APUSH Chapters 10-27, 31, 32, 33

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Sharp economic decline that increased northern demands for a high tariff and convinced southerners that the North was economically vulnerable

Panic of 1857

Philosophical and literary movement, centered in New England, that greatly influenced many American writers of the early nineteenth century

Transcendentalism

T/F: The Hartford Convention's flirtation with secession during the War of 1812 left a taint of treason that contributed to the death of the Federalist party.

True.

T/F: The Jacksonians practiced their belief that because all citizens were equal, anyone could hold public positions without particular qualifications.

True.

T/F: The Kansas-Nebraska Act wrecked the Compromise of 1850 and created deep divisions within the Democratic Party.

True.

T/F: The Mormon church migrated to the Utah frontier to escape persecution and to establish its tightly organized cooperative social order without persecution.

True.

T/F: The Pierce administration's expansionist efforts in Central America, Cuba, and the Gadsden Purchase were basically designed to serve southern proslavery interests.

True.

T/F: The Republican Party was initially organized as a northern protest movement against Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act.

True.

T/F: The Second Great Awakening reversed the trends toward religious indifference and rationalism of the late eighteenth century.

True.

T/F: The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was considered most radical for issuing the demand for women's right to vote.

True.

T/F: The Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa successfully organized a great Indian confederacy aimed at stemming white expansion and reviving Indian culture.

True.

T/F: The South was enraged by many northerners' celebration of John Brown as a martyr.

True.

T/F: The Whig Party disappeared because its northern and southern wings were too deeply split over the Fugitive Slave Law and other sectional issues.

True.

T/F: The child-centered family developed in the early nineteenth century partly because Americans deliberately limited the number of their children.

True.

T/F: The election of 1860 was really two campaigns, Lincoln versus Douglas in the North and Bell versus Breckinridge in the South.

True.

T/F: The first American political parties grew mainly out of the debate over Hamilton's fiscal policies and U.S. foreign policy toward Europe.

True.

T/F: The first political rebellion against the new United States government was by frontier whiskey distillers who hated Hamilton's excise tax on alcohol.

True.

T/F: The growing cheapness and speed of transatlantic steamships made the United States the preferred destination for European immigrants.

True.

T/F: The growth of the market economy increasingly undermined the family's role as a self-sufficient producing unit and made the home a place of refuge from work.

True.

T/F: The key role of women in American reform movements was undergirded by a growing feminization of the churches that spawned many efforts at social improvement.

True.

T/F: The last election based on the old elitist political system was the four-way presidential campaign of 1824 involving Jackson, Clay, Crawford, and John Quincy Adams.

True.

T/F: The outcome of the Mexican War became a source of continuing bad feeling between the United States and much of Latin America.

True.

T/F: The overwhelming American military victory over Mexico led some expansionist Americans to call for the United States to take over all of Mexico.

True.

T/F: The powerful Cherokees of the southeastern United States fiercely resisted white efforts to alter their traditional culture and way of life.

True.

T/F: The primary force threatening American national security and unity in the 1790s were the international wars set off by the French Revolution.

True.

T/F: The primary purpose for establishing taxpayer-supported free public schools was to educate all citizens for participation in democracy, without regard to wealth.

True.

T/F: The provision of the Compromise of 1850 that aroused the fiercest northern opposition was the Fugitive Slave Law.

True.

T/F: The southern planter aristocracy was strongly attracted to medieval cultural ideals.

True.

T/F: The violence in Kansas was provoked by both radical abolitionists and militant proslavery forces who sought to control the territory.

True.

T/F: The works of Walt Whitman, such as Leaves of Grass, revealed his love of democracy, the frontier, and the common people.

True.

Period between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, during which the ineffectual President Buchanan passively stood by as seven states seceded

"Lame-Duck" Period

Price paid by the United States for the Louisiana Purchase

$15 million

Hamilton's policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states

Assumption

Line designated as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise

36 30 (Southern boundary of Missouri)

Northern boundary of Oregon territory jointly occupied with Britain, advocated by Democratic party and others as the desired line of American expansion

54 40

A key event that forced Napoleon to abandon his dreams of a French New World empire and instead sell Louisiana to the United States was a. a successful slave revolt that overthrew French rule in Santo Domingo. b. the widespread Spanish rebellion against French imperial rule. c. his army's defeat and retreat amidst the winter snows of Russia. d. the growing American military threat to seize New Orleans by force. e. the failed rebellion of the French population in Canada against British rule.

A large portion of the profits from the South's cotton growing went to a. northern traders and European cloth manufacturers. b. southern and northern slave traders. c. southern textile industrialists. d. Midwestern farmers and cattlemen. e. small cotton growers.

Among the major sources of the tension between Britain and the United States in the 1840s was a. American involvement in Canadian rebellions and border disputes. b. British support for American abolitionists. c. American anger at British default on canal and railroad loans. d. American intervention in the British West Indies. e. American involvement in the prohibited international slave trade.

Besides admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, the Missouri Compromise provided that a. slavery would not be permitted anywhere in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri, except in Missouri itself. b. the number of proslavery and antislavery members of the House of Representatives would be kept permanently equal. c. the international slave trade would be permanently ended. d. slavery would be gradually ended in the District of Columbia. e. the United States would promote the settlement of free blacks in Liberia.

Besides creating a pan-Indian military alliance against white expansion, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) urged American Indians to a. resist the whites' culture and alcohol and revive traditional Indian cultures. b. demonstrate their legal ownership of the lands that whites were intruding upon. c. adopt the whites' culture and technology as a way of resisting their further expansion. d. declare independence and form an alliance with Spain. e. abandon their tribes and develop a single Indian language and government.

Besides the hostility and ridicule it suffered from most men, the pre-Civil War women's movement failed to make large gains because a. it was overshadowed by the larger and seemingly more urgent antislavery movement. b. women were unable to establish any effective organization to advance their cause. c. several prominent feminist leaders were caught up in personal and sexual scandals. d. it became bogged down in pursuing trivial issues like changing women's fashions. e. most ordinary women could not see any advantage to gaining equal rights.

Besides their practice of polygamy, the Mormons aroused hostility from many Americans because of a. their cooperative economic practices that ran contrary to American economic individualism. b. their efforts to convert members of other denominations to Mormonism. c. their populous settlement in Utah , which posed the threat of a breakaway republic in the West. d. their practice of baptizing the dead without the permission of living relatives. e. the political ambitions of their leaders Joseph Smith and Brigham Young

By the 1850s, most northerners could be described as a. opposed to slavery but also hostile to immediate abolitionists. b. fervently in favor of immediate abolition. c. sympathetic to white southern arguments in defense of slavery. d. eager to let the slaveholding South break apart the Union. e. hostile to the slave trade but tolerant of slavery.

Compared to European immigration to other countries like Australia and Argentina, immigrants to the United States were a. from a greater diversity of European countries. b. more affluent. c. primarily from European urban centers rather than rural areas. d. English-speaking. e. politically liberal or radical.

During the campaign of 1860, Abraham Lincoln and the Republican party a. opposed the expansion of slavery but did not threaten to attack slavery in the South. b. waged a national campaign to win votes in the South as well as the Midwest and the Northeast. c. promised, if elected, to seek peaceful, compensated abolition of slavery in the South. d. were forced to be cautious about limiting the expansion of slavery because of Stephen A. Douglas's threats to support secession. e. focused entirely on the slavery question.

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin a. was strongly rooted in religiously based antislavery sentiments. b. argued that nonslaveholding whites suffered the most from slavery. c. helped northerners understand that southerners disliked the cruelty of slavery. d. was based on Stowe's extensive personal experience with slavery in the Deep South. e. portrayed black slaves as seething with anger and potential violence.

Henry Clay lost the election of 1844 to James Polk primarily because a. his attempt to straddle the Texas annexation issue lost him votes to the antislavery Liberty party in New York. b. his strong stand for expansion in Texas and Oregon raised fears of war with Britain. c. he supported lower tariffs and an independent Treasury system. d. he lacked experience in presidential politics. e. Polk persuaded voters that Clay would not aggressively seek to acquire California for the United States.

In early nineteenth-century America, almost all the women who worked for wages in the new factories were a. young and single. b. middle aged. c. Irish or German immigrants. d. skilled workers. e. exploited by their husbands as well as factory owners.

In promoting his policy of Indian removal, President Andrew Jackson a. defied rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court that favored the Cherokees. b. admitted that the action would destroy Native American culture and society. c. acted against the advice of his cabinet and his military commanders in the Southeast. d. tried to split the Cherokees apart from their allies such as the Creeks and Seminoles. e. was convinced that the Indians would better thrive in Oklahoma.

In the immediate aftermath of the successful Texas Revolution a. Texas petitioned to join the United States but was refused admission. b. Texas joined the United States as a slave state. c. Mexico and the United States agreed to a joint protectorate over Texas. d. Britain threatened the United States with war over Texas. e. the Texas government sought to expand westward to the Pacific.

Industrialization was, at first, slow to arrive in America because a. there was a shortage of labor, capital, and consumers. b. low tariff rates invited foreign imports. c. the country lacked the educational system necessary to develop technology. d. the country lacked a patent system to guarantee investors the profits from new machines. e. most American consumers preferred hand-crafted goods.

Lincoln rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise primarily because a. it left open the possibility that slavery could expand south into Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean. b. it permitted the further extension of slavery north of the line of 36° 30΄. c. it represented essentially the continuation of Douglas's popular sovereignty doctrine. d. the Supreme Court would probably have ruled it unconstitutional. e. it would have restored a permanent equal balance of slave and free states within the Union.

One major consequence of the outlawing of the international slave trade by Britain and the United States was a. a boom in slave trading inside the United States. b. a complete end to the importation of any slaves from African into the United States. c. a decline in the growth of the American slave population. d. slaveowners' growing support for black family life so that natural reproduction would increase. e. a movement to end the domestic U.S. slave trade as well.

One primary cause of women's subordination in nineteenth-century America was a. the cult of domesticity that sharply separated women's sphere of the home from that of men in the workplace. b. women's primary involvement in a host of causes other than that of their own rights. c. the higher ratio of females to males in many communities. d. the prohibition against women's participation in religious activities. e. the widespread belief that women were morally inferior to men.

Popular sovereignty was the idea that a. the government of each new territory should be elected by the people. b. the American public should have a popular vote on whether to admit states with or without slavery. c. presidential candidates should be nominated by popular primaries rather than party conventions. d. the United States should assume popular control of the territory acquired from Mexico. e. the people of a territory should determine for themselves whether or not to permit slavery.

President Madison's primary goal in asking Congress to declare war against Britain in 1812 was to a. restore confidence in America's republican experiment by fighting against British disrespect for American rights. b. halt Tecumseh's successful Indian revolt and alliance with the British. c. conquer Canada and incorporate it into the United States. d. end the British practice of impressing American seamen into the British navy. e. reinforce the Republican party's patriotism and undermine Federalist power in New England.

Regarding the French Revolution, most Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans believed that a. even the extreme violence of the Reign of Terror was regrettable but necessary. b. the overthrow of the king was necessary, but the Reign of Terror went much too far. c. the Revolution should be supported by American military aid if necessary. d. the French Revolution represented a complete distortion of American Revolutionary ideals of liberty. e. its political goals were valid but its atheistic attack on Christianity was unjustified

The African American family under slavery was a. generally stable and mutually supportive. b. almost nonexistent. c. largely female-dominated. d. seldom able to raise children to adulthood. e. more stable on the small farms of the upper South than on large plantations.

The British finally agreed to concede to the United States the disputed Oregon territory between the Columbia River and the forty-ninth parallel because a. they did not really want to fight a war over territory that American settlers might overrun. b. they recognized that the Lewis and Clark expedition has established America's prior claim to the territory. c. they determined that their own harbors at Vancouver and Victoria, British Columbia, were superior to those on Puget Sound. d. the Americans had concentrated superior military and naval forces in the region. e. the Hudson's Bay Company no longer considered the area economically valuable.

The conflict over slavery following the election of 1852 led shortly to the a. death of the Whig party. b. death of the Democratic party. c. death of the Republican party. d. rise of the Free Soil party. e. takeover of the Whig party by proslavery elements.

The deep disagreement between Hamilton and Jefferson over the proposed Bank of the United States was over whether a. the Constitution granted the federal government the power to establish such a bank. b. it would be economically wise to create a bank-guaranteed national currency. c. the bank should be under the control of the federal government or the states. d. such a Bank violated the Bill of Rights. e. the Bank should be a private institution or an agency of the federal government.

The fanatical abolitionist John Brown made his first entry into violent antislavery politics by a. killing five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas. b. organizing a slave rebellion in Missouri. c. leading an armed raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. d. organizing an armed militia of blacks and whites to conduct escaped slaves to Canada. e. soliciting funds from abolitionists intellectuals in Massachusetts to finance a slave revolt.

The greatest political beneficiary of the Louisiana Purchase was a. Thomas Jefferson. b. Aaron Burr. c. the Federalist party. d. Napoleon. e. the American military.

The greatest winner in the Compromise of 1850 was a. the North. b. the South. c. the Whig party. d. the border states. e. President Millard Fillmore.

The new regional division of labor created by improved transportation meant that the South specialized in a. cotton, the West in grain and livestock, and the East in manufacturing. b. manufacturing, the West in transportation, and the East in grain and livestock. c. cotton, the West in manufacturing, and the East in finance. d. grain and livestock, the West in cotton, and the East in transportation. e. manufacturing, the West in cotton, and the East in communications.

The northern political leader who successfully defended the Amistad slave rebels and overturned the Gag Resolution in Congress was a. congressman and former president John Quincy Adams. b. black abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass. c. Senator Daniel Webster. d. religious revivalist Theodore Dwight Weld. e. Illinois state legislator and congressman Abraham Lincoln.

The original impetus for declaring the Monroe Doctrine came from a. a British proposal that America join Britain in guaranteeing the independence of the Latin American republics. b. the growing British threat to intervene in Latin America. c. the American desire to gain new territory in the Caribbean and Central America. d. the Austrian Prince Metternich's plans to establish new European colonies in the Americas. e. Spain's crushing of the new Latin American republics' independence.

The transcendentalist writers such as Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller stressed the ideas of a. inner truth and individual self-reliance. b. political democracy and economic progress. c. personal guilt and fear of death. d. love of chivalry and return to the medieval past. e. religious tradition and social reform.

Under the terms of the Compromise of 1850 a. California was admitted to the Union as a free state, and the issue of slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories would be left up to popular sovereignty. b. California was admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico as slave states. c. California, Utah, and New Mexico were kept as territories but with slavery prohibited. d. New Mexico and Texas were admitted as slave states and Utah and California as free states. e. the South and North agreed that the number of slave and free states should remain equal.

Which of the following was not among the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase? a. The geographical and scientific discoveries of the Lewis and Clark expedition b. The weakening of the power of the presidency in foreign affairs c. The precedent of incorporating foreign territory and populations into the United States through peaceful purchase d. The pursuit of isolationism as America's primary foreign policy outlook e. The opportunity of westward expansion and growth of the United States as a great power

Garrisonian abolitionist organization, founded in 1833, that included the eloquent Wendell Phillips among its leaders

American Anti-Slavery Society

Organization founded in 1817 to transport American blacks back to Africa

American Colonization Society

Henry Clay's ambitious nationalistic proposal for a federal banking system, higher tariffs, and internal improvements to help develop American manufacturing and trade

American Plan

Theodore Dwight Weld's powerful antislavery book

American Slavery As It Is

Spanish slave ship, seized by revolting African slaves, that led to a dramatic U.S. Supreme Court case that freed the slaves.

Amistad

Strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Gag Resolution (Gag Rule)

Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of nominating presidential candidates in the election campaign of 1831-1832

Anti-Masonic Party

Outbreak of fighting between American and Canadian lumberjacks over disputed Maine boundary

Aroostook War

A crucial foreign policy goal for many war hawks in the War of 1812 was the a. end of all Spanish colonization in the Americas. b. capture and annexation of Canada. c. conquest and settlement of Texas. d. destruction of the British navy. e. conquest of Spanish Florida.

A key addition to the new federal government that had been demanded by many critics of the Constitution and others in the ratifying states was a. a cabinet to advise the president. b. a written bill of rights to guarantee liberty. c. a supreme court. d. federal assumption of state debts. e. a federal district where the capital would be located.

By 1840, cotton had become central to the whole American economy because a. the United States was still largely an agricultural nation. b. cotton exports provided much of the capital that fueled American economic growth. c. the North became the largest market for southern cotton production. d. western expansion depended on continually increasing the acreage devoted to cotton. e. northern agricultural products like wheat and corn could not be grown for a profit.

Congressman Preston Brooks beat Senator Charles Sumner nearly to death on the Senate floor because a. Sumner had helped to fund John Brown's violent activities in Kansas. b. Sumner had used abusive language to describe the South and a South Carolina senator. c. Sumner had personally blocked the admission of Kansas to the Union as a slave state. d. Sumner had threatened to kill Brooks if he had the opportunity. e. Democrats believed that Sumner would be a dangerous Republican candidate for president.

Hamilton's first financial policies were intended to a. finance the new government through the sale of western lands. b. fund the national debt and to have the federal government assume the debts owed by the states. c. repudiate the debts accumulated by the government of the Articles of Confederation. d. insure that low federal taxes would spur economic growth. e. guarantee that the dollar would become a sound and respected international currency.

In the 1790s, the powerful Miami Indians led by Little Turtle battled with the U.S. Army for control of a. Lake Erie and Lake Huron. b. the Ohio territory. c. Kentucky. d. hunting rights west of the Appalachians. e. Florida.

It appeared that the Compromise of 1850 would fail to be enacted into law when a. Senator John C. Calhoun agreed that the Compromise was the best solution available. b. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died and the new president Fillmore backed the Compromise. c. Senator William Seward stated that a higher law demanded preservation of the Union. d. violence between radical abolitionists and southern fire-eaters made Congress realize compromise was essential. e. Henry Clay persuaded President Taylor to reverse his opposition to the Compromise.

Jefferson military policy and budgets were centered on a. a large naval force that could compete with the British navy. b. several hundred small gunboats that could protect American shores without provoking international wars. c. a strong system of forts along the coast and across the frontier West. d. effectively training and equipping the state militias so they could be called into service if needed. e. expanding the military academy at West Point and developing a substantial corps of professionally trained officers.

Jefferson was forced to reverse his strong opposition to maintaining any substantial American military because of a. growing French intervention in Santo Domingo and Louisiana. b. the plunder and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states. c. the threat to America posed by the British-French wars. d. the charge by his Federalist opponents that his dislike of the military was unpatriotic. e. the spreading Indian attacks in the West.

Most slaveowners treated their slaves as a. objects to be beaten and brutalized as often as possible. b. economically profitable investments. c. members of their extended family. d. potential converts to evangelical Christianity. e. sexual objects.

One Federalist policy that Jefferson quickly overturned was a. funding and assumption. b. the excise tax. c. the Bank of the United States. d. the protective tariff. e. the Judiciary Act.

One of the key components of the sectional Missouri Compromise negotiated by Henry Clay was a. a guarantee that there would always be an equal number of slave and free states. b. a congressional prohibition on slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri. c. the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Iowa as a free state. d. a guarantee that no new slave territories could be added to the United States. e. prohibition of the international slave trade and restrictions on slave trading with the United States. `

One political development that demonstrated the power of the new popular democratic movement in politics was a. the rise of the caucus system of presidential nominations. b. the use of party loyalty as the primary qualification for appointing people to public office. c. extensive public speaking tours by presidential candidates. d. the strong support for public schools and a national university. e. the vigorous campaign to abolish the electoral college.

One significant international consequence of the War of 1812 was a. a growth of good relations between the United States and Britain. b. a growth of Canadian patriotism and nationalism. c. the spread of American ideals of liberty to much of western Europe. d. increased American attention to the threat of attack from European nations. e. an American turn toward seeking continental European allies such as France or Prussia.

Some southeastern Indian tribes like the Cherokees were notable for their a. effectiveness in warfare against encroaching whites. b. development of effective agricultural, educational, and political institutions. c. success in persuading President Jackson to support their cause. d. adherence to traditional Native American cultural and religious values. e. consistent opposition to slavery and racism.

Southerners were particularly enraged by the John Brown affair because a. so many slaves had joined the insurrection. b. northerners' celebration of Brown as a martyr seemed to indicate their support for slave insurrection. c. Brown had used vicious language to describe southerners and their way of life. d. Brown escaped punishment by pleading insanity. e. prominent Republican leaders like William Seward and Abraham Lincoln expressed admiration for Brown.

The Gadsden Purchase was fundamentally designed to a. enable the United States to guarantee control of California. b. permit the construction of a transcontinental railroad along a southern route. c. block Mexican raids into Arizona and New Mexico. d. serve the political interests of Senator Stephen Douglas. e. divert attention from the Pierce administration's secret plan to seize Cuba.

The United States became involved in an undeclared war with France in 1797 because of a. fierce American opposition to the concessions of Jay's Treaty. b. American anger at attempted French bribery of American diplomats in the XYZ Affair. c. French interference with American shipping and freedom of the seas. d. President Adams's sympathy with Britain and hostility to Revolutionary France. e. France's refusal to sell New Orleans and Louisiana.

The Whiskey Rebellion proved to be most significant in the long run because it a. showed that the tariff was a more effective producer of revenue than the excise tax. b. showed that the new federal government would use force if necessary to uphold its authority. c. demonstrated that the American military could suppress a powerful domestic rebellion. d. showed the strength of continuing antifederalist hostility to the new constitutional government. e. showed that Americans would not tolerate federal taxation of their alcohol, tobacco, and firearms.

The conflict between President Tyler and Whig leaders like Henry Clay took place over issues of a. slavery and expansion. b. banking and tariff policy. c. foreign policy. d. agriculture and transportation policy. e. Whig party leadership and patronage.

The crucial Freeport Question that Lincoln demanded that Douglas answer during their debates was whether a. secession from the Union was legal. b. the people of a territory could prohibit slavery in light of the Dred Scott decision. c. Illinois should continue to prohibit slavery. d. Kansas should be admitted to the Union as a slave or a free state. e. Douglas still supported the brutal Fugitive Slave Law as part of the Compromise of 1850.

The direct cause of the Mexican War was a. American refusal to pay Mexican claims for damages caused by the Texas war for independence. b. Mexico's refusal to sell California to the United States. c. they determined that their own harbors at Vancouver and Victoria, British Columbia, were superior to those on Puget Sound. d. the Americans had concentrated superior military and naval forces in the region. e. the Hudson's Bay Company no longer considered the area economically valuable. 9. Henry Clay lost the election of 1844 to James Polk primarily because a. his attempt to straddle the Texas annexation issue lost him votes to the antislavery Liberty party in New York. b. his strong stand for expansion in Texas and Oregon raised fears of war with Britain. c. he supported lower tariffs and an independent Treasury system. d. he lacked experience in presidential politics. e. Polk persuaded voters that Clay would not aggressively seek to acquire California for the United States. 10. The direct cause of the Mexican War was a. American refusal to pay Mexican claims for damages caused by the Texas war for independence. b. Mexico's refusal to sell California to the United States. c. Mexican support for the antislavery movement in Texas. d. American determination to conquer and annex northern Mexico. e. Mexican anger at American discrimination against Latinos in Texas.

The immediate effect of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was issued was a. a rise in tension between the United States and the major European powers. b. very small. c. a close alliance between the United States and the Latin American republics. d. a series of clashes between the American and British navies. e. a declaration by Russia that it would not attempt to colonize Oregon and California.

The major domestic consequence of the Mexican War was a. the decline of the Democratic party. b. a sharp revival of the issue of slavery. c. a large influx of Mexican immigrants into the southwestern United States. d. a significant increase in taxes to pay the costs of the war. e. a public revulsion against the doctrines of Manifest Destiny and expansionism.

The major promoter of an effective tax-supported system of free public education for all American children was a. Mary Lyons. b. Horace Mann. c. Noah Webster. d. Susan B. Anthony. e. Abraham Lincoln.

Which of the following was not among the factors that made John Quincy Adams's presidency a political failure? a. Adams's attempts to treat Indians fairly. b. Adams's involvement with corrupt machine deals and politicians. c. Adams's stubborn and prickly personality. d. Adams's support for national roads, a national university, and an astronomical observatory. e. Adams's hostility to western land speculation and unlimited expansionism.

Which of the following was not characteristic of the Second Great Awakening? a. Enormous revival gatherings, over several days, featuring famous evangelical preachers b. A movement to overcome denominational divisions through a united Christian church c. The spilling over of religious fervor into missionary activity and social reform d. The prominent role of women in sustaining the mission of the evangelical churches e. An intense focus on emotional, personal conversion and a democratic spiritual equality

Within two months after the election of Lincoln a. Northerners were mobilizing for a civil war. b. seven southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. c. all the slaveholding states had held conventions and passed secessionist resolutions. d. President Buchanan appealed for troops to put down the secessionist rebellion. e. the southern states had demanded a new constitutional convention to guarantee the future of slavery.

Writers like James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville explored characters who exemplified the American frontier's cultural emphasis on a. masculinity. b. rugged individualism. c. group conformity. d. environmental awareness. e. white racial superiority.

Federally chartered financial institution set up by Alexander Hamilton and vehemently opposed by Thomas Jefferson

Bank of the United States

The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832

Bank of the United States

Site of major victory by American troops under Zachary Taylor over Mexican troops under Santa Anna.

Battle of Buena Vista

Andrew Jackson's stunning victory over invading British forces that occurred after the peace Treaty of Ghent had already been signed

Battle of New Orleans

Battle in 1811, where General William Henry Harrison defeated the Indian forces led by Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), brother of the charismatic Shawnee chief Tecumseh

Battle of Tippecanoe

Nickname for rifles paid for by New England abolitionists and brought to Kansas by antislavery pioneers

Beecher's Bibles

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution that protected individual liberties

Bill of Rights

The fertile region of the Deep South, stretching across Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, where the largest concentration of black slaves worked on rich cotton plantations

Black Belt

Conflict of 1832 in which the Sauk and Fox Indians of Illinois and Wisconsin were defeated by federal troops and state militias.

Black Hawk War

Term that described the prairie territory where a small-scale civil war between abolitionists and proslavery border ruffians erupted in 1856

Bleeding Kansas

Short-lived intellectual commune in Massachusetts based on "plain living and high thinking"

Brook Farm

Area of western New York state where frequent, fervent religious revivals produced intense religious controversies and numerous new sects

Burnt Over District

An 1850 treaty between Britain and America stating that neither country would exclusively control or fortify any Central American canal.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Although greatly weakened after Jefferson's election, the Federalist party's philosophy continued to have great influence through a. the propaganda efforts of Federalist agitators. b. the Federalist control of the U.S. Senate. c. the Federalist Supreme Court rulings of John Marshall. d. Federalist sympathies within the U.S. army and navy. e. Federalist teachers and textbooks in the public schools.

Andrew Jackson's strong appeal to the common people arose partly because a. Americans finally understood the ideas of the Declaration of Independence. b. many citizens were tired of the partisan fights between Republicans and Federalists. c. he had risen from the masses and reflected many of their prejudices in his personal attitudes and outlook. d. farmer and labor organizations aroused populist opposition to elitist politics. e. he was skilled at appealing to the public's evangelical religion and fervent patriotism.

As proclaimed by Monroe in his message of 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted that a. only the United States had a right to intervene to promote democracy in Latin America. b. the British and Americans would act together to prevent further Russian expansion on the Pacific coast. c. the United States would not tolerate further European intervention or colonization in the Americas. d. the United States would support the Greeks in their fight for independence against Turkey. e. the United States and the new Latin American republics would resist British attempts to control American trade.

Evangelical preachers like Charles Grandison Finney linked personal religious conversion to a. the construction of large church buildings throughout the Midwest. b. the expansion of American political power across the North American continent. c. the Christian reform of social problems in order to build the Kingdom of God on earth. d. the organization of effective economic development and industrialization. e. a call for Christians to withdraw from worldly materialism and politics.

Even though the victory in the Battle of New Orleans provided a large boost to American morale, it proved essentially meaningless because a. General Jackson was unable to pursue and destroy the British army after his victory. b. the British continued their guerrilla attacks on the Mississippi Valley region. c. the peace treaty had been signed several weeks before. d. the British navy retained control of the shipping lanes around New Orleans. e. the United States had failed in its primary objective of conquering Canada.

Even though they owned no slaves, most southern whites strongly supported the slave system because they a. were bribed by the planter class. b. enjoyed the economic benefits of slavery. c. felt racially superior to blacks and hoped to be able to buy slaves. d. disliked the northern abolitionists. e. accepted the idea that slavery was approved in the Bible.

George Washington's successor, John Adams, was politically crippled by a. Washington's refusal to give him his whole-hearted endorsement. b. the political hostility directed at his assertive wife, Abigail Adams. c. the attacks and plots by enemies within his own Federalist party, including Hamilton. d. his ignorance and weakness in managing foreign and military affairs. e. his support for the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts.

Hinton R. Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South contended that a. the Founders had intended that slavery should eventually be eliminated. b. slavery was contrary to the religious values held by most Americans. c. slavery did great harm to the poor whites of the South. d. slavery violated the human rights of African Americans. e. wealthy plantation owners would eventually seek to enslave poor whites as well.

In 1850, over one-half of the American population was a. foreign-born. b. living west of the Mississippi River. c. under the age of thirty. d. living in cities of over 100,000 people. e. Irish or German.

In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court a. avoided controversy by ruling that the slave Dred Scott had no right to sue in federal court. b. ruled that the Kansas-Nebraska Act was unconstitutional. c. ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in any of the territories because slaves were private property of which owners could not be deprived. d. ruled that Dred Scott was still a slave because he had not filed suit until he had been returned to the slave state of Missouri. e. ruled that Dred Scott had to be freed because his owner had taken him into the free state of Illinois.

In the campaign of 1860, the Democratic party a. tried to unite around the compromise popular sovereignty views of Stephen A. Douglas. b. campaigned on a platform of restoring the compromises of 1820 and 1850. c. split in two, with each faction nominating its own presidential candidate. d. threatened to support secession if the sectionally-based Republicans won the election. e. attempted to keep its militant fire-eating southern wing out of sight.

In the election of 1848, the response of the Whig and Democratic parties to the rising controversy over slavery was a. a strong proslavery stance by the Democrats and a strong antislavery stance by the Whigs. b. to attack the sectional divisiveness of the antislavery Free Soil party. c. an attempt to ignore the issue by shoving it out of sight. d. to permit each individual candidate to take his own stand on the issue. e. to promise to seek a sectional compromise no matter which party won the presidency.

Many nineteenth-century Americans feared and distrusted Roman Catholicism because a. American Catholics had been Loyalists during the American Revolution. b. French-Canadian Catholics were largely poor and uneducated. c. it was seen as a strange foreign religion under total control of an authoritarian pope. d. they disliked the Catholic belief in the Virgin Mary as the mother of Jesus. e. they saw Catholic monasteries and convents buying up choice western lands.

Northerners especially resented Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act because it a. would encourage the building of a transcontinental railroad along the southern route. b. would make Douglas the leading Democratic candidate for the presidency. c. repealed the Missouri Compromise prohibiting slavery in northern territories. d. would bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state. e. would end the equal balance of free and slave states in the Union.

One significant domestic consequence of the War of 1812 was a. a weakening of respect for American naval forces. b. an increased threat from Indians in the West. c. the revival of the Federalists as a threat to the politically weakened President Madison. d. a decline of nationalism and a growth of sectionalism. e. an increase in domestic manufacturing and economic independence.

Reformer Dorothea Dix worked for the cause of a. women's right to higher education and voting. b. international peace. c. better treatment of the mentally ill. d. temperance. e. antislavery.

Senator Daniel Webster's fundamental view regarding the issue of slavery expansion into the West was that a. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. b. new slave and free states should always be admitted in pairs so as to preserve the sectional balance. c. there was no need to legislate because climate and geography guaranteed that plantation slavery could not exist in the West. d. slavery should be prohibited in the West but that the South could expand slavery into Central America and the Caribbean. e. the South should be permitted to expand slavery if it abandoned its demand for a Fugitive Slave Law.

Southerners hated the Underground Railroad and demanded a stronger federal Fugitive Slave Law especially because a. the numbers of runaway slaves had grown dramatically. b. they feared that railroad conductors might foment a slave rebellion. c. northern toleration of slave runaways reflected a moral judgment against slavery. d. southern states were forced to spend large sums on slave patrols and slave catchers. e. the risk of uncaptured runaways was beginning to depress the price of slaves.

Southerners seeking to expand the territory of slavery undertook filibustering military expeditions to acquire a. Canada and Alaska. b. Venezuela and Colombia. c. Nicaragua and Cuba. d. Hawaii and Samoa. e. northern Mexico.

The Era of Good Feelings was sharply disrupted by the a. bitter political battles over the Tariff of 1816 and Henry Clay's American System. b. renewal of international tensions with Britain over Canada and the Monroe Doctrine. c. panic of 1819 and the battle over slavery in Missouri. d. nasty presidential campaign of 1820. e. war with the North African Barbary Coast states.

The Knickerbocker Group of American writers included a. Henry David Thoreau, Thomas Jefferson, and Susan B. Anthony. b. George Bancroft, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Herman Melville. c. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant. d. Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. e. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edith Wharton, and Henry James

The Ninth and Tenth Amendments partly reversed the federalist momentum of the Constitution by declaring that a. the federal government had no power to restrict the action of local governments. b. the powers of the presidency did not extend to foreign policy. c. all rights not mentioned in the federal Constitution were retained by the states or by the people themselves. d. the Supreme Court had no power to rule in cases affecting property rights. e. the states themselves were not bound by the guarantees in the bill of rights.

The Republicans' failure to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase established the principle that a. the deliberations of Supreme Court justices were absolutely confidential. b. presidents could appoint but not remove Supreme Court justices. c. impeachment should not be used as a political weapon to overturn Supreme Court decisions. d. the constitutional power of impeachment was almost impossible to carry out. e. the Supreme Court was one of three equal branches of the federal government.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican War provided for a. a return to the status quo that had existed before the war. b. the eventual American acquisition of all of Mexico. c. American acquisition of about half of Mexico and payment of several million dollars in compensation. d. the acquisition of California and joint U.S.-Mexican control of Arizona and New Mexico. e. American guarantees of fair treatment for the Mexican citizens annexed by the United States.

The election of 1856 was most noteworthy for a. Democrat James Buchanan's surprisingly easy victory over John Frémont. b. the support immigrants and Catholics gave to the American party. c. the dramatic rise of the Republican party. d. the absence of the slavery issue from the campaign. e. the strong showing of former president Millard Fillmore as the American party candidate.

The greatest American military successes of the War of 1812 came in the a. land invasions of Canada. b. Chesapeake campaign fought around Washington and Baltimore. c. naval battles on the Great Lakes and elsewhere. d. defense of Fort Michilimackinac on Lake Michigan e. raids on British forces in North Africa.

The greatest economic and political impact of New York's Erie Canal was to a. make upstate New York the new center of American agriculture. b. delay the development of railroads by several decades. c. tie the agricultural Midwest by trade to the Northeast rather than to the South. d. enable southern cotton to reach New England without ocean transport. e. make the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers the primary paths of inland transportation.

The most revolutionary development in the critical election of 1800 turned out to be a. the nasty campaign smears against Jefferson. b. Jefferson's radical proposals for overturning the existing political system. c. the peaceful transition of power from one political party to its opponent. d. the electoral stalemate between Jefferson and his running mate, Burr. e. the massive grass-roots mobilization of voters by Jefferson's Republican Party.

The most significant effect of the Fugitive Slave Law, passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, was a. an end to slave escapes and the Underground Railroad. b. the extension of the Underground Railroad into Canada. c. a sharp rise in northern antislavery feeling. d. a growing determination by radical abolitionists to foment violent slave rebellions. e. growing northern hostility to radical abolitionists.

The new nationalistic feeling right after the War of 1812 was evident in all of the following except a. the development of a distinctive national literature. b. an increased emphasis on economic independence. c. the addition of significant new territory to the United States. d. a new pride in the American army and navy. e. the cry for the development of a better national transportation system.

The phrase "spot resolutions" refers to a. President Polk's message asking Congress to declare war on Mexico on the spot. b. the amendment introduced after the Mexican War declaring that not one new spot of land could be opened to slavery. c. Congressman Abraham Lincoln's resolution demanding that President Polk specify the exact spot, on American soil, where American blood had supposedly been shed. d. the congressional act determining which spots of Mexican land should be ceded to the United States. e. Congress's resolution declaring that the key spot America should seize from Mexico was San Francisco Bay.

The proposed direct admission of California into the Union, without passing through territorial status, was dangerously controversial because a. the territory was in a condition of complete lawlessness and anarchy. b. the Mexicans were threatening renewed warfare if California joined the Union. c. California's admission as a free state would destroy the equal balance of slave and free states in the U.S. Senate. d. there was a growing movement to declare California an independent nation. e. southern California and northern California did not want to be part of the same state.

The tendency toward rationalism and indifference in religion was reversed beginning about 1800 by a. the rise of Deism and Unitarianism. b. the rise of new groups like the Mormons and Christian Scientists. c. the revivalist movement called the Second Great Awakening. d. a large influx of religiously traditional immigrants. e. the emergence of Roman Catholicism.

The term Burned-Over District refers to a. an area where fires were used to clear land for frontier revivals. b. areas where Baptist and Methodist revivalists fiercely battled one another for converts. c. the region of western New York State that experienced especially frequent and intense revivals. d. the areas of Missouri and Illinois where the Mormon settlements were attacked and destroyed. e. the church conventions where Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians split over slavery.

The two leading sources of European immigration to America in the 1840s and 1850s were a. France and Italy. b. Germany and France. c. Germany and Ireland. d. Ireland and Norway. e. Britain and the Netherlands.

Thomas Jefferson and the Republican Party essentially believed that the whole future of American society rested on an essential foundation of a. wealthy planters and merchants. b. international trade and westward expansion. c. free, white, educated, small landowning farmers. d. evangelical Protestants and learned scientists and technicians. e. a political coalition of whites and African Americans.

The body of advisers to the president, not mentioned in the Constitution, that George Washington established as an important part of the new federal government

Cabinet

Rich Mexican province that Polk was determined to buy and Mexico refused to sell

California

Short-lived West Coast republic proclaimed by American rebels against Mexican rule just before the arrival of U.S. troops in the province

California Bear Republic

American ship involved in supplying Canadian rebels that was sunk by British forces, sparking an international crisis between Britain and the United States

Caroline

Southeastern Indian peoples who were removed to Oklahoma

Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles

American ship fired on by British in 1807, nearly leading to war between the two countries

Chesapeake

The doctrine, promoted by American writer Henry David Thoreau in an essay of the same name, that later influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Civil Disobedience

The name of Robert Fulton's first steamship that sailed up the Hudson River in 1807

Clermont

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision of 1842 that overturned the widespread doctrine that labor unions were illegal conspiracies in restraint of trade

Commonwealth v. Hunt

A series of agreements between North and South that temporarily dampened the slavery controversy and led to a short-lived era of national good feelings

Compromise of 1850

A new nation that proclaimed its independence in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861

Confederate States of America

Antislavery Whigs who strongly opposed the annexation of Texas as a conspiracy by the slave power

Conscience Whigs

Newly formed, middle-of-the-road party of elderly politicians that sought compromise in 1860, but carried only three border states

Constitutional Union Party

The peace treaty courageously signed by President John Adams that ended the undeclared war with France as well as the official French-American alliance

Convention of 1800

New, circus-like method of nominating presidential candidates that involved wider participation but usually left effective control in the hands of party bosses

Conventions

Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet office

Corrupt Bargain

Whitney's invention that enhanced cotton production and gave new life to black slavery

Cotton Gin

Term for the ante-bellum South that emphasized its economic dependence on a single staple product

Cotton Kingdom

A last-ditch plan to save the Union by guaranteeing that slavery would be protected in territories lying south of the line of 36° 30΄

Crittenden Compromise

Term for the widespread nineteenth-century cultural creed that glorified women's roles as wives and mothers in the home

Cult of Domesticity

Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful third party in 1832

Masons

A major change affecting the American family in the early nineteenth century was a. the rise of an organized feminist movement. b. the movement of most women into the work force. c. increased conflict between parents and children over moral questions. d. a decline in the average number of children per household. e. the growing opposition to families' use of children as economic assets.

Among the political innovations that first appeared in the election of 1832 were a. political parties and direct popular voting for president. b. newspaper endorsements and public financing of presidential campaigns. c. nomination by congressional caucus and voting by the Electoral College. d. third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party platforms. e. secret ballots and the prohibition on liquor in polling places.

Andrew Jackson's invasion of Florida led to permanent acquisition of that territory after a. President Monroe ordered him to seize all Spanish military posts in the area. b. the United States declared its rights under the Monroe Doctrine. c. President Monroe's cabinet endorsed Jackson's action and declared war on Spain. d. Secretary of State Adams pressured Spain to cede the area to the United States. e. Spain agreed to trade Florida in exchange for American guarantees of Spanish ownership of California.

During the early 1840s, Texas maintained its independence by a. waging constant small-scale wars with Mexico. b. refusing to sign treaties with any outside powers. c. relying on the military power of the United States. d. establishing friendly relations with Britain and other European powers. e. declaring absolute neutrality in the conflicts between the United States, Britain, and Mexico.

Frederick Douglass and some other black and white abolitionists sought to end slavery by a. encouraging slave rebellions in the South. b. calling on the North to secede from the Union and invade the South. c. getting northern churches to condemn the sin of slavery. d. promoting antislavery political movements like the Free Soil and Republican parties. e. promoting education and economic opportunity for free blacks

Free incorporation laws, limited liability laws, and the Supreme Court's decision prohibiting state governments from granting irrevocable charters to corporations all greatly aided a. private American colleges' ability to compete with state universities. b. established businesses with large capital investments. c. Americans' ability to compete with cheap British imports. d. more entrepreneurial enterprises and greater market competition. e. European investors in American business enterprises.

Most southern slaveowners held a. over a hundred slaves. b. over fifty slaves. c. about twenty slaves. d. fewer than ten slaves. e. only one slave.

One important result of President Jackson's destruction of the Bank of the United States was a. a successful economy to hand on to his successor, Van Buren. b. a sounder financial system founded upon thousands of locally controlled banks. c. the American banking system's dependence on European investment and control. d. the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization. e. Jackson's equally successful attack on the secretive and elitist Masons.

President Polk was especially determined that the United States must acquire San Francisco from Mexico because a. it was the most strategic fort on the entire Pacific Coast. b. it was the home of most of the American settlers in Mexican California. c. the discovery of gold in California meant that San Francisco would be the gateway to the gold fields. d. the harbor of San Francisco Bay was considered the crucial gateway to the entire Pacific Ocean. e. the Franciscan Catholic missionaries there were using it as a base to counteract American Protestant missions in Oregon.

Rapid formation of an effective state government in California seemed especially urgent because a. proslavery Californians were gaining effective control of the territory. b. of the threat that Mexico would reconquer the territory. c. of the need to provide state subsidies for a transcontinental railroad. d. there was no legal authority to suppress the violence and lawlessness that accompanied the California gold rush. e. the influx of gold-seekers from around the world was causing ethnic conflict.

Derogatory Republican term for Federalist judges appointed during the last hours of his term by President Adams

Midnight Judges

The Bill of Rights is the name given to provisions whose actual legal form consists of a. an executive proclamation of President George Washington. b. Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution. c. a set of rulings issued by the Supreme Court. d. the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States. e. the common law rights inherited from the English Magna Carta.

The Federalists essentially believed that a. most governmental power should be retained by the states or by the people themselves. b. the federal government should provide no special aid to private business. c. the common people could, if educated, participate in government affairs. d. the United States should have a powerful central government controlled by the wealthy and well educated. e. the United States should isolate itself from Europe and turn toward westward expansion.

The Panic of 1837 and the subsequent severe depression were caused primarily by a. the stock market collapse and a sharp decline in grain prices. b. a lack of new investment in industry and technology. c. the threat of war with Mexico over Texas. d. overspeculation and Jackson's hard-money financial policies. e. British investors' loss of confidence in American business.

The last open debate inside the South regarding proposals to gradually abolish slavery occurred in a. southern colleges in the 1830s. b. the Southern Baptist Convention in 1850. c. the Tennessee Appalachian Mountain areas in 1840-1841. d. the Virginia state legislature in 1830-1831. e. the Texas state legislature in 1848-1850.

The only group of white southerners who hated both slaveowners and blacks were a. poor southern whites in the frontier areas of Texas and Arkansas. b. urban merchants and manufacturers. c. religious leaders. d. Appalachian mountain whites. e. women.

The real significance of William Henry Harrison's victory in the election of 1840 was that it a. constituted a sharp repudiation of Andrew Jackson and Jacksonianism. b. brought a fresh new face to American presidential politics. c. showed that the Whigs could win with a candidate other than Henry Clay. d. showed that the Whigs could practice the new mass democratic politics as successfully as the Democrats. e. showed that the public wanted serious debates as well as noisy "hoopla" in presidential politics.

The terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 provided that a. there would be a buffer Indian state between the United States and Canada. b. Britain would stop the impressment of American sailors. c. the United States would acquire western Florida in exchange for guaranteeing British control of Canada. d. the two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war. e. both the United States and Britain would guarantee the independence of Canada.

Under the surface of the South's strong opposition to the Tariff of Abominations was a. a desire to develop its own textile industry. b. competition between southern cotton growers and midwestern grain farmers. c. a strong preference for British manufactured goods over American-produced goods. d. a fear of growing federal power that might interfere with slavery. e. a belief that the high tariff would foster immigration and urbanization.

Wages for most American workers rose in the early nineteenth century, except for the most exploited workers like a. immigrants and westerners. b. textile and transportation workers. c. single men and women. d. women and children. e. American Indians. `

Supreme Court case in which Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could not change the legal charter of a private college once granted

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Liberal religious belief, held by many of the Founders such as Paine, Jefferson, and Franklin, that stressed rationalism and moral behavior rather than Christian revelation while retaining belief in a Supreme Being

Deism

Controversial Supreme Court ruling that blacks had no civil or human rights and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories

Dred Scott Case

Thomas Jefferson's stately self-designed home in Virginia that became a model of American architecture

Monticello

Americans came to look on their spectacular western wilderness areas especially as a. opportunities for imperialistic expansionism. b. a potential location for industrial development. c. a potential attraction for tourists from abroad. d. the sacred home of American Indian tribes. e. a distinctive and inspirational feature of American national identity.

Andrew Jackson's fundamental approach during the South Carolina nullification crisis was to a. acknowledge the injustice of the high Tariff of Abominations and seek to lower it. b. seek to strengthen South Carolina unionists while politically isolating the nullifiers. c. join hands with Henry Clay in attempting to find a compromise solution. d. attempt to change the focus of attention from the tariff to slavery. e. mobilize a sizable military force and threaten to hang the nullifiers.

As submitted to Congress, the Lecompton Constitution was designed to a. bring Kansas into the Union as a free state. b. bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state and Nebraska as a free state. c. prohibit both antislavery New Englanders or proslavery Missourians from interference in Kansas politics. d. insure that the future of slavery would be determined according to Douglas's principle of popular sovereignty. e. bring Kansas into the Union, while making it impossible to prohibit slavery there.

In the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, John Marshall's Supreme Court held that a. the Supreme Court had the power to decide on the constitutionality of state laws. b. private colleges, and not the state, had the right to set rules and regulations for their students and faculty. c. only Congress and not the states could regulate interstate commerce. d. only the federal government and not the states could charter educational and other nonprofit institutions. e. the states could not violate the charter of a private, nonprofit corporation like Dartmouth College once it had been granted.

Jackson's veto of the Bank of the United States recharter bill represented a(n) a. response to Europeans investors' lack of faith in the dollar. b. attempt to assure bankers and creditors that the federal government had their interests at heart. c. concession to Henry Clay and his National Republican followers. d. gain for sound banking and a financially stable currency system. e. bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors.

Jefferson's Embargo Act provided that a. America would not trade with Britain until it ended impressment. b. American goods could be carried only in American ships. c. America would sell no military supplies to either warring nation, Britain or France. d. America would trade only with the neutral nations of Europe. e. America would prohibit all foreign trade.

Jefferson's greatest concern about purchasing Louisiana was a. whether it was in America's interest to acquire such a vast territory. b. whether the cost was excessive for his frugal, small-government philosophy. c. how the existing French residents of Louisiana could be assimilated into the United States. d. how to defend and govern the territory once it was part of the United States. e. whether the purchase was permissible under the Constitution.

Manifest Destiny represented the widespread nineteenth-century American belief that a. Americans were destined to uphold democracy and freedom. b. the irrepressible conflict over slavery was destined to result in a Civil War. c. Mexico was destined to be acquired by the United States. d. the American Indians were doomed to disappear as white settlement advanced. e. God had destined the United States to expand across the whole North American continent.

Many of the American utopian experiments of the early nineteenth century focused on all of the following except for a. communal economics and alternative sexual arrangements. b. temperance and diet reforms. c. advanced scientific and technological ways of producing and consuming. d. developing small-business enterprises and advanced marketing techniques. e. doctrines of reincarnation and transcendental meditation.

Most of the early abolitionists were motivated by a. a desire to send African Americans back to Africa. b. anger at the negative economic impact of slavery on poorer whites. c. a belief that slavery violated the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. d. a philosophical commitment to racial equality. e. religious feeling against the sin of slavery.

One major effect of industrialization was a/an a. increasing economic equality among all citizens. b. strengthening of the family as an economic unit. c. increasingly stable labor force. d. rise in ethnic tensions. e. rise in the gap between rich and poor.

President Washington's foreign policy rested on the firm conviction that a. there should be an end to European colonialism in the Americas. b. the United States could enhance its power by mediating between warring Britain and France. c. America needed to adhere firmly to its Revolutionary alliance with France. d. America ought to enter the French-British war only if its own republican ideals were at stake. e. the United States was too militarily weak and political disunited to become involved in European wars.

Prominent leaders of the Whig party included a. Martin Van Buren and John C. Calhoun. b. David Crockett and Nicholas Biddle. c. Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison. d. Stephen Austin and Sam Houston. e. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

Southerners were especially enraged by abolitionists' funding of antislavery settlers in Kansas because a. proslavery settlers from Missouri could not receive the same kind of funding. b. such sponsored settlement would make a mockery of Douglas's popular sovereignty doctrine. c. the settlers included fanatical and violent abolitionists like John Brown. d. most ordinary westward-moving pioneers would be sympathetic to slavery. e. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska had seemed to imply that Kansas would become a slave state.

Texas was finally admitted to the Union in 1844 as a result of a. the Mexican War. b. the Texans' willingness to abandon slavery. c. an agreement that Texas would eventually be divided into five smaller states. d. a compromise agreement with Britain. e. President Tyler's interpretation of the election of 1844 as a mandate to acquire Texas.

The Aroostook War involved a a. battle between American and French fishermen over Newfoundland fishing rights. b. conflict over fugitive slaves escaping across the Canadian border. c. battle between British and American sailors over impressment. d. battle between Americans and Mexicans over the western boundary of Louisiana. e. battle between American and Canadian lumberjacks over the northern Maine boundary.

The Jacksonian charge that John Quincy Adams won the presidency through a corrupt bargain arose because a. William Crawford threw his electoral votes to Adams in exchange for a seat in the Senate. b. members of the House of Representatives claimed that they had been bribed to vote for Adams. c. Adams ended his previous opposition to Henry Clay's American System. d. Jackson discovered that there had been vote fraud in several pro-Adams states. e. after Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, he was appointed secretary of state.

The brilliant American military campaign that finally captured Mexico City was commanded by General a. Stephen W. Kearny. b. John C. Frémont. c. Zachary Taylor. d. Robert E. Lee. e. Winfield Scott.

The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle that a. the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court are equal branches of government. b. federal laws take precedence over state legislation. c. the president has the right to appoint the federal judiciary. d. the Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in the federal judiciary. e. the Supreme Court has the final right to determine the constitutionality of legislation.

The condition of the 500,000 or so free blacks was a. considerably better in the North than in the South. b. notably improving in the decades before the Civil War. c. causing a majority of them to favor emigration to Africa or the West Indies. d. politically threatened but economically secure. e. as bad or worse in the North than in the South.

The financial and economic collapse of 1857 increased northern anger at the South's refusal to support a. banking regulation and development of a sound paper currency. b. a transcontinental railroad and transatlantic telegraph. c. publicly supported state universities. d. the admission of any more free states into the Union. e. higher tariffs and free western homesteads for farmers.

The first American political parties developed primarily because of a. the sectional division over slavery. b. the Founders' belief that organized political opposition was a necessary part of good government. c. the antifederalists' continuing hostility to the legitimacy of the new federal Constitution. d. patriotic opposition to foreign intervention in American domestic affairs. e. the opposition of Thomas Jefferson and his followers to Hamilton's financial policies and enhancement of federal government power.

The first industry to be substantially dominated by the new factory system of mass manufacturing was the a. shipbuilding industry. b. telegraph and communications industry. c. agricultural implement industry. d. iron-making industry. e. textile industry.

The influential Founder and member of Congress who personally wrote the Bill of Rights was a. George Washington. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. John Marshall. d. Alexander Hamilton. e. James Madison.

The major effect of the growing slavery controversy on the churches was a. a major missionary effort directed at converting African American slaves. b. the organization of the churches to lobby for the abolition of slavery. c. an agreement to keep political issues like slavery out of the religious area. d. a prohibition on slaveowning by clergy. e. a split of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians into separate northern and southern churches.

The primary goal of the Treaty of Kanagawa , which Commodore Matthew Perry signed with Japan in 1854, was a. establishing a balance of power in East Asia. b. opening Japan to American missionaries. c. guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China. d. establishing American naval bases in Hawaii and Okinawa. e. opening Japan to American trade.

Two denominations that became the dominant faiths among the common people of the West and South were a. Episcopalians and Unitarians. b. Congregationalists and Presbyterians. c. Quakers and Seventh Day Adventists d. Lutherans and Catholics. e. Methodists and Baptists.

Two leading female imaginative writers who added luster to New England's literary reputation were a. Sarah Orne Jewett and Kate Chopin. b. Toni Morrison and Mary McCarthy. c. Sarah Grimké and Susan B. Anthony. d. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Abigail Adams. e. Louisa May Alcott and Emily Dickinson.

Two prominent American military heroes during the War of 1812 were a. Tecumseh and Henry Clay. b. James Madison and Stephen Decatur. c. Thomas Macdonough and Francis Scott Key. d. Isaac Brock and John Quincy Adams. e. Oliver Hazard Perry and Andrew Jackson.

Which of the following was not among the reasons why Britain strongly supported an independent Texas? a. Britain was interested in eventually incorporating Texas into the British Empire. b. British abolitionists hoped to make Texas an antislavery bastion. c. British manufacturers looked to Texas as a way to reduce their dependence on American cotton. d. A puppet Texas nation could be used to check the power of the United States. e. An independent Texas would provide a shield for European powers to re-enter the Americas and overturn the Monroe Doctrine.

Which of the following was not characteristic of the few thousand wealthiest southern plantation owners holding a hundred or more slaves? a. They promoted the ideals of feudal, hierarchical medieval Europe. b. They provided their children with elite private educations in Europe or the North. c. They controlled a large proportion of the wealth and power of the entire South. d. They felt a large sense of public obligation to pursue education and statecraft. e. They did not permit their wives to have any role in managing their slaves and plantations.

Clinton's Big Ditch that transformed transportation and economic life across the Great Lakes region from Buffalo to Chicago

Eerie Canal

Major water transportation route financed and built by New York State after President Madison vetoed federal funding

Eerie Canal

Four-way race for the presidency that resulted in the election of a sectional minority president

Election of 1860

Jefferson's policy of forbidding the shipment of any goods in or out of the United States

Embargo

Somewhat inappropriate term applied to the two Monroe administrations, suggesting that this period lacked major conflicts

Era of Good Feelings

Religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform

Evangelicals

Hamiltonian economic measure repealed by Jefferson and Gallatin

Excise Tax

T/F: Secretary of State John Quincy Adams successfully acquired both Oregon and Florida for the United States.

False. Adams acquired Florida but gained only a joint occupation of Oregon.

T/F: Andrew Jackson became a great popular hero as president because he continued to live the same life of frontier toughness and simplicity as his followers.

False. Although he had grown up in poverty on the frontier, Jackson had become a wealthy frontier aristocrat, richer than Adams.

T/F: Advances in medicine and science raised the average life expectancy of Americans to nearly 60 years by 1850.

False. Average life expectancy remained about 40 years in the mid-nineteenth century.

T/F: The British claim to the disputed Oregon country was considerably strengthened by the thousands of British settlers in the region supported by the Hudson's Bay Company.

False. Britain's Hudson's Bay Company brought few actual settlers to Oregon; it was Americans who largely settled there.

T/F: In the Senate debate of 1850, Calhoun and Webster each spoke for their respective sections in opposition to a compromise over slavery.

False. Calhoun strongly opposed compromise, but Webster favored it.

T/F: After the gold rush of 1849, California sought direct admission to the Union as a slave state.

False. California sought direct admission as a free state.

T/F: In the key provisions of the Compromise of 1850, New Mexico and Utah were admitted as slave states, while California was left open to popular sovereignty.

False. California was admitted as a free state. New Mexico and Utah were territories left open to popular sovereignty regarding slavery.

T/F: In negotiating the first American treaty with China in 1844, diplomat Caleb Cushing made sure that the United States followed a more culturally respectful policy than that of the imperialistic European great powers in China.

False. Cushing effectively aligned the United States with European imperialism in China.

T/F: In the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Lincoln's criticisms forced Douglas to back away from his support for popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the West.

False. Douglas adhered to popular sovereignty despite Lincoln's criticism.

T/F: Senator Stephen Douglas's support for the proslavery Lecompton Constitution demonstrated that the Democratic party was completely beholden to its southern wing.

False. Douglas's opposition to the Lecompton Constitution divided the Democrats.

T/F: Most practical, hard-working Americans disliked highly educated intellectuals and writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson.

False. Emerson was highly popular, as both a writer and a public speaker.

T/F: Prosouthern Kansas pioneers brought numerous slaves with them in order to guarantee that Kansas would not become a free state.

False. Few proslavery people brought slaves with them to Kansas.

T/F: Free blacks enjoyed considerable status and wealth in both the North and the South before the Civil War.

False. Free blacks had few rights, and were harshly discriminated against in both North and South.

T/F: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo added Texas to the territory of the United States.

False. Texas was already part of the United States at the beginning of the Mexican War. The treaty added most of the territory of present-day California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.

T/F: William Henry Harrison's background as an ordinary frontiersman born in a log cabin enabled Whigs to match and exceed the Democrats' appeal to the common man in the campaign of 1840.

False. Harrison was an aristocrat, born in luxury in Virginia and by 1840, living on an extensive Ohio estate, not an ordinary frontier farmer.

T/F: Henry Clay disproved the charge of a corrupt bargain between himself and President Adams by refusing to accept any favors from the new administration.

False. He accepted appointment as secretary of state, fueling charges of a corrupt bargain.

T/F: Jefferson's deepest doubt about the Louisiana Purchase was that the price of $15 million was too high.

False. His deepest doubt was that the purchase was unconstitutional.

T/F: The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union as a free state, in exchange for the admission of Louisiana as a slave state.

False. It admitted Missouri as a slave state in exchange for admitting Maine as a free state.

T/F: Hinton Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South stirred slaveholders' wrath by predicting that the slaves would eventually rise up in violent revolt.

False. It aroused strong anger among slaveholders by arguing that slavery harmed the interests of nonslaveholding whites.

T/F: The passage of the first ten amendments to the Constitution demonstrated the Federalist determination to develop a powerful central government even if it threatened minority rights.

False. It demonstrated the Federalist concession to anti-Federalist fears that a powerful central government would trample individual rights.

T/F: The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle that the president could appoint but not remove Supreme Court justices.

False. It established judicial review, the right of the Supreme Court to declare legislation unconstitutional.

T/F: The Wilmot Proviso prohibiting slavery in territory acquired from Mexico enabled the slavery issue to be temporarily removed from national politics.

False. It forced the slavery controversy to the center of national politics.

T/F: The immediate cause of the Mexican War was an attempt by Mexico to reconquer Texas.

False. It was a dispute over the southern boundary of Texas.

T/F: The growing of cotton on large plantations was economically efficient and agriculturally sound.

False. It was economically inefficient and agriculturally destructive of the soil.

T/F: Northern Democrats walked out of the Democratic party convention in 1860 when southerners nominated Vice President John Breckenridge for president.

False. It was southern delegates who walked out when northern Democrats nominated Douglas.

T/F: The most effective branch of the American military in the War of 1812 proved to be the U.S. Army.

False. It was the navy.

T/F: Andrew Jackson used mediation and compromise rather than threats of force to persuade South Carolina to back away from its nullification of the tariff laws.

False. Jackson threatened South Carolina with federal force to suppress nullification, and said he would hang its leaders.

T/F: Jefferson and his Republican Party followers turned against the French Revolution when it turned radically violent in the Reign of Terror.

False. Jefferson and the Republicans still defended the French Revolutionary terror as regrettable but necessary.

T/F: In the battle over the Bank of the United States, Jefferson favored a loose construction of the Constitution, and Hamilton favored a strict construction.

False. Jefferson favored strict construction and Hamilton favored loose construction.

T/F: To carry out his Revolution of 1800, Jefferson directly overturned the Federalist tariff and Bank of the United States.

False. Jefferson kept the tariff and the Bank of the United States in place.

T/F: Jeffersonian Republicans believed that the common people were not to be trusted and had to be led by those who were wealthier and better educated.

False. Jeffersonian Republicans believed that common people could be trusted.

T/F: The Jeffersonian Republicans generally sympathized with Britain in foreign policy, while the Hamiltonian Federalists sympathized with France and the French Revolution.

False. Jeffersonian Republicans sympathized with France and Hamiltonian Federalists with Britain.

T/F: The overwhelming support for Lincoln in the North gave him a majority of the total popular vote despite winning almost no votes in the South.

False. Lincoln obtained a only a minority of the popular vote despite his majority in the Electoral College.

T/F: Lincoln made a strong effort to get the South to accept the Crittenden Compromise in order to avoid a civil war.

False. Lincoln rejected the Crittenden Compromise.

T/F: The greatest opposition to abolitionism in the North and Britain came from evangelical Christians.

False. Most abolitionists were evangelical Christians, strongly motivated by religion.

T/F: By 1860, most northerners had come to agree with the abolitionists that slavery was an evil to be immediately abolished.

False. Most did come to see slavery as an evil, but believed it to be constitutionally protected and so not capable of immediate abolition.

T/F: Most white southern women were critical of slavery because it threatened their marriage and family.

False. Most white southern women strongly supported slavery.

T/F: Two bungling American military commanders in the War of 1812 were Oliver Hazard Perry and William Henry Harrison.

False. Perry and Harrison were two of the rare, successful commanders (of navy and army respectively).

T/F: The fiction of Edgar Allan Poe and Herman Melville reflected most Americans' optimism and belief in social progress and reform.

False. Poe and Melville treated themes of mystery and evil that ran against the general grain of early nineteenth-century American culture.

T/F: President Polk proved unable to implement his four-point program for his presidency because of strong opposition from anti-imperialist Whigs.

False. Polk fulfilled every one of his four major goals for his presidency.

T/F: President Washington believed that America was so powerful that it could afford to stay neutral in the great revolutionary wars between Britain and France.

False. The Alien Act was an extreme measure that reflected public fears of foreigners and Federalist political interests.

T/F: The Americans developed a brilliant strategy for conquering Canada that failed only when the British successfully defended Fort Michilimackinac on Lake Michigan.

False. The American strategy was badly flawed from the beginning.

T/F: The most humiliating American defeat of the War of 1812 occurred when the British captured and burned the city of Baltimore.

False. The Americans at Baltimore held firm; the British fleet hammered Fort McHenry with their cannon but could not capture the city.

T/F: The Amistad uprising of 1839 was the most successful rebellion by American slaves in the South before the Civil War.

False. The Amistad uprising was a shipboard revolt by African slaves, not American slaves.

T/F: The British precipitated a crisis with the United States by blockading American ports in order to prevent trade with Napoleon's continental Europe.

False. The British did not blockade American ports; rather, they prevented any U.S. ships from trading in Europe unless they first stopped in Britain.

T/F: The Dred Scott decision upheld the doctrine of popular sovereignty that the people of each territory should determine whether or not to permit slavery.

False. The Dred Scott decision held that slavery could not be prohibited in a territory because slaves were property protected by the Constitution.

T/F: In the campaign of 1800, the Federalists criticized Jefferson's governmental ideas but avoided attacking him personally.

False. The Federalists engaged in constant personal attacks on Jefferson for his alleged atheism, his slave mistress, and so on.

T/F: The Free Soil party consisted of a small, unified band of radical abolitionists.

False. The Free Soil party consisted of very diverse interests and outlooks that were united only by their opposition to slavery expansion.

T/F: The Knickerbocker group of American writers sharply criticized the militant nationalism and western expansionism that followed the War of 1812.

False. The Knickerbocker writers celebrated American nationalism and expansion.

T/F: Newly independent Latin Americans were thankful to the United States for the Monroe Doctrine, which declared that there could be no more European colonialism in the Americas.

False. The Monroe Doctrine was hardly noticed in Latin America.

T/F: The Ostend Manifesto was designed to secure a peaceful solution to the crisis between the United States and Spain over Cuba.

False. The Ostend Manifesto was a plan to seize Cuba by force if Spain would not sell it.

T/F: In the sectional division of labor that developed before the Civil War, the South provided corn and meat to feed the nation, the Midwest produced industrial goods and textiles, and the Northeast supplied financial and communications services.

False. The South supplied cotton, the Midwest corn and meat, and the Northeast industrial goods and financial services.

T/F: Slavery almost completely destroyed the black family.

False. The black family under slavery was generally strong, and most slave children were raised in two-parent families.

T/F: The election campaign of 1828 was notable for the well-formulated debates between Andrew Jackson and President Adams on the issues of the tariff and removal of the barriers to political equality and democracy.

False. The campaign was marked by mudslinging and personal attacks.

T/F: The Whig party was united by its principles of states' rights, western expansionism, and opposition to the role of evangelical Christianity in politics.

False. The description applies to the Democratic Party, not the Whigs.

T/F: The railroad gained quick acceptance as a safer and more efficient alternative to waterbound transportation.

False. The early railroads were dangerous and met much opposition, especially from canal interests.

T/F: The early industrial revolution was greatly advanced by Eli Whitney's introduction of the system of interchangeable parts.

False. The harnessing of steam ushered in the modern factory system, and with it, the Industrial Revolution.

T/F: The primary cause of nativist hostility to Irish immigrants was their frequent involvement in fights and street gangs.

False. The primary cause of hostility was the Roman Catholic faith of the Irish.

T/F: Adams decided to seek a negotiated peace with France in order to unite his Federalist party and enhance his own popularity with the public.

False. The public favored war, and Adams lost popularity with the public and his own Federalist Party by negotiating peace with France.

T/F: Ralph Waldo Emerson taught the doctrines of simple living and nonviolence, while his friend Henry David Thoreau emphasized self-improvement and the development of a uniquely American scholarship.

False. The reverse is true. Emerson emphasized self-improvement and scholarship; Thoreau emphasized simple living and nonviolence.

T/F: The most prominent black abolitionist, Frederick Douglass, supported William Lloyd Garrison's absolutist principles and refusal to seek a political solution to the sin of slavery.

False. The reverse is true: Douglass opposed Garrison's antipolitical absolutism and sought practical political solutions to ending slavery.

T/F: Both southerners and northerners were outraged by Douglas's plan to repeal the Missouri Compromise.

False. The southerners voted in favor of the plan and pushed it through Congress.

T/F: Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans enabled the United States to resist British demands and achieve at favorable peace settlement in the Treaty of Ghent.

False. The status quo peace treaty was signed before Jackson's victory at New Orleans.

T/F: By 1850, permanent telegraph lines had been stretched across both the Atlantic Ocean and the North American continent.

False. The transcontinental and transatlantic telegraphs were not permanently laid until after the Civil War.

T/F: New Englanders initially supported the War of 1812 in order to stop the widespread British practice of impressing American sailors into the British navy.

False. The war was caused largely by southerner and westerners, eager to uphold American rights and seize Canada; New Englanders generally opposed the war.

T/F: By the 1840s, American relations with British Canada were largely peaceful.

False. There continued to be border disputes and tensions between the United States and British Canada.

T/F: The advances in manufacturing and transportation decreased the gap between rich and poor in America.

False. There was an increase in the gap between rich and poor as a result of advances in manufacturing and transportation.

T/F: New Englanders opposed the War of 1812 because they believed that Canada should be acquired by peaceful negotiation rather than war.

False. They did not want to acquire Canada at all.

T/F: The religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening occurred almost entirely in rural frontier communities.

False. This occurred in both rural frontier communities and big cities.

T/F: After President Harrison's death, Vice President John Tyler carried on the strong Whig policies of party leaders like Clay and Webster.

False. Tyler turned away from the Whig policies of Clay and Webster.

T/F: The Alien Laws were a reasonable Federalist attempt to limit uncontrolled immigration into the United States and protect dangerous French revolutionaries from weakening American national security.

False. Washington believed that the United States was so weak that it had to remain neutral.

Once-prominent political party that effectively died by 1820

Federalists

Hotheaded southern agitators who pushed for southern interests and favored secession from the Union

Fire-Eaters

Liberal German refugees who fled failed democratic revolutions and came to America

Forty-Eighters

Antislavery political party in the election of 1848 that included moral opponents of slavery as well as white workers who disliked black competition.

Free Soil Party

Northern antislavery politicians, like Abraham Lincoln, who rejected radical immediate abolitionism, but fought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories

Free-Soilers

Stephen Douglas's assertion in the Lincoln-Douglas debates that, despite the Dred Scott decision, the people of a territory could block slavery by refusing to pass legislation enforcing it

Freeport Doctrine

Political and social upheaval supported by most Americans during its moderate beginnings in 1789, but the cause of bitter divisions after it took a radical turn in 1792

French Revolution

The provision of the Compromise of 1850 that comforted southern slave-catchers and aroused the wrath of northern abolitionists

Fugitive Slave Law

Alexander Hamilton's policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit

Funding

Southwestern territory acquired by the Pierce administration to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad

Gadsden Purchase

Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon's dreams of a vast New World empire

Haiti (Santo Domingo)

Western Virginia town where a violent abolitionist seized a federal arsenal in hopes of sparking a widespread slave rebellion

Harpers Ferry

Gathering of antiwar New England Federalists whose flirtation with secession stirred outrage and contributed to the death of the Federalist party

Hartford Convention

Senator William Seward's doctrine that slavery should be excluded from the territories because it was contrary to a divine morality standing above even the Constitution

Higher Law

Action voted by the House of Representatives against Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase

Impeachment

The transformation of manufacturing that began in Britain about 1750

Industrial Revolution

International agreement, signed in 1794, whose terms favoring Britain outraged Jeffersonian Republicans

Jay's Treaty

The principle, established by Chief Justice Marshall in a famous case, that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional

Judicial Review

Anti-immigrant party headed by former president Millard Fillmore that competed with Republicans and Democrats in the election of 1856 (either official name or informal nickname)

Know-Nothing Party (Unofficial) or American Party (Official)

Popular nickname of the secretive, nativist American Party that gained considerable, temporary success in the 1850s by attacking immigrants and Catholics

Know-Nothings

One of the Great Lakes where Oliver H. Perry captured a large British fleet

Lake Eerie

The group of theology students, led by Theodore Dwight Weld, who were expelled from their seminary for abolitionist activity and later became leading preachers of the anti-slavery gospel

Lane Rebels

Walt Whitman's originally shocking poetic masterpiece that embraced sexual liberation and celebrated America as a great democratic experiment

Leaves of Grass

Tricky proslavery document designed to bring Kansas into the Union; blocked by Stephen A. Douglas

Lecompton Constitution

African republic founded by freed American slaves in 1822

Liberia

Small antislavery party that took enough votes from Henry Clay to cost him the election of 1844

Liberty Party

Principle that permitted individual investors to risk no more capital in a business venture than their own share of a corporation's stock

Limited Liability

Popular symbols of the flamboyant but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect "poor-boy" William Henry Harrison over Martin Van Buren in 1840

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

Major European exposition in 1851 that provided a dazzling showcase for the American inventions of Samuel Morse, Cyrus McCormick, and Charles Goodyear

London World's Fair (or Crystal Palace Exhibition)

The widespread American belief that God had ordained the United States to occupy all the territory of North America

Manifest Destiny

The line across the southern boundary of Pennsylvania that formed the boundary between free states and slave states in the East

Mason-Dixon Line

Precedent-setting Supreme Court case in which Marshall declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court ruling that defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank

McCulloch v. Maryland

Cyrus McCormick's invention that vastly increased the productivity of the American grain farmer

Mechanical Reaper

The two religious denominations that benefited most from the evangelical revivals of the early nineteenth century.

Methodists and Baptists

Popular nineteenth-century musical entertainments that featured white actors and singers with painted black faces

Minstrel Shows

Herman Melville's great but commercially unsuccessful novel about Captain Ahab's obsessive pursuit of a white whale

Moby Dick

A presidential foreign-policy proclamation that grandly warned European nations against colonization or interference in the Americas, even though the United States could not really enforce such a decree

Monroe Doctrine

Religious group founded by Joseph Smith that eventually established a cooperative commonwealth in Utah

Mormons

Derisive Federalist name for the War of 1812 that blamed it on the Republican president

Mr. Madison's War

Classic autobiography written by the leading African American abolitionist,

Narrative on he Life of Frederick Douglass

The only major highway constructed by the federal government before the Civil War (either of the two names for the highway are acceptable)

National Road (or Cumberland Road)

Branch of military service that Jefferson considered least threatening to liberty and most necessary to suppressing the Barbary States

Navy

Declaration by President Washington in 1793 that announced America's policy with respect to the French Revolutionary wars between Britain and France

Neutrality Proclamation

River that Mexico claimed as the Texas-Mexico boundary, crossed by Taylor's troops in 1846

Nueces River

The doctrine, proclaimed in the Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolution, that a state can block a federal law it considers unconstitutional

Nullification

Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected

Nullification

Evangelical college in Ohio that was the first institution of higher education to admit blacks and women

Oberlin College

Andrew Jackson's popular nickname, signaling his toughness and strength

Old Hickory

British military victory over China that gained Britain's right to sell drugs in China and colonial control of the island of Hong Kong

Opium War

Northwestern territory occupied jointly by Britain and the United States under the Anglo-American Convention of 1818

Oregon

Territory beyond the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, along the Columbia River, explored by Lewis and Clark

Oregon

Two-thousand-mile-long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840s

Oregon Trail

A top-secret dispatch, drawn up by American diplomats in Europe, that detailed a plan for seizing Cuba from Spain

Ostend Manifesto

Economic crisis that precipitated an economic depression and doomed the presidency of Martin Van Buren

Panic of 1837

Short-lived but spectacular service that carried mail from Missouri to California in only ten days

Pony Express

Political organizations, not envisioned in the Constitution, and considered dangerous to national unity by most of the Founders

Political Parties

The doctrine that the issue of slavery should be decided by the residents of a territory themselves, not by the federal government

Popular Sovereignty

A new political party organized as a protest against the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Republican Party

Term applied by historians to suggest the dramatic, unprecedented change that took place when the Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated the incumbent Federalist John Adams for the presidency

Revolution of 1800

Post-War of 1812 treaty between Britain and the United States that limited the naval arms race on the Great Lakes

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Religious revival that began on the frontier and swept eastward, stirring an evangelical spirit in many areas of American life

Second Great Awakening

The cabinet office in Washington's administration headed by a brilliant young West Indian immigrant who distrusted the people

Secretary of the Treasury

Law passed by Federalists during the undeclared French war that made it a criminal offense to criticize or defame government officials, including the president

Sedition Act

Memorable 1848 meeting in New York where women made an appeal based on the Declaration of Independence

Seneca Falls Convention

Long-lived communal religious group, founded by Mother Ann Lee, that emphasized simple living and prohibited all marriage and sexual relationships

Shakers

The arrangement under which public offices were handed out on the basis of political support rather than qualifications

Spoils System

Resolution offered by Congressman Abraham Lincoln demanding to know the precise location where Mexicans had allegedly shed American blood on American soil

Spot Resolutions

New York Democratic machine organization that exemplified the growing power of Irish immigrants in American politics

Tammany Hall

Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828

Tariff of Abominations

William Lloyd Garrison's fervent abolitionist newspaper that preached an immediate end to slavery

The Liberator

Highly intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism

The North American Review

Stirring patriotic song written by Francis Scott Key while being held aboard a British ship in Baltimore harbor

The Star-Spangled Banner

A book by a southern writer that argued that slavery was most oppressive for poor whites

The impending Crisis of the South

The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Indians were removed to Oklahoma

Trail of Tears

Treaty following Miami Indians' defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers that ceded Ohio to the United States but gave Indians limited sovereignty

Treaty of Greenville

Treaty ending Mexican War and granting vast territories to the United States

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty of 1844, between the United States and China that opened China to American trade and missionary activity

Treaty of Wanghia

T/F: A political deal between Jefferson and Hamilton involved obtaining Virginia's support for assumption of state debts in exchange for locating the District of Columbia along the Potomac River by Virginia.

True.

T/F: A primary motive driving Americans to annex Texas was fear that the Lone Star Republic would become an ally or protectorate of Britain.

True.

T/F: A primary source of tension between settlers in Texas and the Mexican government was Mexico's abolition of slavery and prohibition of slave importation.

True.

T/F: After 1800, the prosperity of both North and South became heavily dependent on growing, manufacturing, and exporting cotton.

True.

T/F: After Congressman Preston Brooks nearly beat Senator Charles Sumner to death on the Senate floor, South Carolina reelected Brooks and Massachusetts reelected Sumner.

True.

T/F: After about 1830, all criticism of slavery was suppressed in the South, including a prohibition of delivery of abolitionist materials through the U.S. mail.

True.

T/F: After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain began sending thousands of crack veteran troops to North America in order to crush the upstart United States.

True.

T/F: After the Chesapeake affair, Jefferson could easily have declared war on Britain with the enthusiastic support of both Federalists and Republicans.

True.

T/F: Although Republican John C. Frément lost the presidency to Democrat James Buchanan, the election of 1856 demonstrated the growing power of the new antislavery party.

True.

T/F: Although it rejected most Americans' materialism and focus on practical concerns, transcendentalism strongly reflected American individualism, love of liberty, and hostility to formal institutions and authority.

True.

T/F: American frontier life was often plagued by poverty and illness.

True.

T/F: An unexpected deadlock with Aaron Burr meant that Jefferson had to be elected by the House of Representatives.

True.

T/F: As president, Jefferson attempted to exemplify his principles of democracy and equality by reducing formality and hierarchy in official Washington.

True.

T/F: Because of its wildcat banking practices and land speculation, the West was hit especially hard in the panic of 1819.

True.

T/F: Democratic party politicians and others attempted to avoid the issue of slavery in the territories by saying it should be left to popular sovereignty.

True.

T/F: Despite the outlawing of the international slave trade in 1807-1808, African slaves continued to be smuggled into the United States as well as Brazil and the West Indies.

True.

T/F: Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act was intended to organize western territories so that a transcontinental railroad could be built along a northern route.

True.

T/F: Early labor unions made very slow progress, partly because the strike weapon was illegal and ineffective.

True.

T/F: Even as they often despoiled nature, Americans celebrated the spectacular American landscape and wilderness as a defining element of national culture and identity.

True.

T/F: Even though the War of 1812 was a military and diplomatic draw, it set off a burst of patriotic enthusiasm and heightened nationalism in the United States.

True.

T/F: Former vice president Aaron Burr's conspiracies to break apart the United States demonstrated the fragility of the American government's control of the trans-Appalachian West.

True.

T/F: Hamilton financed his large national debt by revenues from tariffs and excise taxes on products such as whiskey.

True.

T/F: Hamilton's basic purpose in all his financial measures was to strengthen the federal government by building up a larger national debt.

True.

T/F: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin proved to be the most influential publication in arousing the northern and European publics against the evils of slavery.

True.

T/F: In 1860, three-fourths of all white southerners owned no slaves at all.

True.

T/F: In the 1830s, new legal and governmental policies prohibiting chartered business monopolies encouraged competition and aided the market economy.

True.

T/F: In the election of 1844, Clay lost to Polk partly because he tried to straddle the Texas annexation issue and thus lost antislavery support.

True.

T/F: Instead of forcing Britain and France to respect American rights, as Jefferson hoped, the embargo crippled the American economy.

True.

T/F: Jackson successfully used his veto of the bill to recharter the wealthy Bank of the United States to politically mobilize the common people of the West against the financial elite of the East.

True.

T/F: Jackson's victory in 1828 represented the triumph of the West and the common people over the older elitist political system.

True.

T/F: Jefferson cut the size of the United States Army to twenty-five hundred men because he believed that a large standing army posed a danger of dictatorship and could embroil the nation in unnecessary foreign wars.

True.

T/F: Jefferson's envoys to Paris initially intended to buy only New Orleans and the immediate vicinity.

True.

T/F: John Jay's unpopular treaty with Britain stirred outrage among many Americans and fueled the rise of Jefferson's Republican Party.

True.

T/F: John Marshall's Supreme Court rulings generally defended the power of the federal government against the power of the states.

True.

T/F: Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery developed a rich scientific knowledge of the West and discovered an overland American route to the Pacific.

True.

T/F: Many early American reformers were middle-class idealists inspired by evangelical Protestantism.

True.

T/F: Many of the prominent utopian communities of early nineteenth century involved communal ownership of property and sexual practices different from the conventional norm.

True.

T/F: Most married women in the early nineteenth century worked only part-time and contributed their income to the support of their families.

True.

T/F: Most slaveowners treated their black slaves as a valuable economic investment.

True.

T/F: Polk's primary objective in fighting the Mexican War was to obtain California for the United States.

True.

T/F: Polk's victory in the election of 1844 was interpreted as a mandate for Manifest Destiny and led directly to the annexation of Texas and a favorable settlement of the Oregon dispute.

True.

T/F: Poor whites supported slavery because it made them feel racially superior and because they hoped someday to be able to buy slaves.

True.

T/F: President Adams lost public support by promoting strong nationalistic principles in a time of growing support for sectionalism and states' rights.

True.

T/F: Seven states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America during the "lame-duck" period between Lincoln's election and his inauguration.

True.

T/F: South Carolina's fierce opposition to the Tariff of Abominations reflected an underlying fear that enhanced federal power might be turned against the institution of slavery.

True.

T/F: Southerners demanded a more effective fugitive-slave law to stop the Underground Railroad from running escaped slaves to Canada.

True.

T/F: Texas was annexed by a simple majority resolution of both houses of Congress because the two-thirds vote necessary for a treaty of annexation could not be obtained in the Senate.

True.

T/F: The Aroostook War, over the Maine boundary, was settled by a territorial compromise in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty.

True.

T/F: The British agreed to a status quo peace treaty at Ghent largely because they were tired of war and worried about a potentially dangerous France.

True.

T/F: The Erie Canal greatly lowered the cost of Midwestern agricultural products in the markets of eastern big cities and even Europe.

True.

T/F: When the Supreme Court ruled against the state of Georgia and in favor of southeastern Indians' rights, Jackson defied the Supreme Court's rulings and ordered the Cherokees and other southeastern tribes forcibly removed to Oklahoma.

True.

A powerful, evangelical antislavery novel that altered the course of American politics

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's powerful 1852 novel that focused on slavery's cruel effects in separating black family members from one another

Uncle Tom's Cabin

The informal network of people who helped runaway slaves travel from the South to the safe haven of Canada

Underground Railroad

The two territories that were organized under the Compromise of 1850 with the choice of slavery left open to popular sovereignty

Utah and New Mexico

Reduced tariff law sponsored by President Polk's secretary of the Treasury that produced substantial revenue and bolstered the U.S. economy

Walker Tariff of 1846

Militantly nationalistic western congressmen eager for hostilities with the Indians, Canadians, and British

War Hawks

British naval unit that seized hundreds of slave ships in the process of suppressing the illegal slave trade in the early 1800s

West African Squadron

Political party that fell apart and disappeared after losing the election of 1852

Whigs

Controversial amendment, which passed the House but not the Senate, stipulating that slavery should be forbidden in all territory acquired from Mexico

Wilmot Proviso

Scandal in which three French secret agents attempted to bribe U.S. diplomats, outraging the American public and causing the undeclared war with France

APUSH Chapters 10-27, 31, 32, 33

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