factors promoted Anglicization in the British colonies?

the growth of autonomous political communities based on English models, the development of commercial ties and legal structures, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, Protestant evangelism, religious toleration, and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.

Reign of Terror

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

Social Gospel

the idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

Pan-Americanism

the idea that the United States and Latin America should work together to support peace and increase trade

Cult of Domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Dominion of Canada

the loose confederation of Ontario(upper Canada), Quebec(lower Canada), Nove Scotia, and New Brunswich, created by teh british North America Act in 1867

Alamo

the mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Secession

the south seceded from the union - first SC in 1860, then 6 others- in Feb 1861 the Confederate States of America were created; the 4 last states joined after the April 1861 Fort Sumter drama

Confederate states of America

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Civic Virtue

the willingness to work for the good of the nation or community even at great sacrifice.

Crittenden Amendments

these, while prohibiting slavery north of 36 30, would also give federal protection in all territories south of that line

Describe the Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland) and North Carolina

they relied on the cultivation of tobacco, a labor-intensive product based on white indentured servants and African chattel.

Fort Necessity

this British fort was established by George Washington after he defeated a French patrol. However, Washington placed this fort in a bad location and was quickly forced to surrender to the French.

Maryland Toleration Act

this act granted religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland and was intended to protect the Catholic minority from the Protestants.

Shays Rebellion

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Shay's Rebellion

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Articles of Confederation

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Committes of Correspondence

to communicate with other colonies about threats to american liberites. Setup by Massachusetts and Virgina

Kansas-Nebraska Act

tore up the Missouri Compromise, used by Douglas to est a terminus in Chicago so he could make more $$$, Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by Popular Sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, effort to bring Nebraska into the Union thus Northern terminus

Regulars

trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts

Treaty if Greenville

treaty signed by some native Americans in 1795, giving up land that would later become part of Ohio in exchange for $20,000 and a promise of more money if they kept the peace.

Battle of Quebec

turning point of war when Quebec surrendered to the French in 1759

Quasi-War w/ France

undeclared war fought mainly at sea with France, US refusing to pay debts, ends with Convention of 1800 and costs Adams the election

Civil Rights Bill

vetoed by Johnson, but passed over his veto, it conferred citizenship on Blacks, leading to the 14th Amendment

Hamilton's Plan

wanted to bolster the national credit, est funding at par meaning that federal gov would pay off its debts at face value, plus accumulated interest, trickle down effect, assuming debt of states (assumption), tariffs and excise taxes, Bank of the United States

California Bear Republic

was a government proclaimed by settlers on June 14, 1846, in Sonoma in the then-Mexican province of California. Declared during the Mexican-American War, the republic lasted less than a month.

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Salmon Chase

was the sixth chief justice of the Supreme Court and an abolitionist. presided over the trial of President Andrew Johnson

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

Popular Sovereignty

where the people decide for themselves wether or not to have something, the right of the people to govern themselves

Conscience Whigs

whigs, usually in the north, who opposed slavery

Minstrel Shows

white actors wearing black face mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular.

Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest of the Americas led to...

widespread deadly epidemics, the emergence of racially mixed populations, and a caste system defined by an intermixture among Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Americans

Conquistadors

· Spanish for "conquerors"· A small minority were nobles, ½ were professional soldiers and sailors and the rest were peasants, artisans, and members of middling classes. Most in twenties or early 30's · 3 goals: service of God, search of gold, and glory· Between 1519 and 1540, they swept across the Americas in two waves of conquest Significance: Extinguished the great Aztec and Incan empires and claimed the territory from Colorado to Argentina. New race of mestizos formed when they married Indian women, and this formed a cultural and biological bridge between European and Indian races. European economy transformed because of the influx of gold and silver.

Great Awakening

A widespread religious revival led by evangelical preachers in the 1730's through 1743. Lead by preachers such as Whitefeild, Edwards, Davenport, and Tennet. It played a large role in the spread of democratic ideals in the colonies. It turned towards a much more emotional style of religion lead by the "new lights" over the traditional "old lights" who were much less emotional.

Alexis de Tocqueville

A young french aristocrat who wrote Democracy in America (1835) and observed from his European perspective; amazed by the informal manners and democratic attitudes of Americans - couldn't distinguish between classes like they good in Europe; 1830s ish

Nat Turner Rebellion 1831

A. JACKSON Rebellion in which he led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Nullification Crisis

A. JACKSON Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

Worchester vs Georgia

A. JACKSON The name of the court case in which the Indians of Georgia sued; John Marshall ruled for them and said that state law had no authority in Cherokee territory.

Spoils System

A. JACKSON the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Indian Removal Act of 1832

A. JACKSON urges congress (ex. expansion of political power) to send Indians to Oklahoma and leave florida lands

Mayville Road veto

A. JACKSON vetoed this internal improvement because the road was solely in the state of Kentucky.

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

A. JOHNSON imposed martial law on the south; also called for new state constitutional conventions and forced the states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates. Also required each state to ratify the 14th amendment

The Enlightenment

A.k.a. "Age of Reason." Method of thinking based on the presumption that the natural world is understood best through the use of close observation of the human senses coupled with a reliance on reason. Had a huge effect on religion. Some used it to support the benevolence of God, saying that God works through natural causes. Others denounced the traditional documents about the nature of God, and disputed the divinity of Christ and the process of salvation.

Midnight Judges

ADAMS The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

ADAMS Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Scott v. Sanford

AKA The Dredd Scott Case. Supreme Court ruling in which it decreed the descendants of Africans in American were not citizens, thus had no place in courts. Went further in ruling the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional due to the Fifth Amendment, which says Congress may not deprive citizens of their property without due process.

Intolerable Acts

AKA the Coercive Acts -- American punishment by Parliament following the Boston Tea Party. Included the shutting down of Boston harbor, subjugation of Mass. government to British government, the deportation of British officials to go on trial in England, as well as leave for British regulars to occupy and quarter themselves in American households.

Great Compromise

AKA the Connecticut Compromise. Instituted a weighted and unweighted bicameral legislature, in which the lower house (the House of Representatives) representatives were weighted by population, while in the upper house (the Senate), representatives were equal among states. Gave both big and small states representation in Congress.

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

AKA the Transcontinental Treaty or the Purchase of Florida, or the Florida Treaty, was between the US and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the US and set out a boundary between the US and New Spain (now Mexico). It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America vs. the US and United Kingdom in the aftermath of the American Revolution; and also, during the Latin American wars of independence.

Pendelton Act

ARTHUR A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

Helen Hunt Jackson

ARTHUR A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

ARTHUR United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished slavery once and for all.

13th Amendment, 1865

Abolition of slavery (involuntary servitude). Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery; by 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln became president! Major "realignment" of parties as new Republican Party (formed from ashes of "Free Soil Party") adopted an anti-slavery platform that attracted former Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats. The election led to the secession, civil war, the end of slavery, and Reconstruction. Also meant the triumph of capitalism over southern semi-feudalism and lead to rapid industrialization after the Civil War.

Prohibitory Act

Act passed by Parliament following final attempts at peace with Britain which stopped all trade with the colonies

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Homestead Act, 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation project

Homestead Act, 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30. Land was given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm. However, because the land usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" and irrigation projects took root on the plains

The National-Republicans

Adams' supporters. The oak was their symbol. Eventually became the Whig party.

Dominion of New England

Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and New Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, who taxed residents without their consent and strictly enforced Navigation laws. It's collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal command.

The Olive Branch Petition

Adopted in July 1775 by the Continental Congress. Professed American loyalty to the crown and begged King to prevent further hostilities. Said that the colonists just wanted to be treated more fairly by king. George III ignored it and declared war on the colonies

William Henry Harrison

Advanced upon Tecumseh's headquarters at Tippecanoe and burned it to the ground. Battle of Tippecanoe made him a national hero

Maroon Communities

African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.

African American religion in the colonial period

African slaves mixed African beliefs and practices with Catholic rituals and theology, resulting in the formation of entirely new religions such as vaudou in Haiti (later referred to as "voodoo"), Santeria in Cuba, and Candomblé in Brazil.

How did Africans resist slavery?

Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery. Resistance to slavery included rebellion, sabotage, and escape. Rebellion was the least common, usually unsuccessful, and resulted in harsher conditions for other slaves

The "Corrupt Bargain"

After Adams was elected President, he chose Clay as his Secretary of State. Caused an uproar among Jackson's supporters, who believed that Clay and Adams had conspired to get Adams into office

Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

After the Union victory at Antietam, Sep. 23, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared slaves free in territories still in rebellion. Did not apply to border slave states because Lincoln feared it would push them into CSA, also felt he could only free slaves as a war measure under his power as commander-in-chief. However, hearing of this many slaves fled to Union armies, and this turned federal forces into armies of liberation (also made European intervention for South much less likely since Europe was anti-slavery)

The Emancipation Proclamation

After the battle of Antietem, President Lincoln announced that slaves in the South would be free. It didnt immediately free the slaves, but had other effects. The abolition of slavery became a goal of the war. European nations were thinking about joining the war on the Confederate side, but after this was issued, the Working Classes of the European nations began to sympathize with the North, and the governments decided not to intervene.

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

Nonimportation Agreements

Agreements not to import goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts.

The Philadelphia Convention

Aka Constitutional Convention. 55 delegates from 12 states met to revise the Articles of Confederation in May 1787. Decided to completely do away with the Articles of Confederation

The Constitutional Convention

Aka Philidelphia Convention. In 1787, Congress called a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation into a more powerful document. Each state appointed delegates to attend a meeting in Philadelphia to develop a more effective and unified constitution. In total, 55 delegates from 12 states were present. Made the decision to throw out the Articles of Confederation and start fresh developing a framework for strengthening the power of the United States' federal government. Thus began the drafting of the Constitution.

Know Nothings

Aka the American Party; major political force from 1854-1855; objective: to extend period of naturalization, undercut immigrant voting strengths, and keep aliens in their place

Encomienda

Allowed government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them. Basically it was slavery. It was the most important technique used to subdue the Indian civilizations.

Enforcement Acts (1870-1871)

Allowed the Federal government to intervene when state authorities failed to protect citizens.

Election of 1800

Also called the revolution of 1800, this peaceful switch in political parties was significant in that Jefferson defeated Burr (unfairly as they tied in electoral college votes)

The Enlightenment

Also known as the "age of reason," this philosophical movement had a method of thinking based on the presumption that the natural world is understood best through the use of close observation of the human senses coupled with a reliance on reason. It had a huge effect on religion: Some used it to support the benevolence of God, saying that God works through natural causes, while others began denouncing the traditional documents about the nature of God, disputing the divinity of Christ and the process of salvation

Adams-Onís Treaty, 1819

Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819. Settled a border dispute in North America between the US and Spain, treaty was a result of increasing tension between the US and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power, the treaty ceded Florida to the US, settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River, and firmly established the boundary of the US territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean in exchange for the US paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5 million and relinquishing its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Liberty Party, 1840

America's first antislavery political party, formed in 1840. When the party ran a presidential candidate in the 1844 election, it split the Republican vote and inadvertently tipped the 1844 election in favor of Democrat James Polk.

The French and Indian War

America's share of the Seven Years' War. Fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley. The English defeated French in1763. Established England as number one world power and colonists' attitudes toward England gradually changed for the worse.

Quartering Act

American Rev - part of the Intolerable Acts - gave local authorities the power to lodge British soldiers anywhere, even in private homes - only in Massachusetts - Bostonians HATED it

Sons of Liberty

American Revolution Patriots who took law into their own hands who enforced nonimportation agreements against violators; patriotic mobs; daughters of liberty too (homespun)

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Hiram Revels

American clergyman, educator, and politician, he became one of the first African Americans in the U.S. Senate. Represented Mississippi.

Anne Hutchinson

American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)

Loyalist

American colonist who was loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Shakers

American religious sect devoted to the teachings of Ann Lee Stanley, prohibited marriage and sexual relationships

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

American- british compromise on the Maine boundary; we got what was later found to be a priceless mesabi iron ore in minnesota; wildnerness; to avoid conflict between the two countries THAT was growing from the Arostook War

Elijah Lovejoy

An American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist view

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Caroline

An American steamer that was attacked by the British while it was carrying supplies to the insurgents across the Niagera River. It was set on fire and sank short of Niagara Falls.

John Locke

An English philosopher who in his Essay on Human Understanding in 1690 formulated the 'tabula rasa' theory, stating that the mind is a blank slate formed and shaped by the environment. Highly influenced the Enlightenment in America.

Pontiac's Uprising

An Indian attack on European settlers who were attempting to voyage westward.

Marco Polo

An Italian adventurer. Returned to Europe in 1295. His tales about the East, particularly China, enticed Europeans to explore.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer chartered by the Spanish Crown to find sea passage to India. Eventually "discovered" America in 1492, which led rise to the world we have today. And this god-awful class.

Pacific Railway Act, 1862

An act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes

Cross of Gold speech

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

San Jacinto

An ambush by the Texan Army on Santa Anna's camp during the Texas Revolution. Led to the capture of Santa Anna and eventually the signature of an armistice between Mexico and Texas.

Embargo Act

An economic act by Jefferson disallowing any exports of goods from the U.S. Since England and France had both been seizing American ships in their conflicts, Jefferson had hoped the act would weaken England and France economically. In reality, it hurt America's economy moreso than any European one.

John Winthrop

An educated immigrant of the Bay Colony. He became the colony's first governor, where he served for nineteen years. With the help of this skilled settler the Massachusetts Bay Colony flourished rapidly with fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding, setting the foundation for a thriving and holy society. Promoter of Massachusetts Bay as a holy "City upon a hill"

Halfway Covenant

An effort to increase church attendance in the Puritan church that allowed for partial church membership to families of converted and allowed for children of unconverted to be baptised

Charles Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time. He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Brook Farm

An experiment in Utopian socialism, it lasted for six years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, Massachusetts.

Horace Mann

An idealistic graduate of Brown University, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He was involved in the reformation of public education. He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools, many of the teachers were untrained for that position.

The Townshend Duties

An indirect import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, tea, and silk established by Charles Townshend. Colonists began boycotting. British authorities sent soldiers to set the colonists straight, which eventually led to the Boston Massacre.

sextant

An instrument used to measure the angle between a celestial object and the horizon that became essential to navigation at sea.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Daughters of Liberty

An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers

Oregon Trail

An over 2000-mile trail across America, was a common route to Oregon during the early 1840s

Pueblo Revolt, 1680

An uprising of Indians in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. However, the Spanish were more accommodating of Indian culture afterwards

Jackson destroyed Bank of the United States, 1833-36

Andrew Jackson destroyed the second Bank of the United States because he saw it as a tool of eastern financial elites against the interests of democracy and the common man. The bank renewal was vetoed by Jackson on Nov. 24, 4832 and slowly declined until the expiration of its charter in 1836. He fought a "Bank War" in the media against the head of the 2nd BUS, Nicholas Biddle. After BUS2's demise in 1836, a major financial panic and depression hit in 1837 during President Van Buren's administration in part due to the chaotic nature of the US financial system.

Trail of Tears, 1838

Andrew Jackson favored pushing all Amerindians west of the MS River. The Indian removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay. Under his protégé and successor, President Van Buren, the Cherokee Indians for forcible moved west of Mississippi River to Oklahoma, traveled more than 800 miles More than 4,000 Cherokees died during the 116-day journey.

Boston Tea Party, 1773

Angry and frustrated at a new tax on tea, American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty and disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor. Britain responded with "Coercive" or "Intolerable" Acts that harshly punished Massachusetts in an attempt to isolate the rebellious colony. Instead, other colonies stood behind MA, leading ultimately to the Revolution

Anthracite coal mining

Anthracite was first experimentally burned as a residential heating fuel in the US on an open grate in a fireplace. Anthracite differs from wood in that it needs a draft from the bottom. John and Abijah Smith shipped the first commercially mined load, marking the birth of commercial anthracite mining in the United States. From that first mine, production rose to an all-time high of over 100 million tons in 1917.

New York Draft Riots

Anti-conscription violence that protested the unfair $300 draft evasion fee that made poor people have to fight the war

John Marshall

Appointed by John Adams as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians. The Federalists died out but Marshall continued to hand down Federalist decisions. Although he dismissed the Marbury suit to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional.

Slavery as a Positive Good

Argument used by John C. Calhoun and many in the South to justify slavery

Bacon's Rebellion, 1676

Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control.

Hudson River School, 1825-1875

Around 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones.

What did the European colonies in North America focus on?

As European nations competed in North America, their colonies focused on gaining new sources of labor and on producing and acquiring commodities such as furs and tobacco, that were valued in Europe.

smuggling

As a way of ignoring British restrictions on colonial trade, colonists engaged in widespread smuggling. Smugglers who got caught were often often freed by sympathetic American juries.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated President Abraham Lincoln

Supreme Court Decisions during this time (Think Marshall Court)

Asserted federal power of states (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden); judicial branch determined the meaning of Constitution (Marbury v. Madison)

Navigation Acts

Attempt by England to assert its control over American trade by passing a series of laws that regulated colonial trade to England's benefit.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Attempt by New York to grant a monopoly to Aaron Ogden to operate a ferry between New York and New Jersey. Ogden sued Thomas Gibbons for setting up his trade there too. Marshall's decision favored Gibbons. He said that the Constitution says that only Congress has control over interstate commerce. Kept the power of the states in check and strengthened the power of the federal government

Alfred Mahan

Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

Examples of Africans seeking to preserve autonomy

Autonomy means independent or to have some form of self-government. Africans ran away and formed maroon communities, and combined elements of Christianity and African religions

Crittenden Compromise

BUCHANAN 1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War... offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Panic of 1819

Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly

Antietam, 1862

Battle in Maryland that ended Lee's first invasion of the North. Known for being the bloodiest day in the war, and led to the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Industrial Revolution

Began in Britain. Eventually spread to other places, including America. New innovations and inventions: canning foods, cotton gin, interchangeable parts, etc. It created the factory system and transformed agricultural production, communication, and transportation across the United States.

Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, 1787

Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison. With this convention the Constitution was created.

Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts, 1630's and 1640's

Beginning with 700 people led by Governor John Winthrop, a great migration of Puritans from England brought over 20,000 people—mostly families— to New England over a ten-year period. No group has played a more pivotal role in shaping American values than the New England Puritans. The Puritans contributed to our country's sense of mission, its work ethic (emphasizing the idea that God rewards hard work), and its moral sensibility.

Why 1800 - 1848 was chosen as the dates for period 4

Beginning with Jefferson's presidency (Revolution of 1800), ending with the Seneca Falls Convention and Mexican American War

Why 1844 - 1877 was chosen as the dates for period 5

Beginning with Polk's election (US expansion and Manifest Destiny) through the end of Reconstruction

Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817

Between Britain & US. Agreed to a limited naval presence on the Great Lakes. Resulted in the demilitarization of the entire border.

Force Bill

Bill that says Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states. Is nullified by South Carolina.

Wilmot Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Slave music

Bitter and sorrowful to show how they felt about their condition, but could also be happy for celebrations, holidays, etc.

Frederick Douglass

Born a slave but escaped to the North and became a prominent black abolitionist; gifted orator, writer, and editor, published "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass"

Peace of Paris 1783

Britain formally recognized the USA as an independent nation. All British troops left. Granted generous boundaries. America was officially free

What led to colonial resistance to Britain?

Britain's desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy.

Battle of Yorktown

British General Cornwallis established a base at Yorktown. He thought the British navy controlled American waters and Washington's troops were preoccupied with the British in New York. What Cornwallis did not know was that a French fleet in the West Indies under the command of Admiral de Grasse was on its way to join with American forces in a strike at Yorktown. Washington and Rochambeau surrounded Cornwallis on land, while de Grasse battled the British fleet and won control of the Chesapeake. The British were successfully blockaded. Cornwallis surrendered his army of 7,000. Winning this battle sealed victory of the Revolutionary War for Americans.

Barbados

British West Indies colony whose plantation system and harsh slave codes became the model for Southern colonies in North America

Lord Cornwallis

British commander in the South, penetrated Camden, South Carolina, met and crushed a Patriot force under Horatio Gates on August 16, 1780.

Admiralty Courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

Treaty of Paris 1783

British formally recognize the independence of the US, Yankees even got some of fisheries, Loyalists couldn't be persecuted and Congress had to recommend to state legislatures to give back Loyalist property, supposed to pay back debts (didn't turn out well)

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

George Grenville

British prime minister who decided the colonists should help with the taxes

Impressment

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.

Philadelphia-Lancaster Turnpike

Broad highway from Lancaster to Philadelphia. Toll had sharp pikes, which would turn after the toll was paid, which is where the name comes from.

Anne Hutchinson

Brought out the idea of antinomianism—a sharp challenge to Puritan orthodoxy. She was brought to trial in 1638, and she boasted that she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from God. The Puritan magistrates banished her, and she moved to NY where she was eventually killed by Indians.

joint stock companies

Businesses owned by shareholders that invested in exploration and colonization, enabiling more investors to profit with less risk

How did Europeans help increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare?

By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol, and by rewarding Indian military actions

West Virginia

By the end of 1861, it had liberated the antisecession mountain people of the region who created their own state government loyal to the Union; the state was admitted to the Union as West Virginia in 1863.

American System

CLAY ... MADISON Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Coxey's Army

CLEVELAND 1893 - Group of unemployed workers marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington.

U.S. Vs. E.C. Knight

CLEVELAND 1895, Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controlled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Plessy vs. Ferguson

CLEVELAND a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"

Haymarket Affair

CLEVELAND a riot during an anarchist protests in Chicago in May 1886, over violence during the McCormick Harvester Company Strike, the deaths of 11, including 7 policemen, helped hasten the demise of the Knights of Labor, even though they were not responsible. It grew out of agitation for an 8-hour work day. The Anarchists had scheduled an open meeting following the death of a striker, as the crowd began to break up violence erupted causing the affair. It caused a widespread revulsion against labor unions

Pullman Strike

CLEVELAND in Chicago, he cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use the cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Bear Flag Republic

California's revolt against Mexico during the Mexican American War

Pacific Railroad Act

Called for the building of the Transcontinental Railroad to stretch across America connecting California and the rest of America.

The Great Compromise of 1787

Called for two houses: The Lower house was the House of Representatives. Here, delegates were based on state's population—elected by the people. All bills concerned with taxation and revenue would begin in this house. The Upper house was the Senate. It had 2 delegates per state. Elections were carried out by legislatures. The President was granted the power to appoint officials, veto, and the role of Commander-In-Chief of the military.

Horace Mann

Campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. Huge influence. Schools improved considerably.

Prairie schooners

Canvas-covered wagons that pioneers stuffed with supplies before the difficult 2,000 mile journey to the new territory. Important to the expansion of population in the Oregon Country.

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown from failing. Without the colony would probably not have been able to developed. The American type was first created then farmed by John Rolfe.

Emancipation Proclamation

Changed the purpose of the Civil War; allowed African Americans to fight in the Union Army; Kept Europe from aiding the South

Black Hawk War

Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox ppl murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi

Dred Scot v. Sandford, 1857

Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state had not made him free, that blacks have "no rights a white man is bound to respect," & Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), voiding the Missouri Compromise and seemed to imply that no state could ban slavery at all. Outraged the North and helped make Civil War inevitable. Considered worst decision in Supreme Court history

Tecumseh

Chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement. Gathered followers, urging them to give up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments. Argued for Indians to not acknowledge the White Man's "ownership" of land. Urged that no Indian should cede control of land to whites unless all Indians agreed

George Whitefield

Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening.

Mormons

Church founded by joseph smith in 1830 with headquarters in salt lake city, utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking

14th Amendment, 1868

Citizenship given to ex-slaves. Three-fifths clause abolished. Leading ex-Confederates denied office. Ex-Confederates forced to repudiate their debts and pay pensions to their own (CSA) veterans, plus taxes for the pensions of Union veterans. Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed congressional power over interstate commerce.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

Charles Sumner

Co-Leader of Radical Republicans. The same Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856, he returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the formulator of the state suicide theory, and supporter of emancipation. He was an outspoken radical Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Term "Manifest Destiny" first used, 1845

Coined by John L. O'Sullivan, this expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and spread the American way of life, by force if necessary (conquering Indians and half of Mexico). This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Example of "American Exceptionalism" - that God and US uniqueness justify actions

Minute Men

Colonial Militia. Trained to fight on a minute's notice

Roger Williams established Rhode Island, 1636

Colonial leader who was banished from Salem, MA for holding unorthodox views. Founded colony of Rhode Island based on religious toleration, separation of church and state, and political democracy. Lead to immigration into Rhode Island of persecuted religious groups and built a foundation of values (like religious freedom) that the U.S. would later be founded upon.

Royal Colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

Battle of Breeds (Bunker) Hill

Colonists seized this hill. 6/17/1775—2000 British troops sent to the hill. The Americans mowed down the approaching redcoats in 2 of the attacks. On the 3rd, Americans began running out of gunpowder. The Americans retreated and abandoned the hill in disorder. 1000 redcoats died; 400 Americans

indentured servant

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Patriots

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain

Reasons for Patriot Victory in Revolutionary War

Colonists' familiarity with the land; political and military leadership (Washington); ideological commitment (Natural Rights); Support from European Allies (France after Saratoga)

1492

Columbus sailed the ocean blue to America.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Combined the spinning machines with power weaving machines at the Boston Manufacturing Company plant, which became a model for new factories.

Ulysses S. Grant

Commander of the Union Army. His first victory was when he captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on February 1862. Defeated by a Confederate force at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862. He drove off a Confederate attack at Shiloh but was criticized for heavy Union losses. Laid seige to Vicksburg in 1863. Won the battle at Chattanooga, and the state of Tennessee was cleared of Confederates. 1864, Grant ordered the frontal assault on Cold Harbor. Many Union soldiers died in the assault, but he captured Richmond and cornered Lee.

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Salem witch trials

Concerns about religious purity were at their pinnacle, members of struggling rural families began to accuse their more successful counterparts of witchcraft. Suspected witches were often burned at the stake, hanged, or drowned. Later admitted as a terrible mistake

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Conferred to blacks the privilege of American Citizenship and struck at the black codes of the south.

Tripolitan war

Conflict in 1801 when the pasha of Tripoli cut down the flagstaff of the American consulate, lasting four years, after which a treaty was reached for the sum of $60,000 to ransom captured Americans.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Congress defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory although citizens could legalize it. First congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges. Second as soon as 5 thousand male adults lived in a territory, the people could write a temporary constitution and elect a legislature that would pass the territories laws. Third, when the total population reached 60,000 the settlres could write a constituion which Congress would have to approve before granting statehood

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1828

Connected eastern seaports with Chicago and other large midwestern cities. Set standard of excellence and efficiency for the industry.

Pizarro

Conquered the incas A conquistador who in 1532, marched into South America, and conquered the Inca Empire. Atahualpa offered a room filled with gold and twice and silver for his release, but they strangled him

Samuel Slater

Considered father of American industrial revolution because he brought British textile technology,basically illegally, to America

Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States, 1833

Controversy over the Second Bank of the United States. Andrew Jackson attempts to destroy it because he sees it as a monopoly. He believes that it is just an instrument of the wealthy, and they can invest and control it.

First Continental Congress, 1774

Convention of delegates from twelve colonies (Georgia not present). It was called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts (Punished Boston for the Boston Tea Party) by the British Parliament.

Tariff of 1816

Created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

Freedmen's Bureau, 1865-1872

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Second Bull Run

Culmination of offensive campaign by Robert E. Lee, overwhelming victory although Union army weathers it well

Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842

Debate in the US between Daniel Webster and Robert Y. Hayne, January 19-27, 1830, regarding protectionist tariffs, heated speeches between Webster and Hayne were unplanned and stemmed from debate over a resolution by Connecticut Senator Samuel Foote calling for the temporary suspension of further land surveying until land already on the market was sold, Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne"

Tea Act

December 16, 1773 a hundred Bostonians smashed 342 chests of tea, dumping it into the Atlantic. The tea act of 1773 was to save the British East Indian Company. After the destruction of the tea, the British passed the Intolerable Acts to reassert power.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

First Continental Congress

Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

Walker Tariff

Democratic bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed "Black Tariff" of 1842 under president John Tyler

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low

Cyrus McCormick

Designed McCormick reaper, which was horse drawn and was used to cut and harvest ripe crops with ease

3/5 Compromise

Determined that each slave would be counted as 3/5ths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to the southern slave states

The Freedmen's Bureau

Developed by Congress on March 8, 1865. Dedicated to educating, training, and providing financial and moral support for former slaves. White Southerners campaigned against it. President Johnson allowed it to expire in 1872. In general, it helped a former slaves achieve some degree of success. Freed slaves began to develop a political unity, learned civil responsibility, and began entering politics.

Lyceum Movement

Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning.

Cyrus McCormick

Developed the mechanical reaper. It replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more quick and efficient. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Santa Anna

Dictator of Mexico. Told the U.S. that if he could return to Mexico, he would take over the government, end the war, and give California to the U.S. He was lying. Tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War

What led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization?

Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the United States called for war with France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.

South Carolina Nullification Crisis, 1832-1833

Disagreement between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833

Nativist Movement

Discrimination against immigrants (notably Irish and Germans), heavily anti-Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party)

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

The Military Reconstruction Act

Divided the South into five districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers to maintain order and protect civil rights. It temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates, required states to ratify the 14th Amendment if they wanted to be re-admitted to the Union, and states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott, a Missouri slave who frequently traveled with his owner through Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory. In 1846, Scott sued his owner's widow for his freedom. Claimed that his residence in free state Illinois, and in the Wisconsin Territory, where the Missouri Compromise outlawed slavery, made him a free man. The Supreme Court—with 5/9 members from slave states—ruled that black people were not citizens of the United States. Chief Justice Taney argued that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it deprived citizens of their property—slaves in this case. Taney's ruling declared that since slave owners could take their "property" anywhere, Congress could not ban slavery from the territories. Angered blacks, abolitionists, and popular sovereignty supporters who had fought to end—or at least limit—the expansion of slavery. Republicans responded by declaring that the Court's ruling was an opinion and was not enforceable. Southerners were outraged at the Northerners' blatant defiance of the Supreme Court's verdict and promptly revisited their secession discussions.

The temperance movement

Drinking problem was getting out of hand. American Temperance Society formed in Boston in 1826. Within a few years, thousands of similar groups formed. Implored drinkers to sign the temperance pledge. Made effective use of pictures, pamphlets, and lecturers. T.S. Arthur wrote Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There. Some wanted temptation to be removed by legislation. Example, Neal S. Dow—"Father of Prohibition." Sponsored the Maine Law of 1851—prohibited manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. By 1857 about a dozen states passed prohibitory laws, but they were repealed within a decade. End result: much less drinking among women than earlier in the century and less consumption of hard liquor.

Shays's Rebellion

Due to economic difficulties, Massachusetts increased their taxes. These fell most heavily on farmers and the poor. Many farmers were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. An armed mob began to stop foreclosures by forcibly preventing the courts from holding their sessions. Under the leadership of Daniel Shays nearly 1,200 angry farmers marched to the federal arsenal at Springfield, Massachusetts. They wanted a more flexible money policy, suspension of property confiscations, and the right to postpone paying taxes until the depression lifted. The Massachusetts authorities summoned troops and ended the uprising. Daniel Shays was condemned to death, but was later pardoned. When the next legislature came into session, the majority sympathized with the rebels and met some of their demands for debt relief. Led to discussions about the need for a stronger central government.

White-Indian Conflicts after 7 Years' War

Due to encroachment on Native lands; Pontiac's Rebellion led to the Proclamation Line of 1763

Whiskey Ring

During the GRANT administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Sugar Act 1764

Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered due to widespread protests to it.

War Hawks

Eager for war with Britain. Interested in expansion westward and into Canada, were angry at British leaders for closing trade channels with America and considered Britain's treatment of American sailors illegal. They believed retaliation was necessary to gain respect from European leaders. They were the primary force behind Madison's decision to call for war with Britain.

Panic of 1837

Economic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

mercantilism

Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism.

Mercantilism

Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver

Market economy

Economy where prices are determined through supply and demand, not government. Created by Adam Smith

Interchangeable parts

Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.

Republican Party

Emerged as a sectional party in the North and Midwest; sought to keep slavery from expanding (free-soil) - as seen in Lincoln's election in 1860

"Manifest Destiny"

Emotional upsurge in which Americans believed that God had "manifestly destined" the American people for a hemispheric career. Land greed and ideals of "empire" and "liberty" were joined. Had a huge influence on expansionist Democrats

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

John Locke

English Enlightenment philosopher and political thinker who believed in government based upon natural rights of the people (life, liberty, and property) the will of the governed. Locke's republicanism influenced American colonists in the eighteenth century.

Puritans

English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only 'visible saints' should be admitted to church membership

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to create a "community of saints" or "city upon a hill" that would serve as a model of Christianity. Often seen as the beginning of "American Exceptionalism" - the idea that America has a unique story, or God-given destiny

King Phillip's War

English colonies in the New England Confederation (this helped them handle the war) went to war against Metacom (aka king Philip), chief of the Wampanoag Indians; Metacom had united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers bc they continuously encroached on Indian land; 1675-1676 vicious war; the colonists won and king Philip died - most of the Indian resistance in New England was now gone

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Wool Act, 1699

English law that made it illegal to ship wool from the American colonies. The law was designed to assist the British wool industry. Example of mercantilism

(Sir) Isaac Newton

English physicist, mathmetician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. Published theories on gravity and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics. Highly influenced the Enlightenment in America.

William Pitt

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the Abolitionists.

Judicial review

Established by the ruling of John Marshall in the case of Marbury v. Madison; Supreme Court alone has power to determine constitutionality; strengthened/established the judiciary branch

Elmina

Established in 1492 by the Portuguese. The first of the slave factories Served as a major trading post for shipping slaves to the Americas. By the early 1500s, the slave trade was well established; The slave trade would grow exponentially

Treaty of Tordesillas

Established in 1494. It divided the "heathen lands" west of the Cape Verde Island and gave Spain the right to settle the New World. Brazil was settled by Portugal. Settled the land disputes between Spain and Portugal. It was because of this treaty that Brazil was claimed by the Portuguese.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs

Established in 1836 to handle and administer relations with the Indians. It had no control, however, over white expansion westward. Unable to honor many of the agreements made with the Indians. The frontier that the Bureau had claimed as a permanent settlement for the Indians lasted only into the 1850s as Americans kept moving West

New crops from the Americas stimulated...

European population growth (particularly from corn and potatoes)

First Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s

Evangelical religious revival that swept through Britain's North American colonies. The Great Awakening strengthened beliefs in religious freedom and challenged the status of established churches.

Republican Motherhood

Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women

Christopher Columbus

Explorer whose intent was to find a direct route to the Indies. He got funding for three small ships from the Spanish monarchs. He was at sea for six weeks, and then arrived at an island in the Bahamas, where he mistakably named the inhabitants "Indians"Significance: The Columbian Exchage/globalization began. Diseases spread to the Native American populations, and they heavily depopulated.

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Separatists

Extremist Puritans that wanted to break away entirely from the Church of England. They settled in Holland but wanted to find a place where they could live as English men and women and as purified Puritans.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858

Eyeing Stephen Douglas's seat in the Senate, Abraham Lincoln challenged him to a series of debates. Debates took place in cities throughout Illinois but garnered national attention. Debate at Freeport, Illinois was the most famous. Referring to the Dred Scott case, Lincoln asked his opponent if the residents of a territory could exclude slavery before the territory became a state. Douglas replied that in order for slavery to exist, laws were necessary to protect it. Concluded that if the residents did nothing, slavery would essentially be excluded from the territory, an answer that came to be known as the Freeport Doctrine, and cost him the Democratic nomination. Lincoln catapulted to the top of the Republican Party and received its nomination for president

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

FILLMORE allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial

Gadsen Purchase

FILLMORE strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico for which the United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853.

Lowell System

Factory system where many single girls were hired to work in the factories, supervised by matronly figures

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Frederick Douglas

Famous black abolitionist that escaped from slavery who would later right a narrative of his own life that described his life. He promoted the abolitionist cause and drew the line where evil must be denounced.

John Brown

Fanatical and bloody-minded abolitionist martyr admired in the north and hated in the south (1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Xenophobia

Fear of foreigners - helped give rise to a nativist movement that was Anti-Catholic

The Whiskey Rebellion

Fed up farmers revolted against Hamilton's excise tax. Began tarring and feathering revenue collectors. Washington army of 13,000 troops from various states to the revolt, but the soldiers found nothing upon arrival; the rebels had scattered.

Harper's Ferry

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist, John Brown in 1859. Though he was captured and executed, his raid alarmed southerners, who believed that northerners shared in Brown's extremism.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

John Marshall

Federalist Supreme Court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review. Marshall Court: Chief Justice John Marshal bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. A notable case was McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), where the suit involved an attempt by the State of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing taxes. John Marshall declared the bank constitutional and strengthened federal authority as he denied right of Maryland to tax the bank. He affirmed "that the power to tax involves the power to destroy" and "that a power to create implies a power to preserve". This demonstrated loose construction and argued that the consent of the people permitted the government to act for their benefit.

American Federation of Labor

Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor

Plains of Abraham

Feilds outside of Quebec where the British and French fought fo r control of the city. Decisive British victory lead by James Wolfe over french Marquis de Montcalm

Lexington and Concord, 1775

First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. British troops had moved from Boston toward Lexington and Concord to seize the colonists' military supplies and arrest revolutionaries. In Concord, advancing British troops met resistance from the Minutemen (American volunteers) who harassed the retreating British troops along the Concord-Lexington Road. Paul Revere had first alerted the Americans to the British movement. This victory increased colonists' hopes of success in the Revolution.

Bull Run

First battle of the Civil War. If the Union won, the victory would show the superiority of the Union and might lead to the capture of Charleston. On July 21, 1861, the Union and Confederate forces met. A Union victory was thought to be for sure. However, the Confederates won as "Stonewall" Jackson held his line of Confederate soldiers until reinforcements arrived and sent the Union soldiers in disarray. This battle showed both sides that this would not be a short, easy war.

Monitor and Merrimac

First ironcald warships in the Civil War. March 9th 1862, the Union and Confederate ironcleds met and fought to a standstill. Posed a danger to the North's blockade on the South.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Florida became US territory for $5 million. America abandoned claims to Texas.

Bacon's Rebellion

Following violent hostilities with the Native Americans near Jamestown, Nathaniel Bacon, seeking land and protective against Indians, requested help from William Berkley (governor of the region). After Berkeley declined to help, the mob went on to pursue hostilities against the Indians, as well as run Berkeley out of Jamestown. Rebellion later died out when Bacon died of a fever. Contributed to lowered used of indentured servants, as well as discrimination against frontiersmen.

The Nativist Movement

For many American "natives," the large influx of immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s was a threat of unknown languages and customs. Feared that foreigners would outnumber them and overrun the country. In 1849, nativists formed a group in New York called the "Order of the Star Spangled Banner," which developed into a political party called the "American Party." The anti-Catholic group won many elections until the 1850s, when the anti-Catholic movement subsided and slavery became the focal issue of the time.

Embargo Act of 1807

Forbade the export of all goods from the United States. Actually ended up hurting the New England merchants that it was trying to protect. Illegal trade mushroomed in 1808, where people resorted to smuggling again. Congress repealed the act on March 1st, 1809. Because of this Act, the Federalist Party regained some of its lost power. It also helped to promote industrialism.

Declaration of Independence

Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The Declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.

Southern Secession

Formal separation from an alliance or federation

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Sam Houston

Former Tennessee congressman and governor. Elected president of Texas

James Oglethorpe established Georgia, 1732

Founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors, and as a buffer colony to protect the profitable Carolinas from attacks by Spanish Florida, Georgia became the last of the original 13 British colonies in North America.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of nature

William Penn established Pennsylvania, 1681

Founded by William Penn, who received a colonial charter from King Charles II in payment of a debt owed to Penn's father. Penn established Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers, guaranteeing liberty of conscience and granting freemen the right to alter the government.

John Deere

Founder of john deere and company the biggest manufacture of agricultural equipment in the world. He was an american blacksmith and invented the steel plow.

Samuel Adams

Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Alexander Hamilton

Founding Father, favored a strong central government with a weak legislature to unify the baby nation and encouraged industry. Clashed with TJ a lot. Known for economic policies like funding at par and assumption. He was Washington's TReasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton

Impact of 7 Years' War

France was removed from North America; Great Britain was in massive debt, began to consolidate control over colonies - taxes; many colonists resisted

Sojourner Truth

Freed black woman in New York who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights

Alex de Tocqueville

French Aristocrat came to visit America and wrote a review about what America was like. Wrote Democracy in America (one of the most read books in history)

Huguenots

French Protestants

Huguenots

French Protestants.

What was the general character of French and Dutch colonization?

French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Acadians

French settlers who would not pledge their loyalties to the British and were driven from their homes; cajuns of Louisiana are descendants of these people

Greenbacks

GRANT Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but GRANT vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold.

Speculation

Gambling on what will happen in the future. Speculators would buy large tracts of land on borrowed capital, expecting the price to go up as settlers entered the region.

Saratoga/Franco-American Alliance

Gates and Arnold erect defenses at Saratoga and throw off British siege, and respond by staging a siege of their own on Burgoyne's British army, Burgoyne surrendered. Due to this, the French begin to fund the Continentals and supply them, eventually sending troops to fight with them and blockading the British from aiding Yorktown.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Gave blacks the privilege of American citizenship and denied states' the right to restrict blacks of their property, testify in court, and make contracts for their labor. Johnson vetoed this, but Congress voted to override the veto.

Jay's Treaty

Gave the British 18 months to withdraw from the western forts, although they were given the right to continue fur trade with the Indians. Called for America to repay debts incurred to England during the Revolutionary War

Dorothea Dix

Gave up her job as a teacher to help the mentally impaired. Traveled 60,000 miles in 8 years. Reported to the legislature that the insane were treated as violent criminals. Persuaded 20 state legislatures and the federal government to establish mental health asylums. Her endeavors resulted in improved conditions & a gain in the concept that the demented were not willfully perverse but mentally ill. Clearly influenced governmental policy during the Age of Reform.

Sherman's March

General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying all of souths towns, crops, wells, and everything else the Confederates could use to survive. He captured and burned city after city to the ground. The South's economy was devistated.

Zachary Taylor

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.

Benjamin Franklin

Genius founding father and inventor. 1706-1790, took part in the constitutional convention. Invented many things, leading diplomat, got French support in revolutionary war. Leading author, such as author of Poor Richard's Almanac, known for wit and enlightenment philosophies.

Battle of Long Island

George Washington and his army are badly beaten at this battle on August 27, 1776. Sorely outnumbered and surrounded at Brooklyn Heights, the 9,500 troops that survived retreated under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan.

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher. Addressed his doubts over rationality as a solution for all human problems in his Critique of Pure Reason, in 1781.

Hessians

German soldiers who fought for the British

Charles Grandison Finney

Greatest of all revivalist preachers. Held crowds spellbound. Preached a version of the old-time religion. "Anxious Bench" repentant sinners could sit in full view of the congregation. Encouraged women to pray aloud in public. Denounced alcohol and slavery.

Klu Klux Klan

Greek for "inner circle." Formed by Southern confederates and sympathizers. Opposed the Union League. Intimidated blacks from voting. Invisible Empire of the South.

Utopian Societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

The 12th Amendment

Guarantee that a voting deadlock would never occur again. Required separate balloting in the Electoral College for president and vice president

Homestead Strike

HARRISON 1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Sherman Silver Act

HARRISON In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.

Wounded Knee

HARRISON Located in South Dakota. An Indian tribe - the Hunkpapa Sioux - was attacked by 500 US soldiers during the Ritual Ghost Dance. The Indians were massacred, little boys were shot, women running with children were murdered...

Sherman Anti Trust Act

HARRISON it forbade combinations in restraint to trade and unexpectedly curbed labor unions deemed in restraint of trade

compromise of 1877

HAYES Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

George Whitefield

Had a different style of evangelical preaching. Really eloquent. Moved his audiences a lot. Spread a message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence.

Democratic-Republicans

Had a strict interpretation of Constitution. Wanted to support France in their war against Britain.

Bank of the United States

Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It increased northern support for abolition and escalated sectional conflict.

Webster-Hayne debate

Hayne was serving in the Senate when a fellow senator, Samuel A. Foot, proposed a restriction on the sale of western lands still owned by the federal government. Believing this was an attempt to restrict western expansion and the inevitable political influence of a strong western region, Senator Thomas Hart Benton told the South to join forces with him to defeat the proposal. Hayne recognized the potential benefits of an alliance with the west and stepped forward. Hayne was drawn into a debate against Danel Webster. Webster was able to steer Hayne toward another sensitive issue—nullification. Webster underscored nationalism and the destruction that could befall a nation that allows one state to nullify a federal law. Made himself look like a unifier and Hayne a divider. Webster won the debate with his argument for nationalism, and Hayne lost public support for his interpretation of the Constitution

Benedict Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

John Davenport

He set up the New Haven colony in 1637. It allowed only church members a voice in government. New Haven joined with other nearby towns to form the colony of Connecticut in 1662.

John James Audubon

He was an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. he had such works as birds of america. He audubon society for the protection of birds was named after him. His depictions of western wildlife contributed to the western population movements.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown. He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. He ended up marrying Pocahontas.

James Monroe

He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars

Jonathan Edwards

He was the pastor who ignited the Great Awakening. Denounced the belief in salvation through good works. In his captivating sermons, he affirmed the

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Annapolis Convention

Held in Annapolis in 1786, led by Alexander Hamilton, only twelve delegates from 5 states, agreed to hold a convention the next year in Philadelphia to revamp the Articles of Confederation.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. In a fake kidnap by Indians, he was "saved" by Pocahontas, showing that Powhatans wanted peaceful relations with the settlers

American System, 1815

Henry Clay's 3 pronged system to promote industry. -A strong Banking System -a protective tariff -Federally funded transportation network

American System

Henry Clay's! idea to unify the economy through: BUS, internal improvements, and tariffs. More successful in unifying the North and Midwest than South

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay, admitted CA as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in DC and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery

Cortez

Hernan Cortez, Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs and was a little buttface

European goods that transformed Native life

Horses - improved hunting and warfare for Natives (especially in the Great Plains and Basin), weapons and alcohol helped increase the destructiveness of warfare

California gold rush, 1849

Hundreds of thousands of people from around the world, mostly young men, came to California in 1849 after gold was discovered in search of instant riches. Led to quick population of California, and new conflicts over slavery as California petitioned for admission as a free state. Led to Compromise of 1850

Presidential Review

I'm lazy, and I hate presidents, but just use this superb review as... your review: http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/ap2.pdf

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Republican Motherhood

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding their family members toward republican virtue

Southern secession, 1860-61

Immediately following Lincoln's victory in November 1860 election, 11 southern states seceded from the US, led by South Carolina, to form the Confederate States of America (CSA) because they feared the Republican Party under Lincoln would try to abolish slavery. Lincoln's refusal to allow the Union to dissolve and the Confederate attack on Ft. Sumter began Civil War.

Hernan Cortes

In 1519 he set sail from Cuba w/ 600 horses and several hundred men on 11 ships. Sailing to Mexico. Rescued a Spanish prisoner and picked up Malinche—used them as interpretersHad a huge lust for gold from the capital, Tenochtitlan. Aztec chieftain Montezuma presented gifts to them, which just excited them more. Montezuma thought _______________ was a god.The Spanish were treated with hospitality until their desire for wealth was too much for the Aztecs. The Aztecs attacked on June 30. This day was known as Noche Triste. _____________ countered, and on 8/13/1521, the Aztecs surrendered. Significance: A smallpox epidemic broke out. 3 centuries of Spanish rule followed, where the Aztec temples were destroyed and replaced by Christian Cathedrals. The native population shrank from 20 million to 2 million. Cortes brought his language, laws, customs, and religion to the people of Mexico. A population of Mestizos emerged.

Samuel de Champlain

In 1608 he founded Quebec. This region came to be known as New France. Established a fur trading business. He established a lucrative economic network with the Native Americans. Eventually it developed into a military alliance against England.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

In 1629 a group of Puritans secured a royal charter from King Charles to form this. Proposed to establish a sizeable settlement in the infertile Massachusetts area. It rapidly became both the biggest and most influential of the New England outposts. They had a sense of purpose, believing they had a covenant with God to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind.

Constitution Convention

In 1786, a convention was called in Annapolis because of the horrid control of commerce. Hamilton organizes another meeting in Philadelphia next year to 'revise' the Articles.

Creation of a new government, 1789

In 1786, defects in the Articles of Confederation became apparent leading to a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a new constitution. James Madison presented the "Virginia Plan" which became the basis of the new contitution that featured a stronger central government with powers to collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce, etc. based on separation of powers with checks and balances and federalism (the division of power between the national and state governments)

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

The Battle of New Orleans

In 1814, British planned another attempt to overtake New Orleans. armada of 60 ships and 11,000 men, led by Major General Sir Edward Pakenham, set off. General Andrew Jackson quickly rallied his troops and ambushed the British fleet. The American army, which consisted of soldiers, sailors, pirates, militiamen, and freed slaves, used a strategy of revolving firing lines to make sure that guns were always firing at the Redcoats. The British army was forced to retreat after it suffered more than 300 fatalities, including Major General Pakenham. This battle was an overwhelming success for the Americans and made General Andrew Jackson a hero.

Second Bank of the United States, 1816

In 1816, during the administration of President James Madison, the Democratic-Republicans reversed course and supported its creation. It was patterned after the first and quickly established branches throughout the Union.

Tallmadge Amendment, 1819

In 1819, Representative Tallmadge proposed an amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission to the Union, which the House passed but the Senate blocked. The amendment would have prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' offspring born after the state was admitted.

Missouri Compromise, 1820

In 1820, The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

The Trail of Tears

In 1838, the U.S. government ordered the forcible removal of the Cherokees from Georgia to the Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. Of the 18,000 that began the 1,000 mile, 116-day trek, 4,000 perished on the way of illness, cold, starvation, and exhaustion. The U.S. Army oversaw the march and forced a continuous pace at rifle and bayonet point disregarding the terrible hardship of the travelers

Millard Filmore

In 1850, President Taylor died suddenly and Vice President Millard Fillmore took the presidency. President Fillmore signed a series of compromises.

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Caning of Sumner

In May 1856 he gave a speech openly attacking Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Preston Brooks, the nephew of Butler attacked him with a cane two days later while he was working at his desk. Northeners were horrified. Southeners rejoiced.

The Continental Congress

In Philadelphia, from September 5th to October 26th, 1774, this group met to discuss problems. Came up with a list of grievances, which were ignored in Parliament. Only Georgia didn't have a representative. Came up with a Declaration of Rights. They agreed to meet again in 1775 (the next year) if nothing happened

encomienda system

In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the _______________ to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. EX: sugar, silver

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

National Trades' Union, 1834

In the mid-1830s, hard times and frustration with the inutility of their expanded voting rights drove tens of thousands of urban wage earners toward unionism. Established in 1834 under the presidencies of first Ely Moore then John Commerford. collapsed with most of its constituent bodies during the panic of 1837.

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent these two men to explore this new territory. Along with a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, the two spent 21/2 years exploring the land. They went all the way to Oregon and the Pacific before returning

Creation of the Republican Party, 1854

In the wake of the demise of the Whigs in the early 1850s over the slavery issue, the Republican Party organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, Free Soilers and abolitionists in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856, Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Dominated by anti-slavery members until early 1870s, then became party of big business/laissez faire capitalism. Dominated national politics until FDR's election in 1932

Washington's Farewell Address

In this, Washington conveyed his concerns regarding alliances—both international and domestic. Said no alliance should be permanent. Encouraged citizens to examine their loyalty to the United States, rather than to individual political parties

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Trail of Tears

Indian Removal Act 1830 signed by Jackson to give more land to whites - by 1835 most eastern tribes had reluctantly complied; in Cherokee Nation vs Georgia (1831), Cherokees were not a foreign nation with right to sue in federal court; Worcester vs. Georgia (1832), they ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory == clash between states' laws and federal courts - jackson sided with the states, and court was left powerless to enforce its decision; 1838 forced 15,000 Cherokees and others to leave Georgia; most removed Indians left their homelands and traveled a deadly path to Oklahoma

Second Great Awakening

Inspired many to achieve perfection on earth; helped influence reform movements (abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.)

Robert Fulton

Invented the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont. Steamboats played a vital role in opening the west and south to further settlement. They stimulated the agricultural economy of the west by providing better access to markets at a lower cost. Farmers quickly bought land near navigable rivers, because they could now easily ship their produce out. Steamboats were also much more comfortable than other forms of land transportation at the time.

Samuel Morse

Invented the telegraph. This was an early form of quick communication that helped tie people together regardless of distance.

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Involved expansion of slavery in the western territories. Missouri was the 1st part of the Louisiana Purchase to seek statehood. Senate had 11 free vs. 11 slave states. Missouri as a slave state would upset balance. Compromise split Maine (as a free state) from Massachusetts to maintain balance in Senate (now 12 to 12). It prohibited slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36°30′ (except for MO). Compromise settled slavery expansion issue for a generation until issue came up again after Mexican War brought enormous new lands into the US.

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson, this was meant to stop land speculation caused by states who printed their own money without being backed by gold or silver, which led to the panic of 1837

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Reconstruction Act

It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

Stamp Act, 1765-66

It imposed tax on newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses. In retaliation, many colonial groups formed such as Sons of Liberty and tarred or feathered stamp tax collectors and organized non-important movements (boycotts) of British goods. People began to question British authority over the colonies since they traditionally taxed themselves. Grenville argued that colonies were "virtually" represented in parliament since it represents all Brit. subjects. Ended when British businessmen pressured Parliament to repeal since they were hurt by boycotts

Erie Canal, 1817-1825

It is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean It cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan

It proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.

Land Ordinance of 1785

It set up how the new land gained after the revolution would be distributed and organized. The ordinance set up townships that were 36 sq miles where each plot of land was 1 sq mile and the 16th plot was sold for public schooling. The action was a huge success for the new government; it prevented a second revolution and was used for the later frontier states.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

It was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. Why it was important? The decision in this Supreme Court Case established the right of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches of government.

Regulator Movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Proclamation of 1763

It was created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and stated that Americans were not permitted to pass the Appalachian Mountains. Angered struggling colonists who had no other option but to find fortune and life on the frontier. Largely ignored by the colonists who continued to expand west and cause further turmoil between the colonials and the natives.

Mason-Dixon Line

It was the line dividing free North States from South Slave states on the border of Pennsylvania

Compromise of 1877

It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.

Compromise of 1877

It would recall soldiers from the South, help grow Southern industrialization, and appointed Democrats to southern positions and also a Democrat to the president's cabinet.

XYZ Affair

J. ADAMS An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Quasi War

J. ADAMS Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

Webster- Ashburton Treaty

J. TYLER 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Battle of San Jacinto

JACKSON (1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

Webster-Haynes Debate

JACKSON 1830. Debate in the Senate that focused on sectionalism and nullification. Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident. At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?

Peggy Eaton Affair

JACKSON Social scandal (1829-1831) - Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with her even before her husband died in 1828. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.

Bank War

JACKSON believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into pet banks

Kitchen Cabinet

JACKSON's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues.

Barbary Pirates

JEFFERSON Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Embargo Act of 1807

JEFFERSON This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Burr Conspiracy

JEFFERSON scheme by Vice-President to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

Alien and Sedition Acts

JOHN ADAMS... These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Corrupt Bargain

JQ ADAMS & CLAY In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Tariff of Abominations

JQ ADAMS Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

The Spoils System

Jackson believed in appointing his own staff comprised of his supporters. Rewarded political supporters with public office. This had several negative consequences. Often, the individuals appointed were unskilled, and sometimes incapable fulfilling their responsibilities. Corrupt individuals were placed in offices that they abused, stealing millions from the government.

Bank War

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"

Panic of 1837

Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. It was short-lived and reduced the pressure on the economy

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

The Tariff of 1828

Jackson's supporters strategized to sabotage Adams' presidency. They pushed a proposal through Congress that would raise tariffs on manufactured items such as wool and textiles. Since Adams was a New Englander and increase in tariffs would be supported there, Jacksonians hoped to portray Adams as favoring his home region over the south and west. Jackson did not need the tariff to be elected; got elected without it. But the proposal was still there. The tariff was eventually passed and it caused an outrage in the south

The Democratic-Republicans (after 1820's)

Jackson's supporters. Hickory poles were their symbol. Portrayed Jackson as a frontiersman and champion of the common man and said Adams was a corrupt aristocrat—both were untrue

Leisler's Rebellion

Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troop

XYZ Affair, 1797-98

Jay's Treaty angered France. As a result, Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's 3 agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe. The delegates came back to the US as heroes. Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. It would later lead to the undeclared Quasi War between France and the US.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris in 1803 to purchase New Orleans and as much land east of it at a maximum price of $10 million. Monroe ended up spending $15 million, because he was able to get all of Louisiana, doubling the size of the United Sates at the low price of 13 cents/acre. Jefferson was conflicted about the purchase, since he didn't feel he had the authority to do so under the Constitution, but the deal was too good to pass up and provided more than enough land to fulfill his dream of an America populated with small farmers.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

The XYZ Affair

John Adams sent three envoys to France to attempt to negotiate a settlement with France and stop the attacks on American shipping. They were approached by three agents, "X," "Y," and "Z," who demanded 32 million florins and a $250,000 bribe just for talking to Talleyrand. Pinckney rejected the terms

John Brown's raid, 1859

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an attempt by the white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's raid, accompanied by 20 men in his party, was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee and he was executed for treason. Many in the North hailed him as a martyr, while the south saw him as a terrorist. Help make Civil War inevitable.

Harpers Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives in what was termed the Corrupt Bargain. Notable for being the only election to have been decided by the House of Representatives, where no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes did not become president (Andrew Jackson). The faction led by Andrew Jackson would evolve into the modern Democratic Party.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

The Articles of Confederation

July 1776: John Dickinson headed a committee that drafted this. Put into effect in April 1781. It had many weaknesses. It was basically a loose confederation of states. There was only one vote in Congress for each state. Laws were administered loosely by committees of Congress. Congress didn't have power over commerce or taxes. Federal Courts were limited. It was significant, however because it was the "glue" that kept the 13 colonies working together. Gave the Continental Congress a legal foot to stand on.

Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

KY by Jefferson, VA by Madison; nullified alien and sedition acts 1799; democratic-republicans thought that these acts violated their 1st amendment rights; compact theory - the state had entered into a "compact" in forming the national government and therefore if a federal law broke the compact, the state could nullify it; their rationale used later in the Nullification Crisis in the early 1830s

Pinckney's Treaty, 1795

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Triangular Trade

Triangular trade routes under the mercantilist system linked England, its colonies in North America, the West Indies, and Africa. At each port, ships were unloaded of goods from another port along the trade route, and then reloaded with goods particular to that site. New England rum was shipped to Africa and traded for slaves, who were brought to the West Indies and traded for sugar and molasses, which went back to New England.

Battle of Saratoga, 1777

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Boston Tea Party, 1773

Under the tea act, the government of Britain would allow the mismanaged East India Company to sell its surplus tea to America without paying any duties. This dramatically cut the price of tea in the colonies and hurt colonial smuggling. As a result, the Boston Tea Party happened.

George Washington

Virginian who was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the first President. Founding Father.

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494) An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands of the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and the newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. (Basically the Pope gave majority of South American to the Spanish.)

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(1629) King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and representative government.

Salem Witch Trials

(1692-1693) outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress

First Great Awakening

(1739-1744) Sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

Battle of Yorktown, 1781

(October 19, 1781) This was the last major battle of the Revolutionary War. American troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau trapped British troops under Charles Cornwallis and his troops in the Chesapeake Bay, with the help of Admiral de Grasse and the French fleet. Cornwallis was forced to surrender. Significance: although not the last of the fighting, this signified the end of the war.

PERIOD ONE

1491-1607

PERIOD TWO

1607-1754

PERIOD THREE

1754-1800

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

1756 Fought between France and England, in North America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and on the Ocean. Officially declared in 1756.

PERIOD FOUR

1800-1848

The Enlightenment

18th century philosophical movement that advocated the use of reason and rationality to establish a system of ethics and knowledge. Provided framework for both Americans and French Revolution and rise of capitalism.

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence, approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism. Sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory.

James Madison

4th President, Secretary of State, lead nation through War of 1812. Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution.

Andrew Jackson

A Democratic-Republican who was voted into office in 1828. The people wanted representation and reform from the administration of John Quincy Adams. Jackson believed that the people should rule. He was the first president from the west, and he represented many of the characteristics of the west. Jackson appealed to the common man as he was said to be one. He believed in the strength of the Union and the supremacy of the federal government over the state government.

First Bank of the United States, 1791

A central bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. Establishment of the Bank was included in a three-part expansion of Federal fiscal and monetary power championed by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton believed a central bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution.

Federalist Papers, 1787-1788

A compilation of articles advocating the ratification of the Constitution, main authors included Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.

Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Powhatan Confederacy

A group of seven Indian tribes that controlled Virginia. It was led by Powhatan and was an agricultural group. They allowed the original English Settlers to survive

Boston Massacre, 1770

A mob surrounds a detached British infantry unit in Boston, and taunts and jeers at them, eventually threatening their lives. In retaliation, the British soldiers fire a volley off into the crowd.

Indentured Servants

A practice where plantation owners in the colonies paid for people's voyages in exchange for a certain amount of year's work (approx. 7 years)

Shays' Rebellion, 1786-1787

A rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

King Philip's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

The Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. This sparked the need to explore.

Stamp Act, 1765

A tax in the form of required stamps to be purchased and fixed to all printed material. This act affected people throughout all the colonies.

Jay's Treaty, 1795

A treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. This resulted in a vitalization of the Democratic-Republicans and Pinckney's Treaty with the Spanish.

Middle Passage

Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco

Declaratory Act, 1766

After putting the stamp act to rest, parliament passed this law in order to maintain an image of having control over the colonies. This law states that Parliament had the full right to make all laws for colonists

Great Compromise

Also known as the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise of 1787, it was an agreement between the small and large states reached in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. It defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would be entitled to in the US Constitution. The bicameral legislature and proportional representation in the lower house was retained, but the upper house was required to be weighted equally between states. Main contribution was appointment of the senate and congress.

Bill of Rights, 1791

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Ben Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac, he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. He negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris, and helped draft the Constitution. His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

Treaty of Alliance, 1778

An alliance between the US and France after the American Revolution. It was annulled after the death of the King during the French Revolution.

Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794

An attack made by American General "Mad Anthony Wayne" against invading Indians from the northwest. The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians

Columbian Exchange

An exchange between the Old Word, New World, and Africa. The Old World gave the New World food, animals, and diseases. Africa gave the New World slaves. And the New World gave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials and syphilis.

Republican motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

XYZ Affair, 1797

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

Argued that the cause of American hostility was not Parliament but the king himself. The pamphlet was very outspoken and called for an American republic where free citizens were in control.

Judiciary Act of 1789:

Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Tariff and currency disputes under the Articles of Confederation

Control of taxation and tariffs was left to the states, and each state could issue its own currency. In disputes between states Congress served as mediator and judge, but could not require a state to accept its decisions.

Second Continental Congress, 1775

Drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.

Whig Party

During era of jacksonian democracy opposed jackson, pro bank of u.s., pro high tariffs, pro federal funding for internal improvements, pro political action for social reform, divided on terms of slavery to conscience and cotton whigs

Pontiac's Rebellion, 1763

During the French and Indian War Chief Pontiac gathered up Native American groups and captured British posts, primitive use of biological warfare on blankets, weakened Indian alliance and British won, Indians came to a peace agreement and British took control of the land.

Stone Rebellion

Early slave revolt in South Carolina where 50+ slaves gathered arms to rise up against their masters and march to Spanish Florida. They were ultimately found and killed by the militia.

Mercantilism

Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return.

British defeat of the French, 1763

English defeated French in 1763. Established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Mayflower Compact

FIrst sign of self-government in Americas The Pilgrims, having arrived at a harbor far north of the land that was rightfully theirs, signed the Mayflower Compact to establish a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I.

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Articles of Confederation, 1781-1789

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes; Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789

Democratic-Republicans

Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison mainly to oppose programs of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

He was the financial genius from New York and was Secretary of the Treasury under Washington. He made a financial Plan that placed America on firm financial ground

Federalist Party

Political party in the United States of mostly Wealthy Northeasterners that favored a strong centralized federal government, commerce-based economy, loose construction of constitution, national bank, GB sympathy.

Treaty of Greenville, 1795

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.

John Adams

He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself.

Constitutional Convention, 1787

Held in Philadelphia in 1787, with the original purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. Congress gave its approval and asked all 13 states to send delegates, only Rhode Island decided not to.

George Washington

Initially the commander of Virginia's frontier troops, he was a colonel military leader for the British in the French and Indian War. Later, he was Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Some of his greatest achievements his surprise victory at Trenton, holding the army together at Valley Forge, and his major victory at Yorktown.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Issued by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. organize Britain's vast new North American empire, and to stabilize relations with North American Indians through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. forbade Americans from settling or buying land west of the Appalachians.

Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

Jefferson and Burr tied in the number of electoral votes and then Hamilton supported Jefferson, which eventually won him the election. This was significant because political power was shifted between parties, peacefully. Also, it caused further conflict between Burr and Hamilton

City Upon a Hill

John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives.

Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law, 1780

Law passed by Pennsylvania saying, if born after 1780, a slave becomes a free man upon turning 28. They would work for 4 years afterwards as an indentured servant.

John Locke

Locke was an English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights. He believed that government was based upon an unwritten social contract between the rulers and their people, and if the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people had a right to rebel and institute a new government.

First Continental Congress, 1774

Met to discuss their concerns over Parliament's dissolution of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. It rejected the plan for a unified colonial government, stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilance. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion

Democratic-Republican Party

Mostly Southerners led by Thomas Jefferson, believed the people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, favored strict interpretation of the constitution, were pro-french, opposed national bank, and opposed protective tariff.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed a strong central government, skeptical about undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution, insisted on Bill of Rights; included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.

Sons of Liberty

Originally a protest group headed by Samuel Adams to protest British Acts/Taxes, this Group evolved into a boycotting and somewhat terrorist organization.

French Revolution, 1789

Overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Navigation Acts (1660)

Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.

Republican form of government

Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule.

Democrats

Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, blamed for Civil War, states' rights, farmers feared strong central government, opposed god standard, used Spoils system supported lowering tariff, reduced government role in railroad building opposed imperialism in 1890s

The Paxton Boys, 1764

Scot-irish mob who massacred Indians, put down by Benjamin Franklin

Separatists

Separatists were a group of Puritans who advocated total withdrawal from the Church of England and wanted the freedom to worship independently from English authority. They included the Pilgrims who migrated to America.

Conquistadors

Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan Empires. They did this in the service of God, as well in the search of gold and glory.

Encomienda

Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

Battle of Lexington and Concord, 1775

Start of the Revolutionary War General Gage, was ordered by King George III to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British marched here, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The colonial militias, warned beforehand by Paul Revere and William Dawes, attempted to block the progress of the troops and were fired on by the British here. The British continued to this other place, where they believed Adams and Hancock were hiding, and they were again attacked by the colonial militia. As the British retreated to Boston, the colonials continued to shoot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road.

Federalists

Supported a strong central government, advocated the ratification of the new constitution, included Alexander Hamilton

Northwest Ordinances

The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. The ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation.

Treaty of Paris, 1783

The British recognized the independence of the United States and granted it generous boundaries, as well as a share of Newfoundland for fishing (which greatly upset the Canadians). The Americans had to ensure they would not persecute the Loyalists, restore their property and pay debts already owed to British creditors.

Hartford Convention, 1814

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done. Many of these complaints were manifestation of their fears of being overpowered by states in the south and west. The Hartford Convention was an example of the growing issue of Sectionalism and was another event in the approaching end of the Federalist Party.

Mercy Otis Warren

The head of patriot women during the revolution; produced many writings questioning the declining republican values in post-revolutionary America; blamed the "constant state of war", relaxation of government, sudden fluctuation in money, and new foreign intercourse for the chaos of the 1780s

Iroquois Confederation

The most powerful native American group in the Ohio Valley since the 1640', that was able to remain aloof from both the British and the French. This group consisted of five Indian nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. These nations formed a defensive alliance in the fifteenth century. The Iroquois were able to maintain their autonomy by avoiding a close relationship with the English or the French. They traded successfully with both groups and played them against each other, as a direct result of this they maintained power in the Great Lakes region.

Era of Good Feelings, 1816-1824:

The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at war with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

John Dickinson, Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, 1767

This name was a prosperous Philadelphia lawyer who hoped to resolve the Townshend Acts by persuasion. He wrote twelve letters in what became known as "This name," which stressed that England had no right to levy taxes on the colonists to turn a revenue.

The Enlightenment (Age of Reason)

Thomas Paine's accusations of the church's motives for power, profit, and to enslave mankind

Salutary Neglect

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle against the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Declaration of Independence, 1776

a formal draft of a resolution created by the continental congress, which broke all ties with the independent states of America and the British government and crown, created the idea in America that the colonies were now "states".

Townshend Acts, 1767

a law which subdued New York until they would oblige prior acts, then passed a law which levied taxes on colonial imports of glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea

Scotch-Irish

made up 7% of colonies' population; Scotch Lowlanders who had been transplanted to Catholic Ireland where they were resented (they were Presbyterian); restrictions from England on production of wool (economically depressed); came to Pennsylvania but were pushed out to the frontier; poor relations with Indians and British government; spearheaded March of Paxton Boys and Regulator Movement

Sugar Act, 1764

the first parliamentary act bent on turning a revenue in the colonies. This law cut the tariff on Molasses in half, and levied new taxes on imports of foreign textiles, wine, coffee, indigo, and sugar.