APUSH Chapter 32
26th Amendment
Constitutional amendment that lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 in all elections; ratified in 1971
Hubert Humphrey
Democratic nominee for president in 1968; vice president to Johnson
Timothy Leary
Harvard professor who said "Tune in, turn on, drop out" about the hippie culture
William Calley
Lieutenant in the US Army; ordered the murder of 347 Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai in 1968; was charged but was pardoned by Nixon
Warren Burger
Nixon appointee to the Supreme Court and Chief Justice in 1970; mandated the integration of the Mississippi public schools
John Mitchell
Nixon's closest confidant; gruff attorney general who had been a senior partner in Nixon's New York law firm
Henry Kissinger
Nixon's national security adviser and later his Secretary of State; said of Nixon "Can you imagine what this man would have been like if somebody had loved him?"
Cesar Chavez
Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers; organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers; unionized Mexican-American farm workers
Mark Rudd
SDS leader at Columbia University; led hundreds of students into the president's office and classroom buildings; kidnapped a dean in protest of the university's connection to a war research institute and Columbia's recent decision to displace an African American neighborhood in order to build a new gymnasium
Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
Supreme Court case in 1969; Burger court rules a quick end to segregation of Mississippi schools
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Supreme Court case in 1971; Burger court unanimously that school systems must bus students out of their neighborhoods if necessary to achieve racially integrated schools
Milliken v . Bradley
Supreme Court case in 1974; court ruled that desegregation plans in Detroit requiring the transfer of students from the inner city to the suburbs were unconstitutional; small victory for anti-integrationists
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Supreme Court case in 1978; court restricted the use of college-admissions quotas to achieve racial balance; marked the transition of desegregation from an issue of simple justice to a more tangled thicket of conflicting group, individual, and states' rights
Roe v. Wade
Supreme court case in 1973; legalized the abortion of children during pregnancy during the first three months of pregnancy
Nguyen Van Thieu
US backed president of South Vietnam; Americans required that the North Vietnamese recognize this leader
Tom Hayden
University of Michigan student, who along with Al Haber formed Students for a Democratic Society; shared a desire to remake the United States into a more democratic society; drafted the Port Huron Statement, called for political reforms, racial equality, and workers' rights; declared that college students had the power to restore "participatory democracy" by wresting "control of the educational process from the administrative bureaucracy"; adopted the term New Left to distinguish their efforts at grassroots democracy from those of the Old Left of the thirties, which had espoused an orthodox Marxism
Al Haber
University of Michigan student, who along with Tom Hayden formed Students for a Democratic Society; shared a desire to remake the United States into a more democratic society
John Ehrlichman
a Seattle attorney and college schoolmate of Haldeman's, served as chief domestic-policy adviser
Clara Boothe Luce
a congresswoman, ambassador, journalist, and playwright, viewed the advent of the pill as a key element in the broader women's movement; said "Modern woman is at last free as a man is free, to dispose of her own body, to earn her living, to pursue the improvement of her mind, to try a successful career."
Merle Haggard
a country-and-western music star who was one of Nixon's favorite performers; sang "We don't smoke marijuana in Muskogee. We don't take our trips on LSD. We don't burn our draft cards down on Main Street. We like livin' right and bein' free."
Hells Angels
a motorcycle gang that the Rolling Stones hired for their security, leads to violence and the deaths of three people
Stonewall Inn
a popular gay bar in the heart of Greenwich Village; was raided by the New York City police; patrons fought the police and the fighting spilled out into the streets, and riots erupted throughout the weekend
Occupational Safety and Health Act
act passed in 1970 to ensure safe workplaces
Clean Air Act
act passed in 1970 to reduce air pollution on a national level.
Federal Election Campaign Act
act passed in 1971; modified the rules of campaign finance to reduce the role of corporate financial donations
Equal Rights Amendment
amendment to the constitution; gives equal rights to all groups; had been bottled up in Congress debate since the 1920s; was never ratified
Rolling Stones
band that hired Hells Angels, a motorcycle group to be their security at Altamont Speedway; during the playing of their song, "Under My Thumb", the motorcyclists beat and kill three people
Silent Spring
book by Rachel Carson in 1962; sounded the warning years earlier by graphically revealing how industries had been regularly dumping toxic chemicals and pesticides into waterways, doing incalculable ecological damage
Feminine Mystique
book written by Betty Friedan; was written after she conducted a poll and found most housewives were miserable and wanted more out of life; wanted the end of the cult of domesticity prominent in the Fifties; helped to transform the feminist movement from the clear-cut demands of suffrage and equal pay to the less-defined but more fulfilling realm of empowermen
Kent State
college where protesters had burned down the ROTC building; Ohio National Guard is called in; the untrained guardsmen shoot several students; public opinion sides with the National Guard
Columbia University
college where the climax of campus unrest reached its climax after the university decided to uproot an African-American neighborhood for a new gymnasium; protests were led by Mark Rudd
Alexander Haig
colonel, later general, who became Nixon's Chief of Staff in 1973
John Connolly
conservative Democrat senator who Nixon appointed to his cabinet
Cambodia
country that North Vietnamese were using as a sanctuary to attack South Vietnam; Nixon bombs them with 4x the force used against Japan in World War II; Congress did not know this was happening until a year later
right to life crusade
crusade led by deeply religious groups against abortions; helped ignite the conservative political resurgence in the seventies and thereafter
draft lottery system
draft system created by Nixon; eliminated many inequities and clarified the likelihood of being drafted: only nineteen-year-olds with low lottery numbers would have to go; created in 1969, and done away with in 1973 when Nixon moved to an all volunteer army
1968 Democratic National Convention
event where Democrats nominated Hubert Humphrey to succeed Johnson; anti-war protesters gathered outside; conflict arises resulting riots in the streets of Chicago
radical feminists
feminist group; took direct action, such as picketing the 1968 Miss America Pageant, burning copies of Playboy and other men's magazines, tossing their bras into "freedom cans," and assaulting gender-based discrimination in all of its forms; anti-men
Nixon Doctrine
foreign policy of Nixon; declared that the "America cannot—and will not—conceive all the plans, design all the programs, execute all the decisions, and undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world"; end of the United States being the world's policemen; Nixon stated "our interests must shape our commitments, rather than the other way around."
Daniel Ellsburg
former Defense Department official who leaked the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times
William Rogers
friend of Nixon; served as his Secretary of State after being Attorney General under Eisenhower; was quickly replaced by Henry Kissinger
American Indian Movement
group led by George Mitchell and Dennis Banks to promote "red power"; occupied Alcatraz Island by "right of discovery"; also had a sit-in at the Bureau of Indian Affairs
My Lai Massacre
gruesome tale of Lieutenant William Calley, who ordered the murder of 347 Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai in 1968; 25 officers were involved, although only Calley was charged, but Nixon pardoned
HR Halderman
imperious former advertising executive, served as Nixon's chief of staff. said, "Every President needs a son of a bitch, and I'm Nixon's. I'm his buffer, I'm his bastard"
Planned Parenthood
independent organization who distributed information on contraceptives, birth control pills, and infertility services
National Organization for Women
initially started to end gender discrimination in the workplace and went on to spearhead efforts to legalize abortion and obtain federal and state support for child-care centers
Alcatraz Island
island that the American Indian Movement took control of by "right of discovery"
Woodstock
largest of all outdoor concerts of the time period; some four hundred thousand young people converged on a six-hundred-acre farm near the tiny rural town of Bethel, New York; hippies reveled in good music, rivers of mud, cheap marijuana, and casual sex; there was little crime and virtually no violence; lots of people just cooperating
draft
main focus of students' protests after the US heightened its involvement in Vietnam; Selective Service System makes undergraduates eligible in 1966
Port Huron Statement
manifesto of Tom Hayden at a Students for a Democratic Society meeting; called for political reforms, racial equality, and workers' rights; begins with, "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit."
Richard J Daley
mayor of Chicago during the 1968 Democratic Convention riots; used extreme force to disperse the mobs; used gas and clubs on protesters and bystanders alike
birth control pill
medicine first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1960; leads to a lot more sex in college age women
Vietnam
military escalation in this country leads to massive student unrest; changes the focus of students' protests to the draft
Weather Underground
most extreme faction of the SDS after its splintering; name is derived from a Bob Dylan song; embarked on a campaign of violence and disruption, firebombing university buildings and killing innocent people—as well as several of their own by accident
new feminism
movement by women for equality in the 1960s; were inspired by the Civil rights movement; aim was to challenge the conventional cult of female domesticity that had prevailed since the fifties
back to the land movement
movement where thousands of inexperienced romantics flocked to the countryside, eager to liberate themselves from parental and institutional restraints, live in harmony with nature, and coexist in an atmosphere of love and openness; were seeking a path to more authentic living that would deepen their sense of self while pursuing a simple life of self- sufficiency
Steppenwolf
music group that declared in a popular 1968 song, "Like a true nature child/We were born, born to be wild/We have climbed so high/Never want to die."
New Left
new political strain of young people; originated when Tom Hayden and Al Haber, two University of Michigan students, formed Students for a Democratic Society; adopted the term to distinguish their efforts at grassroots democracy from those of the Left of the thirties, which had espoused an orthodox Marxism
Yippies
nickname given to the Youth International party
Abbie Hoffman
one of the leaders of the yippies said that their "conception of revolution is that it's fun."
Title IX
one of the main points of the Educational Amendments of 1972; colleges were required to institute "affirmative-action" programs to ensure equal opportunities for women in admissions and athletics
Students for a Democratic Society
organization formed by Tom Hayden and Al Haber at the University of Michigan; very much influenced by the tactics and ideals of the civil rights movement;
Gay Liberation Front
organization involved in the seeking for equality among homosexuals; was born out of the Stonewall Inn incident, which led to solidarity among the gays
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
pact between oil producing countries in the Middle East; agreed that any country that supported Israel would not be allowed to receive oil and that the price of oil was rising 400%
Youth International party
political party that was involved in the 1968 Chicago riots at the Democratic convention; distributed a leaflet at the convention calling for the immediate legalization of marijuana as well as all psychedelic drugs, student- run schools, unregulated sex, and the abolition of money
All in the Family
popular television show in the Seventies; central character, Archie Bunker, was a lower-middle-class reactionary outraged by the permissiveness of modern society and the radicalism of young people
Richard M Nixon
president elected in 1968; was hated by his parents, he had no friends, and no one truly loved him; was smart and shrewd; did not care for the ethics of his actions, just that things got done
Eleanor Smeal
president of the Feminist Majority Foundation; said "When the pill came out, it was a savior. The whole country was waiting for it. I can't even describe to you how excited people were"
Lyndon B Johnson
president who announced he would not run for reelection as president in 1968 amid public hatred for him
Susan Brownmiller
radical feminist; said the goals of the feminist movement were to "go beyond a simple concept of equality. NOW's emphasis on legislative change left the radicals cold"; leader of the radical feminist movement
Cuyahoga River
river in Ohio that was so polluted, it caught on fire for five days; led to increased public desire to protect the enviroment
Santa Barbara County
site where an oil rig exploded dumping 100,000 barrels of oil into the ocean; reached the beaches, fouling the coastline
She Decade
term for the Seventies as feminism played a large role on the decade
Sunbelt States
term for the South and Southwest after the mass migration of peoples to the region
middle America
term for the average middle- class citizens who were fed up with the liberal politics and radical culture of the sixties, according to Nixon
grape boycott
term for the boycott of grapes; led by Cesar Chavez, the United Farm Workers successfully organize a nationwide boycott of grapes; leading to the union being recognized as a bargaining tool by California corporate farmers
Woodstock Nation
term for the concert goers to Woodstock; had virtually no conflict and were very cooperative
redneck culture
term for the culture of hillbillyism in the south; featured NASCAR racing, cowboy boots, pickup trucks, and barbecue
Pentagon Papers
term for the documents leaked by Daniel Ellsburg to the press; showed that Johnson had been planning to attack Vietnam all along even as he said that he would not send troops into the country; also known as The History of the U.S. Decision-Making Process of Vietnam Policy
youth revolt
term for the massive shift in character of the teenagers that lived during the 1960s; many young people became disillusioned with government; grew out of several impulses: to challenge authority, to change the world, and to indulge in pleasures of all sorts
sexual revolution
term for the movement of the Seventies; society became more tolerant of premarital sex, and women became more sexually active; was largely contributed to by the invention of the birth control pill
free speech movement
term for the movement started by students after UC Berkeley chancellor said that no political demonstrations would occur on campus; protested on behalf of students' rights; led by Mario Savio; transformed into a revolt against authority
counterculture
term for the movement where disinterested youth turned away from politics to a society that had long hair on men and women, blue jeans, tie-dyed shirts, sandals, mind-altering drugs, rock music, and experimental living arrangements
Nixon recession
term for the recession of the economy that happened due to Nixon's decision to raise interest rates of the Federal Reserve to lower the country's money supply
Altamont Speedway
term for the site of the Woodstock recreation in San Francisco; Rolling Stones hired a motorcycle gang for their security, leads to violence and the deaths of three people
rustbelt
term for the states of Michigan, New York, Ohio, Illinois, and Pennsylvania as they lost so much business to the south after World War II
anti-war movement
term for the widespread protests of the Vietnam War by young adults who were being forced to fight in a war they did not want; leads to burning of draft cards and ways to purposely not be eligible for military service
hippies
term for those embracing the counterculture movement; direct descendants of the Beats of the 50s; did not care about revolution ideology; primarily middle-class whites alienated by the Vietnam War, racism, political corruption, parental demands, runaway technology, and a crass corporate mentality that equated the good life with material goods
multiversities
term for universities had become gigantic institutions dependent upon huge research contracts from corporations and the federal government
Vietnamization
term used by Nixon to describe the equipping and training of South Vietnamese soldiers and pilots to assume the burden of combat in place of Americans
stagflation
term used by economists to describe the unprecedented recession and inflation in Nixon's administration
Latino
term used only to describe people of Latin American origin
madman theory
term used to describe Nixon's war strategy; goal was to make the North Vietnamese believe that Nixon would do anything to end the war
Hispanic
term used to describe a Spanish-speaking individual coming to America from Spain or Latin America
law and order
theme of Nixon's campaign; as opposed to the riots of the 1968 Democratic National Covnetion
Wounded Knee
town that AIM took control in 1972; AIM was outraged by the light sentences given a group of local whites who had killed a Sioux in 1972; the organizers also sought to draw attention to the plight of the Indians living on the reservation there; including alcoholism, lack of education, and welfare dependence
George Mitchell and Dennis Banks
two Native Americans who founded the American Indian Movement
United Farm Workers
union to represent Mexican-American farm workers; lead by Cesar Chavez
Bureau of Indian Affairs
widely regarded as one of the most mismanaged of the government agencies; AIM launches a sit-in of the agency to protest their poor treatment to the Native people
Betty Friedan
writer of the Feminine Mystique in 1963; conducted a poll and discovered that despite the prevailing rhetoric about the happy suburban housewife, many well-educated women were in fact miserable; they wanted much more out of life; leads to more research, which culminated in the publication of The Feminine Mystique; helped to transform the feminist movement from the clear-cut demands of suffrage and equal pay to the less-defined but more fulfilling realm of empowermen