APUSH Enduring Vision Chapter 21

Louis Brandeis

Boston attorney in Muller VS Oregon Case who defended constitutionality of the Oregon 10-hr law for women laundry workers; innovative approach to the law; offered evidence documenting how long hours harmed women workers; nominated by Wilson in 1916 for the Supreme Court; faced a lot of opposition but Senate finally confirmed him

Typhoid Mary

A cook who carried typhoid fever and passed it on to many people in and around New York City in the early 20th century. The term is often applied to the carrier of a contagious disease, or, more generally, to anyone who brings bad luck.

Muckraker

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (History of the Standard Oil Company) Lincoln Steffens (The Shame of the Cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Socialist Party of America

1900: Democratic Socialists formed this with Eugene Debs as its presidential candidate 5 times between 1900 and 1920; when socialism peaked in 1912, so did membership; elected Congressman Berger and published many newspapers; dedicated to the welfare of the working class; platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel

International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union

1900: founded by immigrants in NYC's needle trades; successfully striked in 1909 and after 1911 Triangle Fire; helped strikers win higher wages and improved working conditions

Industrial Workers of the World

1905: radical union that targeted most exploited workers and had rep for violence; "The Wobblies"; aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests; worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes; stressed solidarity; led by William Haywood

Hepburn Act

1906 by Roosevelt: empower the ICC to set max RR rates and to examine RRs' financial records; curtailed RRs' practice of giving out free passes to people with influence; NOT TRUSTBUSTING, NOW REGULATION

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906: Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade; required labels; BC OF SINCLAIR'S "THE JUNGLE"

Meat Inspection Act

1906: Imposed strict sanitary regulations for meatpackers and set up a federal meat inspection system for meat crossing state lines; BC OF SINCLAIR'S "THE JUNGLE"

Muller VS Oregon

1908: Evidence of changing judicial climate; SC upheld Oregon 10-hr law for women laundry workers; Louis Brandeis defended the law; SC held that the worker-protection laws did not violate employers' rights under due-process clause of the 14th Amt; marked breakthrough in legal system and made it more responsive to new social realities

NAACP

1909: abolish segregation and discrimination; to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans; got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional; founded by DuBois and Villard

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

1911: NYC: fire broke out, doors were locked or jammed; a few escaped, but workers were jumping from windows; 141 dead; horrifying evidence that industrialization took heavy toll on American life; led to NY passing laws to regulate factories and protect workers

Federal Reserve Act

1913: Wilson agreed that the central bank needed to be publicly controlled: created 12 banks hat could issue Federal Bank Notes to banks to make loads; overall control was with the head of all 12 banks and the Federal Reserve Board; Wilson's greatest legislative achievement

Sixteenth Amendment

1913: granted Congress the authority to tax income; a "communistic" measure

Seventeenth Amendment

1913: mandated the direct election of US Senators by the voters, rather than by state legislatures; to make Senate less vulnerable to corporate influence and more responsive to popular will

Workers' Compensation Act

1916: provided accident and injury protection to federal workers; enacted under Wilson

Eighteenth Amendment

1919: prohibited the manufacture, sale, or importation of "intoxicating liquors"

Nineteenth Amendment

1920: granted women the right to vote

Direct Primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office; part of progressive electoral reform when it expanded to the state level

Hiram Johnson

A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican governor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics. "A volcano in perpetual eruption" that took over in crusade against Boss Abe Ruef in San Francisco

Socialism

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole

Capitalism

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise

Initiative

Allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; voters can instruct legislature to consider a specific bill; to trim political power of corporate interests

Oswald Garrison Villard

Along with DuBois, he formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People that called for full political rights and an end to racism; had once supported the beliefs of BTW, but changed his views after reading DuBois's "The Souls of Black Folks"; drafted "The Call" that led to the founding meeting of the NAACP; provided the financial support necessary to launch the NAACP as a permanent organization

Progressive Party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

W.E.B. DuBois

BTW's most potent challenger who openly criticized him in "The Souls of Black Folk" by rejecting his call for patience and exclusive emphasis on manual skills; demanded full racial equality with the same education opportunities as whites; called on all blacks to resist all forms of racism; formed NAACP with O.G. Villard

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

Theodore Roosevelt

Became president in 1901 when McKinley was killed; TR; jingoistic; immediately made White House a place of activism; embraced progressives' ideas and objectives; "I believe in a strong executive"; suppressed United Mine Workers' strike in 1902 with a different approach to the labor dispute; filed antitrust suit against Northern Securities; conservationism, trustbusting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," etc; ditched Republicans and formed Progressive Party in 1912; advocated New Nationalism

Carrie Chapman Catt

Became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; had a state-by-state approach to achieve woman suffrage

Ida Wells-Barnet

Black journalist and activist who had national anti-lynching campaign in contrast to BTW's public silence on the subject; toured US and GB lecturing against racial abuses and documented the from record in "A Red Record"

The Passing of a Great Race

Book by Madison Grant in which he used fake data to justify EUGENICS; called for segregation and immigration restriction; wanted forced sterilization of the "unfit" and "worthless race types"

Gifford Pinchot

CONSERVATIONALIST; saw public domain as a reserve to be managed wisely; head of the US Forest Service; stressed conservation over preservation; asked TR for planned development of wilderness land that led to the National Reclamation Act; advocated multiple-use of the lands

Birth Control

Championed by Margaret Sanger; controversial; this movement was one of Progressivism's most important legacies; Supreme Court eventually came around to legalize in in 1965

Eugenics

Control of mating to ensure that "defective" genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed on to future generations; the control of reproduction to alter a plant or animal species as a means of improving American society; to protect Americans from pollution by "inferior" genetics

Federal Bank Notes

Could be distributed to banks by the 12 banks set up by the Federal Reserve Act to enable them to make loans

The Birth of a Nation

D.W. Griffith's movie that disparified blacks and glorified the KKK; "history written in lightning"; a movie that preached racism

D.W. Griffith

Directed "The Birth of a Nation"; innovative American filmmaker; preached racism

Niagara Movement

Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

Insurgents

During Roosevelt administration, this small group of reform-minded Republicans had challenged their party's conservative congressional leadership; fought Taft over the tariff issue; wanted a lower tariff; infuriated when Taft pushed Payne-Aldrich Tariff through; next set sights on Joseph Cannon to trim his power. so they joined the the Democrats and removed Cannon from the Rules Committee to piss Taft off

John Dewey

Educational reformer; saw schools as engines of social change and student cooperation; ideal school would be an "embryonic community" where kids learn cooperation as a social group; wrote "Democracy and Education"; believed in idea "learning by doing" of progressive education

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Enacted by Taft; Insurgents fought with Taft over the tariff issue because they wanted a lower tariff, but when Taft passed this that raised duties on hundreds of items, he infuriated the Insurgents; in contrast to campaign promises; effectively split the Republican Party

Alice Paul

Fed up with NAWSA and Catt; founded the Woman's Party to pressure Congress to make woman-suffrage a Constitutional amendment; targeted Democrats and opposed Wilson

Woman's Party

Founded in 1913 by Alice Paul to pressure Congress to make woman-suffrage a Constitutional amendment; targeted Democrats and opposed Wilson

United Mine Workers' Strike of 1902

Strike in PA that TR realized would make people run out of coal resulting in a loss of heat. So, he threatened to send troops to work the mines unless the owners agreed to negotiate. This is called collective bargaining.

New Republic

Herbert Croly's magazine that promoted progressive ideas

The Promise of American Life

Herbert Croly; called for an activist government like Hamilton's to promote the welfare of all, not just the business class; contained many of the ideas that Roosevelt preached in his Bull Moose campaign, under his New Nationalism creed; "Hamltonian means to achieve Jefersonians ends"

Florence Kelley

Hull House resident who helped remedy industrial abuses by investigating conditions in factories/sweatshops and persuading legislatures to outlaw child labor; campaigned for a federal child labor law: "why are [wild animals] suitable for federal protection, but not children?"

Anti-Saloon League

In battling alcohol, this shifted the focus from stopping people from drinking to stopping the sale of alcoholic beverages; founded in 1895 and produced propaganda about alcohol's role in social problems and saying prohibition was the answer to them; encouraged local churches and temperance groups to work at all levels for prohibition; national prohibition was its main goal; added to the efforts of the WCTU

Eugene Debs

Indiana labor leader and popular orator; presidential candidate for Socialist Party of America 5 times between 1900 and 1920

Herbert Croly

Intellectual who said that new ideas could transform society; in "The Promise of American Life," he called for an activist government like Hamilton's to promote the welfare of all, not just the business class; founded the "New Republic" magazine to promote progressive ideas

William Haywood

Leader of the IWW Union; promoted the concept of one all-inclusive union whose goal was the promotion of socialism and overthrow of capitalism;

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Led by president Carrie Chapman Catt; adopted the Winning-Plan: grass-roots organization with tight central coordination; lobbied legislators, ran ads, put up posters, waved banners with slogans, organized parades, and gave out items; remained fairly while, middle-class, and native; few blacks or immigrants joined and some elites opposed the reform

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraker journalist who documented the municipal corruption in St. Louis and the reforms of the D.A.; "The Shame of the Cities": criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who wrote the "History of the Standard Oil Company": exposed the corruption of the oil industry

The Jungle

Novel by Upton Sinclair that describes the foul conditions in meatpacking plant; hit Americans in hearts and stomachs; let to Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act because Roosevelt then wanted to investigate meatpacking

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

One of the groups that was most involved in trying to bring about the end of alcohol sales and close down the business that made alcoholic beverages; also targeted prostitution; added to the efforts of the ASL

John Muir

PRESERVATIONALIST; Sierra Club and he fought to preserve wilderness areas; advocated creation of national parks like Yosemite

Margaret Sanger

Practical nurse and socialist; crusaded for birth control; when her journal "The Woman Rebel" faced obscenity charges, she fled only to return and open the 1st birth control clinic and start a new journal, "Birth Control Review"; founded American Birth Control League that became Planned Parenthood; rivals with Mary Ware Dennett

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

Passed by Wilson; reduced tariff rates by 15%, substantially reduced import fees; lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th Amt

Woodrow Wilson

Political novice nominated by Democrats for election of 1912; championed New Freedom to experience real liberty; won presidency in 1912 and was linked to reform (except racial); passed Underwood-Simmons Tariff, Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, and the Workers' Compensation Act; wanted to regulate big business with Congress; his sympathies stopped at the color lines; was renominated in 1916 and won against Republican Hughes

Hazen Pingree

Progressive reform mayor of Detroit; brought honesty to city call, decreased transit fees, made taxes fair, and provided public services

Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones

Progressive reformer in Toledo; introduced profit sharing in his factory; established playgrounds, free kindergartens, and losing for homeless transients; followed the Social Gospel

Tom Johnson

Reform/progressive mayor of Cleveland who sought to reduce political influence in public utilities, reduce streetcar fares, and increase public services for the average citizen

Election of 1912

Republican trouble because TR announced candidacy but Taft wanted a 2nd term; Taft dq'd TR's delegates, infuriated him, and so TR went to run for the Progressive Party; Republican Party split, allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win

Square Deal

Roosevelt called for this; it would be for all Americans and denounced special treatment for capitalists; use big business to "serve the public good"

Northern Securities Company Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan for violating the Sherman Act; in the end, the company was "trust-busted" after the Square Deal, and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's mantra when he returned and campaigned for the Insurgents; this would powerfully engage the federal government in reform

Joseph Cannon

Speaker of the House during Taft's presidency, he often contested Taft's attempts at reform. Taft's refusal to overcome Cannon's opposition also led the Progressives to lose faith in him. Targeted by Insurgents because he kept most reform bills out; was removed from the Rules Committee

William Howard Taft

Secretar of War chosen by Republicans for 1909 election; won easily because of TR's endorsement; opposite of TR; supported Mann-Elkins Act, prosecuted 2x as many antitrust violations as TR; fought insurgents over the tariff issue; pushed higher tariff through

Federal Reserve Board

Set up by the Federal Reserve Act; held the power; members were appointed by the president for 4-year terms

Jane Addams

Settlement house leader who rejected the claim that unrestrained competition is the best path to social progress; each individual's well-being depended on the well-being of all; told people to demand reform; founded the Hull House; wrote "Democracy and Social Ethics"

Trustbusting

Trust-busting is any government activity designed to kill trusts or monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt is most associated with dissolving trusts, but he eventually turned to regulation. William Howard Taft signed twice as much trust-busting legislation during his presidency.

The Theory of the Leisure Class

Veblen; satirized the lifestyle of the newly rich capitalists; "conspicuous consumption"

Referendum

Voters can actually enact a law or express views on a specific measure; part of progressive electoral reform when it expanded to the state level

Recall

Voters can remove public official from office with enough signatures on a petition; part of progressive electoral reform when it expanded to the state level

Madison Grant

Wrote "The Passing of a Great Race"; eugenics advocate who used fake data to justify the process; called for segregation and immigration restriction; wanted forced sterilization of the "unfit" and "worthless race types"

Thorstein Veblen

Wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class"; economist who criticized the new business order with "conspicuous consumption"

Federal Trade Commission

Wilson turned to business regulation; administrative approach that created a new "watch dog" agency; had power to investigate violations of federal regulations, require regular reports from corporations, and issue cease-and-desist orders when found unfair methods of competition; initially proved ineffective

Clayton Antitrust Act

Wilson turned to business regulation; legal approach; listed corporate activities that could lead to federal lawsuits; more specific than Sherman Act; filed over 100 lawsuits

New Freedom

Wilson's mantra in the election of 1912; must limit government for real liberty

Robert LaFollette

Wisconsin Governor; "Fighting Bob"; led regulation of RRs, mines, etc; challenged dominant business interests, adopted direct-primary, increased corporate taxes, set up regulatory commission, and limited campaign spending; his reforms gained national attention as the "WISCONSIN IDEA"

Booker T. Washington

With rising racism, his accommodationist way seemed unrealistic; cautious approach; self-help; "a fatal blow"; progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

Principles of Scientific Management

Written by Frederick Taylor; to reduce waste and inefficiency in production by measuring every movement and regulating every step of the work process; output can be increased by standardizing job routines and rewarding the fastest workers because of the pressure to speed up

Frederick Taylor

Wrote "Principles of Scientific Management"