APUSH Chapter 9

Which court case stated that states cannot take land from the entities that own it and that contracts are legally binding?

Dartmouth

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants This policy was bad news for the many Irish and German immigrants that came to the US.

Explain the phenomena of urbanization. Where were the big cities?

As industry and trade dramatically increased, so did America's urban population. Urban centers had jobs, and people wanted jobs. Big cities sprung up either nearby water, or in places where goods were transferred from one mode of transport to another.

Which court case stated that only the Federal Government can sell off lands and the states do not have the right to sell land?

Fletcher

Waltham Plan

(mk'/KI[ ? <---- that's what my cat had to say about the Waltham Plan when she sat on my computer) -Seriously though, this is a plan made my Lowell. Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house for the girls who worked in his factory. He hired girls because they could do the job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), and he didn't have to pay them as much. He hired only unmarried women because they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties.

Factory System

-A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building to increase efficiency -Imagine getting your homework done if your textbook and laptop were in different houses and you had to do the work separately or commute to the different locations. Now, imagine your homework weights a thousand pounds and that it being completed is how you'll pay to feed your 4 hungry children. Stressful? Inefficient? This is why people started to choose the factory system.

Francis Lowell

-A wealthy Boston merchant who toured British textile mills -He wasn't just touring to enjoy himself, he was touring so that he could secretly make detailed drawings of the machines and have Paul Moody, an experienced American mechanic, recreate them and make them better. -Basically he was a charming and sneaky devil that fooled the British and stole their ideas so that he could bring them back to America and profit off of them

Erie Canal

-An artificial waterway completed in 1825 connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo -It was an instant economic success, but it also destroyed the environment. Millions of trees were cut down to provide wood for the buildings that sprung up around the canal and clear up land for growing crops and grazing animals. This stripped land was extremely susceptible to erosion. -It was a big deal, and it cost lots of money to build. However, since it would be so cost-effective in the long run, the majority of people in the area completely supported building the Erie Canal. Very few of these people actually helped to build it though. Most workers on the Erie Canal were Irish immigrants that took on an insane amount of strenuous labor. -The success this canal brought prompted other areas to build more and more canals

Mechanics

-Britain saw how effective American manufacturers were becoming and became scared. They ended up banning the emigration of British mechanics who knew how to build these effective machines. -British mechanics were often lured by high wages offered in America and disguised themselves as ordinary laborers and set sail for the US anyways

Industrial Revolution

-Came to the US between 1790 and 1820 -Merchants and manufacturers reorganized work routines and built factories -Rapid construction of turnpikes, canals, and railroads that were being built by state governments and private entrepreneurs working together in the Commonwealth system allowed manufactures to be sold throughout the US -Goods that once had been luxury items became a part of everyday life

Clermont & steamboats

-Clermont is the name of the first steamboat ever, which was built by Robert Fulton, and was navigated up the Hudson River in 1807-However, the first steamboats could not navigate in shallow western rivers. The design of steamboats later changed to allow them to navigate shallow waters while still increasing their cargo capacity.

Division of Labor

-Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers -Greatly increased efficiency and output during the Industrial Revolution -Cut the price of goods because it became so much cheaper and more efficient to make them

Post Office Act of 1792

-Following this, the mail system grew rapidly. In 30 years thee number of post offices rose from 800 to more than 8000

Cyrus McCormick

-Invented the mechanical reaper, a tool that allowed for farmers in the West to quickly and efficiently harvest 6x the grain they could harvest by hand. -This invention vastly increased the amount of wheat available for export to markets in the East and in Europe

Robert Fulton

-Invented the steamboat

John Deere

-Invented the steel plow -This invention changed farming significantly -He used mass production to produce these plows

Business Elite (Upper Class)

-Manufacturers, merchants, bankers, and landlords -Super rich -By 1860 the richest 10% owned nearly 70% of the wealth -Taxes favored these people, so they just kept getting richer and richer -At first, the business elite and the poor farmers had very similar interests and lives. After the Industrial Revolution, these two groups of people moved to different areas and lived very different lives. People in the upper class soon started to look down on people in classes below them and go out of their way to distinguish themselves from the lower classes.

How did New York become the biggest industrial and commercial center in the US?

-New York was a center of small-scale manufacturing and the clothing industry, both of which relied on the labor of thousands of low-paid workers. -New York also had a dominant position in foreign and domestic trade. It had the best harbor in the US and was the best gateway to the West for immigrants and manufacturers thanks to the Erie Canal

Charles Grandison Finney

-Not part of the traditional religious elite -Conducted emotional revival meetings that stressed conversion rather than instruction or discipline -believed God would welcome any sinner who submitted to the Holy Spirit greatly accelerated the Second Great Awakening (The wave of Protestant revivalism that had begun after the Revolution)

Mass Production

-Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply -John Deere used mass production to manufacture steel plows that were strong and helpful

Market Revolution

-The expansion of the integration of markets -People bought and sold goods rather than making them for their own use

Middle Class

-The social product of the economic revolution -Farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, traders, lawyers, contractors, and surveyors -Common man -Had enough money to live very well, but they weren't super rich

What was life like for the poor in Antebellum America (use specifics!)?

-They were forced to move into bad neighborhoods and tiny apartments in the basements and attics of small houses -Many were severely depressed, so they sought solace in alcohol. -Fistfights, brawls, and robberies were common

Compare and contrast British and American manufacturing advantages:

British: -had cheap transatlantic shipping and low interest rates -could receive cotton from the US, make it into cloth, ship it back to the US and sell it for a very cheap price -these very cheap prices put small American firms out of business (Remember: If you could buy a T-shirt that was made in Britain for $5 or buy that same shirt that was made in the US for $35, which one would you buy?) -very large population in general and also of poor laborers who were willing to be paid next to nothing American: -had help from the federal government. Congress basically made it really expensive to import stuff from Britain, therefore leaving the market in the US full of American products -abundance of natural resources -fast rivers that could power the machinery in factories

When are societies especially likely to discriminate and persecute poor immigrants?

During times of financial panic. After the Panic of 1819, people were especially terrible towards immigrants because they wanted to protect their economy and they believed that these immigrants were somehow responsible for destroying the economy despite not having even been there when the economy was in downfall

Eli Whitney (beyond the cotton gin)

Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.

Which court case stated that only the Federal Government can be in charge of inter-state trade or commerce?

Gibbons

How did cotton link the entire US in the Antebellum Period?

It promoted diversified economies in the Northeast and Midwest. Even though the South was not efficient in the way they harvested cotton and were very cruel to their slaves, the economy and world wanted cotton so bad that the cotton industry still generated an insane amount of money.

What was the role of free will in Finney's sermons?

It was attractive to members of the new middle class, who had already chosen to improve their material lives. It also helped convert rude rich people and hopeless poor people It basically helped convert people and gave people hope that if they worked hard and did their best, they could be successful in the material and spiritual world. It basically was like that one teacher that gives everyone a gold star for trying and doing their best

What was the ironic part of the Battle of New Orleans?

It was fought 2 weeks after the peace treaty had technically been signed. The war was over

Canals

Man-made waterways built to connect cities and rivers Long-distance travel overland was slow and expensive, especially with products. The creation of canals across the US made shipping products significantly cheaper

Irish Immigration

Many Irish immigrants were Catholic, and many of them were very poor. They looked to religion in times of hardship and sorrow. They took jobs as factory hands, construction workers, canal diggers, and domestic servants. They were the first to die when disease struck because they couldn't afford to live in places with better living conditions and they couldn't afford medical help when they got sick.

Why the rise in mechanic's institutes in the Antebellum Period?

Many mechanics were very skilled in their crafts, but didn't have formal education. These institutes taught and celebrated mechanics and encouraged innovation.

Which especially famous court case gave the Judicial Branch significantly more power in the Federal Government? What was this power?

Marbury v Madison. The power of Judicial Review

What were two "distinguishing marks" of the middle class?

Material comfort Moral and mental discipline

Which court case stated that taxes only run one direction and the states cannot tax the Federal Government?

McCulloch

Why is anti-Catholicism central to Nativism?

Most immigrants were Catholic. Historically speaking, when there have been economic issues in a society, people in that society love to point fingers at minorities with little social power. To Catholic immigrants, this was a double-whammy. They were minorities in the fact that they were immigrants and in the fact that they were Catholic. These Catholic immigrants were hated for "'stealing jobs" and "driving down wages" Many butt-hurt Protestants organized nativist clubs, which called for limits on immigration

Why initially were labor unions regarded as illegal?`

One judge claimed that unions were "a government unto themselves," and unlawfully interfered with an employer's authority over his servant and with workers. who wanted to bargain for their own wages and working conditions.

How did bringing Maine into the Union as a free state help admit Missouri as a slave state into the Union?

People were concerned that admitting only Missouri would create an imbalance in the Senate between free and slave states. Admitting only Missouri would give slave states more power in Senate. Maine wanted to break off from Massachusetts anyways, so the Federal Government admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state to make sure the Senate remained equal and that the slave states did not have too much power

Transportation Revolution

Rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel that helped spur on a market revolution and a great migration of people. To lure people west, the Federal Government made land there super cheap. It definitely worked. These people needed to be connected to each other, so state governments chartered private companies to build turnpikes.

Benevolent Empire

Restoring moral government was the main goal by reducing the intake of alcohol and eliminating adultery, prostitution, and crime. -Instead of trying to preach and yell at people to get these things to go away, they actually went out into the world and volunteered in hopes to help those in need and eliminate evil in society -They wanted to help people, not kill them or punish them -Women played a crucial role in the Benevolent Empire. Wealthy women funded or sponsored charitable organizations that helped the poor and gave countless jobs to women in lower classes

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the demise of artisan craftsmanship?

Small artisans could no longer compete with the low prices of the manufactured goods flooding the markets. These workers could no longer sell their products and earn money, which lead to them slowly becoming less and less common.

What invention especially helped the states in the South prosper economically?

The Cotton Gin

What invention especially helped the states in the West prosper economically?

The Mechanical Reaper (similar to the cotton gin in the South, but is for wheat instead)

What invention especially helped the states in the North prosper economically?

The factory system and Lowell factories

How did industrialization cut down on labor costs and overall price?

The machines made it so much easier, quicker, and more efficient to make goods that companies could afford to cut down labor costs and the overall price.

Temperance

The temperance movement was very very effective. They promoted group confession and prayer, a focus on the family and the spiritual role of women, and emotional conversion. Many people were so moved by this movement that the consumption of spirits fell dramatically This movement spoke to people in the lower classes and gave them hope

Interchangeable Parts

These are mentioned at the very beginning of the chapter when the example of Terry the clock manufacturing wizard is being used. It mentions that new machines during the Industrial Revolution made interchangeable metal parts that could drive down the price of a clock. Basically, interchangeable parts revolutionized manufacturing and changed the way things could be priced because things became so much cheaper to make

Wage Earners

These workers didn't labor "under themselves" and labored under the control and direction of their employers. They did not embrace factory work like women did. I don't really know what else Knierim is looking for?

What did the use of machine tools add to the industrial equation?

They allowed for more machine parts to be compatible and interchangeable. This meant it was no longer a huge and expensive ordeal if a machine part broke. It helped manufacturers make even more money and be even more efficient

How did railroads make the city of Chicago?

They allowed for the transportation of wheat, hogs, and cattle to Chicago. These things helped Chicago grow and prosper

How did the Waltham Plan offer a level of independence to New England farm girls?

They could now try to support themselves or pay off their father's farm mortgages, send their brothers to school, or accumulate a dowry for themselves. Basically, they could use the money they earned for things instead of being financially dependent on others. -Some of these young women spent this money on plays, concerts, lectures, and trips to Boston (after they paid for food and lodging of course). Who knew that women have feelings, desires, passion, and talent?? What kind of crazy idea is that? <-- Intense sarcasm please don't attack me

How did the business elite differentiate from the lower classes socially?

They dressed in well-tailored clothes, rode in fancy carriages, lived in expensive houses tended by butlers, cooks, and other servants. They no longer socialized with those of lesser wealth or worked with them

What was so revolutionary about steamboats?

They significantly improved interregional transportation and spurred on manufacturing. They increased the flow of goods, people, and news to the Midwest.

Why were Irish immigrants discriminated against? What term describes the way of thinking that Knierim believes is coming back into American minds that was used against these immigrants?

They were poor and immigrants, and Americans don't like either of those things. Nativism: the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. This way of thinking was used against the Irish immigrants, and it is safe to say that this way of thinking may be coming back.

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the rise of labor unions?

Unions formed out of the growing unrest with working conditions and low pay. However, unions were illegal. Unions still formed out of what many considered necessity, given that companies were a) forcing people to work 12 hour shifts with no break and b) making an insane amount of money while still paying their workers very little.

Which court case ruled that because the Cherokee Nation was a separate political entity they could not be regulated by the state?

Worchester

Ask Mr. Robinson to compare/contrast Irish/German immigration seeing how Henretta couldn't do it.

You heard the man. Or we can just... you know... ask Knierim... because he's also a history teacher? Based on what we know from lecture, Irish immigrants were discriminated against much more than the German immigrants were. Both groups of people lived among themselves because they were unwanted in other communities. Irish immigrants came because of the Potato Famine, whereas German immigrants came because there was political unrest in Germany