APUSH Chapter 1

Describe how the attitudes and actions of the French and Dutch differed from those of Spain.

The French and Dutch embraced the presence of the natives, unlike Spain. They bought land from the Indians and viewed them as military supporters and trading partners.

Popé

leader of the Pueblo Indian revolt

peninsulares

persons of European birth

mestizos

persons of mixed origins

reconquista

the reconquest of Spain from the Moors in 1492

wampum

traditional shell beads

Huguenots

- French Calvinists - fled France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685

Adam Smith

- economist - utilitarian

Christian liberty

- freedom was not a single idea but a collection of rights and privileges, many enjoyed by only a small portion of the population - servitude = freedom - no connection to religious tolerance

Zheng He

- led missions in the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433

Pueblo Revolt

- located in New Mexico - lead by Popé - Pueblos united in 1680 - eventually kicked out the Spanish

Iroquois

- located in New York and Pennsylvania - confederation of tribes - some stability in the area

Cahokia

- mound builders - located in the Ohio River Valley

Both at home and in the New World, the Dutch enjoyed greater freedoms than other European citizens. Explore this comparison using specific examples.

- religious toleration - freedom of the press

Using what you read in this chapter about the movement of peoples, explain how North America became the location where East and West came together

Colonizers saw America as a religious refuge as well as a place for trade and producing raw materials. Natives also were viewed as a easily exploited workforce. The new land held promises of wealth and glory for nations of the Old World.

Although some European observers believed Native Americans embodied freedom, most reached the conclusion that Native Americans did not know what freedom was because they were "too free". On what basis did they make this claim?

Europeans viewed freedom as obedience to the law. Since natives had no laws to follow, they had too much freedom.

Compare and contrast European values and ways of life to that of the Indians. Be sure to look at religion, views on property ownership, gender relations, and view of freedom.

Europeans were very strict about religion. They wanted everyone to practice the same religion. Indians had many different religions and practices and weren't very strict about religion. Europeans were used to enclosed lands that were clearly assigned to a certain group of people. The Indians shared the land among many families. Some families did get an assigned plot of land but the land was still viewed as shared. Europeans had many ideas about gender. They thought there were very clear places for a man and a women. The Indian's division of labor was not like the European's. Some tribes even had a matrilineal society. The European idea of freedom was privileges that a select group got to enjoy. Indian freedom was based on men and women judging each other with regard to what they viewed as appropriate behavior.

On the eve of colonization, European concepts of freedom bore little resemblance to our modern concepts of personal liberties. Explain how the ideals of "Christian liberty", obedience to authority, and adhering to one's social rank shaped the fifteenth century idea of freedom.

Freedom came from authority and social status. Men were like God in the family. Sticking to the status quo kept things calm and allowed people to enjoy some freedoms.

What were the main factors fueling the European age of expansion?

Piety and profit. Colonists were in search of religious toleration and spreading Christianity. Nations were in search of opportunities to make money for the country through exploitation and trade.

How did Popé's revolt in 1680 immediately restore freedom to the Pueblo Indians and what happened once the Spanish returned?

Popé's revolt managed to temperarily kick out the Spanish but when the Spanish returned the Pueblo Indians were massacred.

Describe the political, economic, and religious motivations behind the French and Dutch empires with those of New Spain.

Spain: - political: power and influence in the New World - economic: wanted money - religious: spread Catholicism among the natives French: - political: - economic: fur trade, gold, Northwest passage - religious: Huguenots sought religious toleration after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1598) Dutch: - political: military support from Indians, freedom of the press - economic: Dutch West India Company, trade with Indians - religious: religious toleration

Describe why the "discovery" of America was one of the "most important events recorded in the history of mankind" according to Adam Smith

The colonies offered huge opportunities for wealth and growth of the nations that started them, including massive trade opportunities

Spanish and French settlers both claimed to be freeing Native Americans by bringing them advanced civilization and Catholicism. Justify this claim with specific examples as either of these European powers would have at the time.

The natives were savages and needed to be shown how society was supposed to work. Matrilineal societies and the religious practices of the natives were hard for the Europeans to understand. The Europeans viewed the conquest of the natives as improving the lives of the natives.

How would European settlers explain their superiority to Native Americans and justify both the conquest of the Native lands and terminating their freedom?

The settlers justified their conquest by saying that the natives were savages and the Europeans were teaching them the proper way to live and the proper religion to practice. They also said the natives had too much freedom and needed to be controlled.

One of the most striking features of the Native American society at the time of European discovery was its sheer diversity. Support this statement.

When Europeans came across Native American societies, they differed very greatly from European societies. Some tribes were matrilineal. The natives did not practice Christianity. They also had many different languages, cultures, and beliefs spread around many different tribes.

caravel

a ship capable of long distance travel

Tenochtitlán

capital of Aztec empire

métis

children of marriages between Indian women and French traders and officials

maize

corn

Colombian Exchange

food and germs being passed from the Old World to the New World and vice versa

factories

fortified trading posts on the western coast of Africa

patroons

shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor

encomienda system

the first settlers had been granted authority over conquered Indian lands with the right to extract forced labor from the native inhabitants

Black Legend

the image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer