APUSH Chapter 18
Louis Sullivan
"Father of skyscrapers", his buildings achieved a much-admired aesthetic unity, in which the form of the building flowed from its function
Which phrase best summarizes what Riis considers the cause of the problems he sees?
"In the tenements all the influences make for evil"
Frank Lloyd Wright
Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.
Political machines
Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.
Which individual would be most likely to argue that the government should not intervene to improve the tenements?
Herbert Spencer
Old immigration
Immigrants from Northwest Europe arriving in the EARLY 1800s
Mary Cassatt
Impressionist painter who frequently painted mothers with children.
Triangle Shirtwaist company
In 1911 the tragic fire killed 146 people, mostly women because the owner kept the stairway doors locked to prevent theft, following stricter building acts and factory codes, and worker insurance
During the late 19th century, which of the following groups most benefitted from the poverty described by Riis?
Political machines
American Protective Association
an American anti-Catholic secret society established in 1887 by Protestants, especially Irish Protestants from Canada
Richard T. Ely
an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention in order to reform what they perceived as the injustices of capitalism
Romanesque style
an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches.
Immigration act of 1882
prohibited immigration of criminals, paupers and the insane, in other words, those that might become dependent on the state. It levied a head tax of fifty cents on each new immigrant.
Ladies Home Journal
1903 - with articles that discuss women's issues beyond cooking and fashion, the magazine reaches a circulation of one million
Realism
A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be.
Greenwich Village
A New York neighborhood home to the Heterodoxy, a feminist group that wished to change the world so that women could be human beings undefined by gender
William Randolph Hearst
A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."
"City Beautiful" movement
Advanced grand plans to remake American cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public attractions
Edward Bellamy
American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, a Rip Van Winkle-like tale set in the distant future of the year 2000
Theodore Dreiser
American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Barred Chinese immigration for 10 years
Describe the developing urban African-American community at the turn of the century.
Between 1897 and 1930, nearly 1 million southern blacks settled in northern and western cities.
"Greatest Show on Earth"
Bob Hope & Bing Crosby had cameos in this 1952 Cecil B. Demille film as spectators munching popcorn under the big top
Lester Frank Ward
Botanist and sociologist, first president of the American Sociological Association, heavily influenced by evolutionary theory
Examine the changing sexual mores and attitudes toward women in the period from 1890 to 1920.
By the 20th century women were fighting for full female freedom. Groups such as the Vamps began to experiment more openly with sexuality. The Mann Act of 1910 addressed prostitution, and feminist Crystal Eastman wanted to stop defining women by their gender.
Alien Land Law (1913)
California law that made it illegal for Japanese, who were not citizens, to own land
Francis Willard
Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.
Clarence Darrow
Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools.
Anthony targeted the states as the parts of government discriminating against women primarily for which of the following reasons?
Except for the 14th and 15th amendments, the United States Constitution left the power to the states to determine who could vote
John Philip Sousa
Famous composer who wrote many marches
Which of the following most likely explains the significant reduction of immigration during the 1870s and 1890s to the United States?
Financial panics and depressions
Organic Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright, used this type of architecture. This style flowed in harmony with its natural surroundings
Henry George
He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.
Susan B. Anthony was arrested and fined $100 for casting an illegal vote in the presidential of 1872. She refused to pay the fine. To whom of the following were actions most similar?
Henry David Thoreau
Horace Kallen/Alain Locke
Introduced the doctrine of "cultural pluralism", which called on America to become home to many cultures, not just one
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
Jurist and acting Supreme Court judge who argued that the law should evolve with the times in response to changing needs and not remain restricted by legal precedents and judicial decisions of the past
Carrie Nation
Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Organization which worked to do away with the buying, selling, distribution of alcohol. Would destroy saloons (bars) with a hatchet.
Crystal Eastman
Leader of the feminist Greenwich Village group called Heterodoxy. Wanted to change the world so women could be human beings instead of being defined by their gender.
"Gentleman's Agreement"
Limited Japanese immigration as long as segregation was removed
Dwight Moody
Made the Moody Bible Institute. Helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity into city life.
Mann Act of 1910
Made transportation of women across state lines for immoral purposes illegal, targeted prostitution
impressionism
Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.
Describe the rise of corrupt party machines and organized crime in urban America.
Major cities had tightly controlled political organizations called political machines. Each machine had a boss. Many machines started as social clubs and developed into charitable groups helping people in the cities. They asked for votes in return. The machines deceived stole millions of dollars from taxpayers in the form of graft and fraud.
Settlement House movement
Men and women moved into poor immigrant neighborhoods in order to learn about the immigrants' lives and provided social services for the neighborhood
James Whistler
Most famous work is Whistler's Mother. Whistler's belief that art should concentrate on the arrangement of colors led many critics to see his work as a precursor of abstract art
Stephen Crane
Naturalist writer, wrote Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and Red Badge of Courage
Jack London
Naturalist writer. author of The Call of the Wild
Walter Rauschenbusch
New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.
Susan B. Anthony
One of the most prominent feminists of the 1840's, helped found the National American Woman Suffrage Association to secure the vote for women
W.E.B. Dubois
Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.
"Oriental School"
Ordered all Asian kids to go to racially segregated schools
Identify causes of immigration.
Poverty, overcrowding and joblessness, religious persecution, and the U.S. reputation of political/ religious freedom and economic opportunities
Henry Hobson Richardson
Prominent American architect most noted for re-introducing Romanesque style buildings to America
Thomas Eakins
Realism painter whose works included surgical scenes and the everyday lives of working class men and women
Examine the changes in amusements and in commercial entertainment at the turn of the century.
Some mass circulation magazines were able to sell for as little as 10 cents a copy due to advertising revenues and new printing technology. People were able to have leisure time activities due to reduction of working hours, improved transportation, advertising, and the decline of Puritan and Victorian values. People began to attend spectator sports and participate in amateur sports.
In the chart above, the "new immigrants" include those who arrived in the United States from
Southern and Eastern Europe
new immigration
Southern and Eastern Europe. Chinese Exclusion act, Restrictions also came in 1882 on the immigration of "undesirable" persons, such as criminals, and convicts.
Jane Addams
Started the Hull House in Chicago in 1889, which taught English to immigrants, pioneered early-childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools
Armory Show
The 1913 International Exhibition of Modern Art in New York City, which took place in the 69th Regiment Armory, the first large exhibition of modern art
Briefly explain TWO federal immigration policies or actions taken during the late 19th century, and whether each supported or opposed the point of view in the cartoon.
The Chinese Exclusion Act supported the cartoon by barring Chinese immigration for 10 years. The Contract Labor Law
Israel Zangwill
The Melting Pot - Americanization meant the creation of a more homogenous national culture.
Susan B. Anthony's arguments for women's suffrage can best be understood in the context of
The Reconstruction amendments
feminism
The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
Briefly explain the illustrator's point of view on immigration expressed in this political cartoon.
The illustrator is expressing the idea that Chinese people were no longer allowed in the U.S. He is almost mocking the Chinese Exclusion Act because everyone else was allowed in the states except for the Chinese.
college elective system
The institution in the U.S. government that directly votes for the president and vice president; voters cast votes to elect an elector which votes accordingly
Tammany Hall
The most famous and corrupt political machine, ran New York City, William "Boss" Tweed was the head, embezzled millions from the city
Heterodoxy
The name of the organization that sponsored the 1914 debate at New York City's Cooper Union on the question "What is feminism?", and whose definition of feminism emphasized greater economic opportunities, the vote, and open discussions of sexuality.
Joseph Pulitzer
This man created the first mass-circulation newspaper. His, and other's, company is the inspiration for the term 'Yellow Journalism'. filled paper with stories of crime and political corruption
Scott Joplin
United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917)
Social Gospel
Worked to better conditions in the city according to the biblical principles of charity and justice; however, it rejected many Christian doctrines. Walter Rauschenbusch became the leading advocate
Randolph Bourne
Wrote "Transnational America", which introduced cosmopolitanism- people from all groups should preserve and partake in their own separate cultures
Doctrine of cultural pluralism
the idea that America was to become home to many cultures. disagreed with the "melting pot" America. developed by Horace Kallen and Alain Locke
Cardinal Gibbons
was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
Mark Twain
was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Frederick Law Olmsted
was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture. Designed Central Park in New York City.
Winslow Homer
was an American landscape painter and printmaker, best known for his marine subjects
William "Boss" Tweed
was an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State
Contract Labor Act 1885
was an act to prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States
Ashcan School
was an artistic movement in the United States during the early twentieth century that is best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods.
Ellis Island
where most immigrants passed through and were processed. More than 12 million immagrants passed throught the small island in New Yark Harbor.
Vamps
women whose irresistibly sexual charm led men to their ruin. first clue that Americans were beginning to experiment with more open expressions of sexuality.
Social Gospel
worked to better conditions in the city according to biblical ideas of charity and justice. Leader was Walter Rauschenbusch
