APUSH Ch. 30

Communes

"Intentional communities," communal living in urban areas such as San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, New York's Greenwich Village, Chicago's Uptown, and Atlanta's 145h Street neighborhood were popular for a time. Thousands of hippie romantics flocked to the countryside, eager to live in harmony with nature, coexist in love and openness, deepen their sense of self, and forge authentic community ties.

Feminist movement

(AKA the women's movement) Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

Dr. Henry Kissinger

A brilliant German-born Jew and Harvard political scientist who had become the nation's leading foreign-policy expert. His thick accent, owlish appearance, and outsized ego had helped to make him an international celebrity. In 1969 Nixon named him his national security adviser, and in 1973 he became secretary of state.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the it marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement.

Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM)

A small group of extremists, they emerged during the summer of 1969. They wanted to move political radicalism from "protest to resistance." At the SDS convention in Chicago on June 18, 1969, their members distributed a position paper titled "You don't need a weatherman / To know which way the wind blows," a line from Bob Dylan's 1965 song. The document called for a "white fighting force" to ally with the Black Panthers and others to destroy "U.S. imperialism and achieved a classless world: world communism."

Sexual Revolution

A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomenon took place throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1970s.

Salvador Allende

A socialist party leader, friend of Castro, and critic of the U.S., was a leading presidential candidate in Chile. He planned to take control of Chilean industries owned by U.S. corporations. Nixon urged the CIA to prevent his presidency. He was democratically elected on October 24, 1970.

Conscientious Objector (CO) Status

About 56,000 young men qualified for this, meaning that they presented enough evidence to officials authenticating their moral, ethical, or religious opposition to war and/or the military. If granted, they had to perform alternative civilian service, often in hospitals or clinics.

Augusto Pinochet

After the death of Salvador Allende he declared himself head of the government. He was a ruthless dictator supposedly friendly to the U.S. Within a few months he had taken over dozens of U.S.-owned businesses in Chile and executed 1000s of political opponents.

Port Huron Statement

At the gathering of SDS activists, Tom Hayden drafted this impassioned document. The manifesto began: "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit." Only by giving "power to the people," could America restore its founding principles. Inspired by African American civil rights activists, Hayden declared that college campuses would become the crossroads of social change.

The Feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan's first book, published in 1963 it helped launch the second phase of the feminist movement. Friedan argued that her generation of upper and middle class college-educated white mothers and wives had actually lost ground after WW2, when many left wartime employment and settled in suburbia as full-time wives and mothers, only to suffer from the "happy homemaker" syndrome that undermined their intellectual capacity and public aspirations. It was an immediate bestseller and forever changed the American society.

United Farm Workers

Cezar Chavez and Dolores Huerta converted the Farm Workers' Association into this, a union for migrant lettuce workers and grape pickers, many of them undocumented immigrants who could be deported at any time. It gained national attention in September 1965 when it joined with Filipino migrant workers in organizing a strike (la huelga) against grape growers in California's San Joaquin Valley.

stagflation

Economists coined this term to describe the simultaneous problems of stalled economic growth, rising inflation, and high unemployment. It had at least three causes. First, the Johnson administration had financed both the Great Society social-welfare programs and the Vietnam War without a major tax increase. Second, U.S. companies were facing stiff competition from West Germany, Japan, and other emerging international industrial powers. Third, America's prosperity since 1945 had resulted in part from readily available cheap sources of energy.

Robin Morgan

Feminist who thought that this new Sexual Revolution furthered increased oppression (men could take advantage of women)

League of Spiritual Discovery

Formed by Timothy Leary in 1966 to lobby for decriminalization of mind-altering drugs. He promised his mostly young supporters that "proper drugs and rock music can make everybody young forever." He assured audiences that he had "a blueprint [for a new mind-altering religion], and we're going to change society in the next ten years."

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Formed in 1966 by Betty Friedan and other activists, it served as the NAACP for women. They chose the acronym NOW because it was part of a popular civil rights chant: "What do you want?" protesters yelled. "FREEDOM!" "When do you want it?" "NOW!" It promoted true equality for women in America. It sought to end gender discrimination in the workplace and spearheaded efforts to legalize abortion and obtain federal and state support for child-care centers.

Ms.

Founded by Gloria Steinem in 1971, it was the first feminist eriodical with a national relationship. Its first edition of 300,000 copies sold out in 8 days, and at the end of the first year it enjoyed half a million subscribers.

American Indian Movement

Founded in 1968 by George Mitchell and Dennis Banks, two Chippewas (or Ojibwas) living in Minneapolis. In October 1972, it organized the Trail of Broken Treaties caravan, which traveled by bus and car from the West Coast to Washington, D.C., to draw attention to the federal government's broken promises. The sit-in ended when government negotiators agreed to renew discussions of Native American grievances.

Cesar Chavez

Founder of the United Farm Workers. He served in the U.S. Navy during WWII. After the war he was a migrant laborer and community organizer focused on registering Latinos to vote. He led some of the poorest workers in the nation in a series of nonviolent protest marches, staged hunger strikes, and managed nationwide boycotts. His relentless energy and deep Catholic faith, his insistence on nonviolent tactics, his reliance upon college-student volunteers, his skillful alliance with organized labor and religious groups, and his simple lifestyle attracted popular support in a strike that would last 5 years.

Gloria Steinem

Founder of the magazine, Ms., the women's movement received a boost from her leadership. By writing scores of hard-hitting essays in Ms. and other national magazines she expanded the scope of feminism beyond what Betty Friedan and others had started.

Richard M. Nixon

He was a humorless man of fierce ambition and extraordinary perseverance. He was a paradoxical character, an introvert operating in the extroverted vocation of politics. He was famously hard to get to know. He displayed violent mood swings, raging temper tantrums, profanity, and anti-Semitic outbursts. Critics nicknamed him "Tricky Dick" because he excelled at deceit.

Nixon's Cabinet

In his first term, he selected only white men who would blindly carry out his orders. John Mitchell, the gruss attorney general, who was Nixon's closest confidant. H.R. (Bob) Haldeman, a former advertising executive, served as chief of staff. Haldeman was a chief domestic-policy adviser. John W. Dean III became the White House legal counsel. William Rogers was his secretary of state.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

In this decision the Supreme Court struck down state laws forbidding abortions during the first 3 months of pregnancy. The Court ruled that women have a fundamental "right to choose" whether to bear a child or not, since pregnancy necessarily affects a woman's health and well-being. This decision and the ensuing success of NOW's efforts to liberalize state and local abortion laws, generated powerful conservative backlash.

Twenty-Sixth Amendment

Increases in Social Security benefits and food-stamp funding.

Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972

It barred gender discrimination in any "education program or activit receiving federal financial assistance." Most notably applied to athletics, it spurred female participation in high school sports to increase nearly tenfold and to almost double at the college level.

Robert A. Taft

Known as "Mr. Republican," in 1952 he had characterized young Senator Nixon as a "little man in a big hurry" with "a mean and vindictive streak."

Red Power

Many Native American activists grew impatient with the pace of change. Those promoting this organized protests and demonstrations against local, state, and federal agencies. On November 20, 1969, 14 activists occupied Alcatraz Island near San Francisco. Over the next several months hundreds of others joined them.

Days of Rage

Many members of SDS quickly grew frustrated by the slow pace of social change and began to embrace violence as a tool to transform society. After 1968, SDS rapidly tore itself apart as an effective political force, and in its final convention in 1969, degenerated into a shouting match between radicals and moderates. That same year, the Weathermen, a surviving faction of SDS, attempted to launch a guerrilla war in the streets of Chicago

multiversities

Many universities had become gigantic institutions dependent upon huge research contracts from corporations and the federal government, especially the Defense Department. As they grew larger and more bureaucratic, they became targets for students wary of what President Dwight D. Eisenhower had labeled "the military-industrial complex."

Kent State Tragedy

Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence. On May 14 and 15, students at historically black Jackson State College in Mississippi were protesting the war as well as the Kent State shooting when highway patrolmen fired into a student dormitory, killing two students.

My Lai Massacre

Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.

Stonewall Riots

On June 28, 1969, NYC vice police raided the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in Greenwich Village. The patrons, led by transgender women of color, drag queens, and street people, fough back, forcing the outnumbered police to take shelter inside the bar. They lasted 5 days, during which the Inn burned down. When the turmoil ended, gays forged a sense of solidarity embodied in two new organizations, the Gay Liberation Front and the Gay Activists' Alliance, both of which focused on ended discrimination and harrassment.

affirmative-action

Programs that gave preferential treatment to people of color and women to atone for past injustices.

Betty Friedan

She emerged as one of the leaders of the postwar women's movement. As a student at all-female Smith College in MA, she had edited the campus newspaper, arguing for non-intervention in WW2 and unionization for the campus housekeepers. She called for equal pay for equal work and an end to gender and race-based discrimination in hiring and housing.

Free Speech Movement (FSM)

Student groups formed this. Led by Mario Savio, who had participated in Freedom Summer in Mississippi, it initially protested on behalf of students' rights, but it quickly mounted more general criticisms of the university and what Savio called the "depersonalized, unresponsive bureaucracy" stifling free speech on many campuses. In 1964, Savio led hundreds of students into Sproul Hall, UC Berkeley's administration building, and organized another sit-in.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)

The Burger Court ruled unanimously that school systems must bus students out of their neighborhoods if necessary to achieve racially integrated schools. Protests over busing erupted in the North, the Midwest, and the Southwest, as white families denounced the destruction of "the neighborhood school."

Mark Rudd

The Columbia University campus SDS leader, he called his parents to report, "We took a building." His father, Jacob, a retired army officer and a real estate investor, replied, "Well, give it back."

Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education (1969)

The Court ordered the racial integration of the Mississippi public schools.

Paris Peace Accords

The agreement was a carefully disguised surrender that enabled the U.S. to end its combat role. North Vietnam kept 150,000 troops in South Vietnam and remained committed to the reunification of the South Vietnamese leaders, who had not been allowed to participate in the negotiations.

Vietnamization

The equipping and training of South Vietnamese soldiers and pilots to assume the burden of combat. Nixon sought to steadily reduce the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam, justifying the reduction as the natural result of this.

Woodstock Music and Art Fair

The largest and most publicized music infused psychedelic picnic. In mid-August 1969, more than 400,000 mostly young people converged on a 600-acre farm near the tiny rural town of Bethel, NY, for what was billed as the world's "largest happening," three days "of peace and music." The festival boasted an all-star cast of musicians: Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, Santana, The Who, Joan Baez, and Crosby.

All in the Family

The most popular show in the 1970s, it showcased the decade's culture wars. In the sitcom, the Bunker family lived in a working-class suburb of NYC. Semiliterate Archie Bunker, a Polish American loading-dock worker, was the lovable head of the family, a Nixon Supporter, and member of the silent majority who railed against blacks, Jews, Italians, gays, feminists, hippies, and liberals. The producer of the series, Norman Lear, sought to provoke viewers to question their own prejudices.

Timothy Leary

The self-styled high priest of the psychedelic revolution, he had been dismissed by Harvard in 1963 for using students in experiments with hallucinatory drugs. He popularized "tune in, turn on, drop out." In 1966 he formed the League of Spiritual Discovery (LSD). His crusade on behalf of expanded consciousness frightened most Americans.

counterculture

The shocking events of 1968 led hippies to embrace this, an unorganized rebellion against mainstream institutions, values and behavior that focused more on cultural change than political activism. In pursuing personal liberation, hippies strove to exceed limits, trespass across boundaries, and heighten sensibilities. They rejected the pursuit of wealth and careers and embraced plain living, authenticity, friendship, peace, and freedom.

Summer of Love

The summer of 1967, in which 75,000 hippies moved to Haight-Ashbury. Many went back to thier original communities afterwards, bringing the hippie counter-culture with them.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

The women's movement also convinced Congress to pass this to the U.S. Constitution. It would have required equal treatment for women throughout society and politics. By mid-1973 28 states had approved the amendment, ten short of the 38 needed for approval.

Youth International Party

This was the counterculture alternative to the SDS and New Left, better known as the Yippies, founded in New York City on December 31, 1967, by two irreverent pranksters, Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman. The Yippies were countercultural comedians bent on thumbing their noses at the "absurdity" of conventional laws and behavior and mocking capitalism and the consumer culture. The anarchistic Yippies organized marijuana "smoke-ins," threw pies at political figures, nominated a squealing pig for the presidency, urged voters to cast their ballots for "None of the Above," and threatened to put LSD in Chicago's water supply during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

New Left

Tom Hayden and other members of the SDS adopted this tem to distinguish their efforts at grassroots democracy from those of the "Old Left" of the 1930s, which had embraced an orthodox Marxism. Hayden's revolution would be energized by hope and change, not abstract theories. In the fall of 1964 students at the University of California at Berkeley took Hayden's program to heart.

Tom Hayden and Alan Harber

Two University of Michigan students, in 1962 they convened a meeting of 60 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) activists at Port Huron, Michigan. Their goal was ambitious: to quit reading history in order to make history, and to remake the U.S. into a more democratic society. Several participants were the children of former leftists or Communists; even more were Jewish.

Six-Day War

a war fought in June, 1967, between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, in which Israel captured large tracts of Arab territory