APUSH Chapter 25-28
Farm Management Administration
stressed rural rehabilitation, tried to bring farmers together on government owned farms, but did not work as farmers wanted ownership.
Sino-Japanese war
(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighbouring China,
Adolph Hitler's national socialist party
(Nazis) this leader was rapidly growing in popular favor in late 20s when gov virtually lost all popular support. His belief n the racial superiority of the German people, commitment to providing living space for his "master race," pathological anti-Semitism, & passionate militarism all posed a threat to Euro peace
"swing era"
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Atlantic Charter
1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war
General George S. Patton
A US general who helped defeat Rommel. He read Rommel's books, and shoved it in Rommel's face when he defeated him in Egypt. Patton thought he was Julius Ceasar in his past life.
America First committee
A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.
American Liberty League
A conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.
Marx Brothers
A family of American film comedians who flourished in the 1930s; Duck Soup and A Night at the Opera are two of their films. The brothers included the wisecracking, cigar-smoking Groucho; the harp-playing, woman-chasing Harpo, who never spoke but beeped a bicycle horn instead; and the piano-playing, Italian-accented Chico. A fourth brother, Zeppo, appeared in a few films, but a fifth brother, Gummo, did not appear in any.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.
zoot-suit riots
A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore. Whites actually started these but the zoot suits fought back.
Emergency Banking Act
A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.
holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
lend-lease
A program under which the United States supplied U.K, USSR, China, France, and other allied nations with vast amounts of war meterial between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, Military bases in New Foundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. It began in March 1941, nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It was abruptly stopped by the Americans immediately after V-J day.
Rosie the Riveter
A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.
Recession of 1937
A second period of economic decline during the Great Depression that resulted because FDR had largely stopped spending money and attempted to create a balanced budget, which lessened the effects of the New Deal on the people by laying off many more workers and giving less and less to the people.
Battle of the Bulge
December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
21st Amendment
Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment
Huey Long
As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income.
Benito Mussolini's fascist party
As the economy continued to go downhill, nationalism and belligerent governments were on the rise. Benito Mussolini's fascist party had control of Italy since the 1920s, but in the 1930s became more militaristic, advocating increased imperial control.
Manhattan Project
Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.
Orson Wells
Created an event in 1938 when he broadcasted "The War of the Worlds," which created panic among millions of people who believed for a while that the events it described were real.
Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929
Designed to help farmers help themselves. Set up Federal Farm Board to help farmers. Farm Board created Grain Stabilization Corp (1930) to bolster sagging prices by buying surpluses. Didn't work because farmers produced so much.
War Production Board
During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers
Munich conference of 1938
During the Munich Conference of 1938, Britain and France met with Hitler, allowing him to take over Czechoslovakia as long as he agreed to expand no further. The agreement was seen as an assurance of peace.
Global Depression
Economies around the world were interconnected and US economy was larges. Due to large debts after WWI and collapse of stock markets world economies failed. Everything then failed (banks, production and agriculture.)
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
good neighbor policy
FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region
Franklin D. Roosevelt
FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, it emerged out of the Niagara Movement in 1909. It worked for equal rights for all Americans, but it failed to achieve lasting civil rights legislation during the early 1990s.
Father Charles E. Coughlin
He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than forty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s, and he used his radio program to promote Franklin D. Roosevelt and his early New Deal proposals.
General Douglas MacArthur
He was one of the most-known American military leaders of WW2(He liberated the Phillipines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, also he drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War)
Social Security Act
Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
Memorial Day Massacre
Happened on Memorial Day 1937 when striking workers gathered for a picnic and demonstration - they were marching toward plant peacefully and police opened fire - 10 killed
American Communist Party
Harsh and unrelenting critic of American capitalism and the government that ran it. Close with Soviet Union Soften attitude towards Roosevelt praise new deal and John Lewis. High membership mobilizes writers, artists and intellectuals social criticism. Close supervision by Soviet Union and took orders and followed party line strictly. American Communist Party abandon popular front and return to harsh criticism of American liberals. When Soviet Union told them to do this some obeyed and others gave up position.
Wendell Willkie
He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time.
Isolationism
a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations
Dust Bowl
a region subject to dust storms
A. Phillip Randolph
He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.
Admiral Chester Nimitz
He was the commander of the Pacific Fleet during WW2, and he was the man who directed the U.S. victories at Midway, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa
circular loans
Ineffective loans that would be given to countries to help repay loans, resulted in an endless circulation without any debts being fully repaid (sort of like the Dawes plan)
Office of Price Administration
Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.
Native American code-talkers
Native Americans that worked in military communications and speaking their own languages (which enemy forces would be unlikely to understand) over the radian & telephones
Second New Deal
Jan 1935-Sept1935- Reorganized fed program for jobless relief. Assistance to rural poor,Supp for org labor, social welfare benefits for elder, stricker business reg, heavier taxes on wealthy.
battle for Okinawa
Japan's last defensive outpost, 1,900 kamakazie pilots used in this battle, ends on June 22nd 1945. It was used as a forecast for what an invasion of the mainland would be like.
Japanese internment
Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior., Roosevelt signed a document Feb. 19,1942 stating that all people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona, needed to be removed. Put them in internment camps because of their fear for another attack by the Japanese.
D-Day
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.
V-E day
May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered.
Braceros
Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.
NLRB
National labor Relations Board: (established by Wagner Act) Greatly enhanced power of American labor by overseeing collective bargaining; continues to arbitrate labor-management disputes today
Scottsboro Case
Nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in a small town near Scottsboro, Alabama and were arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women accused the boys of raping them, and although there was significant evidence to suggest the women were lying, an all-white jury convicted all of the boys and eight were sentenced to death. However, with the Supreme Court's decision to overturn the convictions in 1932 and with the support of an organization associated with the Communist Party, the International Labor Defense, all of the defendants eventually gained their freedom.
neutrality acts
Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations, 4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents
United Auto Workers
Out of several competing auto unions, this one was gradually emerging preeminent in the early and mid-1930s. But although ot was gaining recruits, it was making little progress in winning recognitions from the corperations. Automobile workers eployed an effective new technique for challenging corperate oppositions: the sit-down strike.
Agricultural subsidies
Payments by the federal government to producers of agricultural products for the purpose of stabilizing food prices, ensuring plentiful food production, guaranteeing farmers' basic incomes, and generally strengthening the agricultural segment of the national economies. This is important because it cheapens food and helps feed developing countries, though hurts farmers outside of hegemonic nations. US creates cheap food which leads to poor health choices, and large gap in export/import prices. Mexico and NAFTA
Life magazine
Photographic journal starting in 1936 had largest reader group in US. It had some articles on politics and economics, but it was known for photos of sports and theater, natural landscapes and public projects. A popular feature was "Life goes to a party" showing the rich and famous.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934
Plan suggested by Secretary of State Cordell Hull which authorized FDR's administration to negotiate treaties that reduced US trade tariffs up to 50% in return for a reciprocal reduction on tariffs from the other nation. Resulted in new treaties with 21 countries and 40% increase in U.S. exports, but lag in imports.
Court packing plan
President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges
Court-packing plan
President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges
Washington Conference of 1921
an effort to prevent to prevent naval armaments race between USA, Britain, and Japan. Five Power Pact, Nine Power Pact, Four Power Pact
tripartite pact
Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US
Herbert Hoover
President from 1929 to 1933, called on businesses to help solve the situation rather than the government. Americans felt he did little to help them.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
RFC was an independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration.
election of 1940
Roosevelt (dem) vs. Wendell Wilkie (rep), Roosevelt wins ; FDR had to declare that he would not send Americans to war in order to win ; greatly plagued the years before WWII ; won in a landslide ; first time a president was elected for a third term
Hoovervilles
camps built outside of major cities by people who had lost their homes during the great depression called hoovervilles because the people blamed president hoover for their situation
Henry Stimson
Secretary of War during War World II who trained 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation's industrial output and agreed to the building of the atomic bomb and the decision to use it.
General George C. Marshall
Sent by President Truman to negotiate a settlement between the Nationalists and the Communists. He was sent out of American frustration over corruption and small mindedness of the Chiang Regime. He was awarded the Nobel peace prize for his Marshall Plan to rebuild war-torn Europe.
Spanish Civil War
civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government
Party realignment
The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Was elected president of the US by an overwhelming majority in 1932, introduced the New Deal, and led the US through most of WWII.
anti-Semitism
discrimination against jews
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
This Act reversed previous Indian policy by guaranteeing religious freedom and tribal self-government and providing economic assistance.
siege of Stalingrad
Turning point in Germany's assault on Soviet Union in 1942; despite massive losses, Russians successfully defended the city; over one-third of German army surrendered.
Francis Perkins
Was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the US Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of Roosevelt's cabinet who remained in offices for his entire Presidency
Sit-down strikes
Type of strike in which striking workers refuse to leave the factories so that owners cannot replace them
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. Membership in CORE is stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world."
Securities and Exchange Commission
US government agency which oversees the operations of the stock markets which trade stocks, bonds, and other types of securities.
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955
USO
United Service Organization. Provided entertainment to the troops, and was intended to raise morale.
Dale Carnegie
United States educator famous for writing a book about how to win friends and influence people (1888-1955)
Walt Disney
United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck
Pearl Harbor
United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
John Steinbeck
United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural workers (1902-1968)
election of 1944
Year in which Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey for president and John W, Bricker (an isolationist senator) for vice president. Democrats renominated Roosevelt but changed vice president to Harry S. Truman. Roosevelt won with sweeping victory. 4th term for Roosevelt.
AAA, NRA, FERA, CCC, PWA WPA, NYA and TVA
a bunch of american organizations that represented different branches and ideas. they were groups that furthered ideas.
wartime technology
expanded greatly during the war. Axis originally had the advantage, but the Allies came to surpass them due to mass production and further investments in research. Radar, sonar, mine technology, anti-aircraft technology, more advanced bombers, and decoding technologies emerged.
Fireside chats
informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
led the Allied invasion of North African and planned and executed the D-Day invasion at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge
War of the Worlds
most famous radio broadcast to ever air; CBS; Orson Welles; science fiction story about a Martian invasion of Earth. This really freaked people out.
Broker state
term for the federal government after the New Deal that describes how the federal government mediates between various interest groups competing for advantages in the national economy
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
Breadlines
people would stand in line for hours to get free food during the Great Depression
cash-and-carry
policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.
appeasement
practice of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war
German u-boat warfare
refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and World War II. Although in theory U-boats could have been useful fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, in practice they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role (commerce raiding), enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from the British Empire and the United States to the islands of Great Britain.
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
representatives of 62 nations signed a pact in 1928 (aka Pact of Paris) to outlaw war. It was initiated by the French foreign minister Aristides Briand . Briand wanted an agreement whereby 2 countries would never go to war against each other as a ploy to draw the US into a French security system. It would mean that if France ever violated the US's neutral shipping rights, the US would not be able to declare war. Kellogg (the US representative) turned the tables by having 62 nations sign the pact. They reserved "self defense" as an escape hatch
fair employment practices
state and local laws governing eeo that are often more comprehensive than federal laws and apply to small employers
Dresden firebombing
the US Air Force and the British Air Force bombed Dresden to the ground; it was the only place not bombed yet and contained a lot of industrial factories that generated supplies for the German Army
Internationalism
the doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences
Great Depression
the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.
Okies
the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma
New Deal
the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented
Minimum Wage
the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay
Southern Tenant Farmers Union
union that argued strongly that the AAA enriched large farmers and impoverished small farmers who rented rather than owned their land.
union power
unions increased in numbers due to the large amount of new workers, but decreased in power due to the government's desire to keep production up without disruption because of that whole war thing going on
Farmers' Holiday Association
was a movement of Midwestern United States farmers who, during the Great Depression, endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market, in essence creating a farmers' strike.