APUSH HW IDS(10-20)

Thomas Jefferson

"a little rebellion now and then" helped keep the country free Washington chose Jefferson to be secretary of state/Jefferson committed to restricting federal power/preserving economy based on agriculture

Haitian Revolt

(1791-1804) inspired free/slaves and terrified white Americans Free people of color embraced the revolution, understanding it as a call for full abolition/rights of citizenship denied in US Over next several decades, black Americans continually looked to Haiti as inspiration in struggle for freedom. also proved that, given equal opportunities, people of color could achieve as much as whites

Henry Moss

*1792* he suffered from a skin condition which turned his skin white--> white people saw him as living proof of their theory that the Black color comes from leprosy and something "cured" him

4 Acts in Coercive Acts

1)Boston Port Act shut down harbor/ cut off all trade 2)Massachusetts Gov't Act put colonial gov't under British control, dissolving the assembly/restricting town meetings 3)Administration of Justice Act allowed any royal official accused of a crime to be tried in Britain rather than by Massachusetts courts/juries 4)Quartering Act allowed British army to quarter newly arrived soldiers in colonists' homes

Lessons from Gabriel's Rebellion

1)suggested that slaves were capable of preparing/carrying out sophisticated/ violent revolution—undermining white supremacist assumptions about the inherent intellectual inferiority of blacks. 2)demonstrated that white efforts to suppress news of other slave revolts—especially the 1791 slave rebellion in Haiti—had failed. Not only did some literate slaves read accounts of successful attack in Virginia's newspapers, others heard about rebellion firsthand when slaveholding refugees from Haiti arrived in Virginia w/their slaves after July 1793.

Henry Lee

A few weeks later, on June 7, Richard Henry Lee offered the following resolution: -United Colonies are/by right Free/Independent States -they are absolved from all allegiance to Britain passage of Lee's resolution official legal declaration of independence, but btwn the proposal and vote, a committee had been named to draft a public declaration in case the resolution passed

Anti-Federalists/Bill of Rights

Anti-Federalists argued that without such a guarantee of specific rights, American citizens risked losing their personal liberty to powerful federal gov't (Patrick Henry/George Mason)

Edmond-Charles Genet

April 1793, new French ambassador, "Citizen" Edmond-Charles Genêt, arrived US During his tour of several cities, Americans greeted him w/wild enthusiasm He encouraged Americans to act against Spain, a British ally, by attacking its colonies of Florida/Louisiana When Pres Washington refused, Genêt threatened to appeal to American people directly In response, Washington demanded that France recall its diplomat. In meantime, Genêt's faction had fallen from power in France. Knowing that a return home might cost him his head, he decided to remain in America.

Bank of the United States

Bank of US, similarly, won congressional approval despite strong opposition Thomas Jefferson/other Republicans argued that plan was unconstitutional; the Constitution did not authorize Congress to create a bank. Hamilton, however, argued that the bank was not only constitutional but also important for country's prosperity Bank of the US would: -act as convenient depository for federal funds -print paper banknotes backed by specie (gold or silver) -agents would help control inflation by periodically taking state bank notes to their banks of origin/demanding specie in exchange, limiting amount of notes state banks printed. -give wealthy vested interest in federal gov't's finances -gov't would control 20% of bank's stock; other 80% would be owned by private investors -"intimate connexion" btwn gov't/ wealthy men would benefit both(promote American commerce)

Virtual Representation

Bc colonies didn't elect members to Parliament, they believed that they were not represented/couldn't be taxed In response, Parliament/Crown argued that they were "virtually represented," just like the residents of those boroughs or counties in England that did not elect members to Parliament colonists rejected the notion of virtual representation, with one pamphleteer calling it a "monstrous idea."

Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774)

Britain passed 4 Acts called the Coercive Acts Boston deemed in open rebellion/ the king, his advisors/Parliament acted decisively to end the rebellion Colonists, however, referred to them as the Intolerable Acts The Crown, however, did not anticipate the other colonies coming to the aid of Massachusetts -Colonists collected food for Boston -Virginia's House of Burgesses called for a day of prayer/fasting to show their support Rather than isolating Massachusetts, the Coercive Acts fostered the sense of shared identity created over the previous decade.

Townshend Acts

Britain's next attempt to draw revenues from the colonies passed in June 1767, creating new customs duties on common items(lead, glass, paint/tea) instead of direct taxes also created/strengthened formal mechanisms to enforce compliance, including a new American Board of Customs Commissioners/more vice-admiralty courts to try smugglers Revenues from customs seizures would be used to pay customs officers/other royal officials, including the governors, thereby incentivizing them to convict offenders acts increased the presence of the British gov't in colonies/circumscribed the authority of the colonial assemblies, since paying the governor's salary had long given the assemblies significant power over them. colonists resisted even though these were duties many colonial resistance authors still referred to them as "taxes," bc they were designed primarily to extract revenues from the colonies, not to regulate trade.

Racial Types" (Civilized and Primitive)

Carolus Linnaeus, Comte de Buffon, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach/others created connections btwn race/place as they divided the racial "types" of the world according to skin color, cranial measurements/hair claimed that years under the hot sun/ tropical climate of Africa darkened the skin/reconfigured skulls, whereas the cold northern latitudes of Europe molded/sustained "Caucasian" race environments endowed both races w/ respective characteristics, which accounted for differences in humankind tracing back to a common ancestry universal human nature, therefore, housed not fundamental differences but rather the "civilized"/"primitive"

Roger Sherman and the Great Compromise

Connecticut delegate suggested compromise -Congress would have lower house (House of Reps) in which members were assigned according to each state's population -upper house(Senate) in which each state would have 1 vote proposal, after months of debate, was adopted in a slightly altered form as the Great Compromise: -each state would have 2 senators, who could vote independently -In addition to establishing both types of representation, compromise also counted a slave as 3/5 of a person for representation/tax purposes

Articles of Confederation

Continental Congress ratified AoC Confederation in 1781 articles allowed each state one vote in Continental Congress Congress given no power to levy/collect taxes, regulate foreign/interstate commerce, or establish a federal judiciary shortcomings rendered the postwar Congress weak/largely ineffectual

Result after end of Shay's rebellion

Daniel Shays/other leaders were indicted for treason, and several sentenced to death, but eventually Shays/most of his followers received pardons protest generated intense national debate -some Americans(Jefferson) thought "a little rebellion now and then" helped keep country free -others feared nation was sliding toward anarchy/complained that the states could not maintain control For nationalists(James Madison), Shays' Rebellion was a prime example of why the country needed a strong central government.(showed AoC weakness)

Republican Political

Federalists' adoption of republican political rhetoric signaled new political landscape in which both parties embraced direct involvement of the citizenry Republican Party rose to power on promise to expand voting/promote more direct link btwn political leaders/ electorate American populace continued to demand more direct access to political power Jefferson, James Madison/James Monroe sought to expand voting through policies that made it easier for Americans to purchase land Under their leadership, 7 new states entered the Union. By 1824, only 3 states still had rules about how much property someone had to own before he could vote Never again would the Federalists regain dominance over either Congress or the presidency; the last Federalist to run for president, Rufus King, lost to Monroe in 1816.

Federalist v. Democratic Republican view of French Rev

Federalists- feared that the French Revolution was spiraling out of control/sought closer ties w/Britain Republicans- remained hopeful about the revolution

Federalist and Democratic Republican

First two political parties Almost from the beginning, Washington struggled to reconcile Federalist/ Republican (or Democratic-Republican) factions within his own administration.

Reason for Great Compromise

For more than a decade, each state had enjoyed a single vote in the Continental Congress Small(New Jersey/Delaware) wanted to keep things that way Roger Sherman argued members of Congress should be appointed by the state legislatures -Ordinary voters lacked info, were "constantly liable to be misled"/"should have as little to do as may be" about most national decisions Large states, however, preferred the Virginia Plan(give citizens more power over the legislative branch.) James Wilson of Pennsylvania argued that since the Virginia Plan would vastly increase powers of national gov't, representation should be drawn as directly as possible from the public -No government, he warned, "could long subsist without the confidence of the people." Ultimately, Roger Sherman suggested a compromise.

Haiti

Fortunately for US, pressures of war in Europe/slave insurrection in Haiti forced Napoleon to rethink his vast North American holdings Rebellious slaves coupled w/yellow fever outbreak in Haiti defeated French forces, stripping Napoleon of ability to control Haiti (the home of profitable sugar plantations)

2nd part of Hamilton's plan

Hamilton wanted Congress to create a bank—a Bank of the United States.

Causes of debt

In 1786/1787 1000s of farmers in western Massachusetts were struggling under a heavy burden of debt problems made worse by weak local/ national economies Many political leaders saw both the debt /struggling economy as consequence of the AoC, which provided the federal government w/no way to raise revenue /did little to create a cohesive nation out of the various states

Boston Tea Party (1773)

In November, the Boston Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams/John Hancock, resolved to "prevent the landing and sale of the [tea], and the payment of any duty thereon" and to do so "at the risk of their lives and property." meeting appointed men to guard the wharfs/make sure the tea remained on the ships until they returned to London worked/tea did not reach the shore, but by December 16, the ships were still there. Hence, another town meeting was held at the Old South Meeting House, at the end of which dozens of men disguised as Mohawk Indians made their way to the wharf As word spread throughout the colonies, patriots were emboldened to do the same to the tea sitting in their harbors. Tea was either dumped or seized in Charleston, Philadelphia, and New York, with numerous other smaller "tea parties" taking place throughout 1774.

America's view on the French Revolution

In just a few years, many Americans' feelings toward France had changed dramatically Far from rejoicing in the "light of freedom," many Americans now feared the "contagion" of French-style liberty Debates over French Revolution in the 1790s gave Americans some of their earliest opportunities to articulate what it meant to be American

XYZ Affair (1797)

In response to Jay's Treaty, the French government authorized vessels to attack American shipping to resolve this, President Adams sent envoys to France French insulted diplomats. Some officials, whom Americans code-named X, Y, and Z in their correspondence, hinted that negotiations could begin only after the Americans offered a bribe. When story became public, XYZ Affair infuriated American citizens Dozens of towns wrote addresses to President Adams, pledging him their support against France. Many people seemed eager for war.

Virginia Plan

James Madison planned to intended to produce completely new national constitution In the preceding year, he completed 2 extensive research projects—1 on history of gov't in US/other on history of republics around world Called Virginia Plan, named after Madison's home state -proposed US should have strong federal gov't -3 branches(legislative, executive/ judicial)w/power to act on any issues of national concern -legislature(Congress)would have 2 houses, in which every state would be represented according to population size /tax base -national legislature would have veto power over state laws

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Jefferson authorized acquisition of Louisiana from France in 1803 in what is considered the largest real estate deal in American history France had ceded Louisiana to Spain in exchange for West Florida after the Seven Years' War decades earlier Jefferson concerned about American access to New Orleans, which served as an important port for western farmers worries multiplied when French secretly reacquired Louisiana in 1800. Spain remained in Louisiana for 2 more years while U.S. minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, tried to strike a compromise Deciding to cut his losses after Haitian Revolution, Napoleon offered to sell entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million—roughly equivalent to $250 million today. Negotiations btwn Livingston/ Napoleon's foreign minister, Talleyrand, succeeded more spectacularly than either Jefferson or Livingston could have imagined Jefferson made an inquiry to cabinet regarding the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase, but he believed he was obliged to operate outside the strict limitations of the Constitution if the good of nation was at stake, as his ultimate responsibility was to American people

Declaration of Independence

Jefferson drafted document, edits being made by John Adams, Ben Franklin/again by the Congress as a whole preamble went beyond the arguments about rights of British subjects under the British Constitution, instead referring to "natural law": -all men created equal -endowed by Creator w/certain unalienable Rights(Life, Liberty/pursuit of Happiness) -to secure these rights, Gov'ts are instituted among Men, deriving just powers from consent of governed -whenever any Form of Gov't becomes destructive, Right of People to alter or to abolish it institute new Gov't majority of document outlined list of specific grievances that colonists had w/British attempts to reform imperial administration during 1760s/1770st Congress approved the document on July 4, 1776

non-elites and democracy

Jefferson's election to presidency in 1800 represented victory for non-elite white Americans in their bid to assume more direct control over gov't many political leaders/non-elite citizens believed Jefferson embraced politics of masses

Gabriel's Rebellion

Led by slave Gabriel, close to 1000 slaves planned to end slavery in Virginia by attacking Richmond in late August 1800. -set diversionary fires in city's warehouse district -attacked Richmond's white residents, seized weapons/captured Virginia Gov. James Monroe August 30, 2 slaves revealed plot to their master, who notified authorities Faced w/bad weather, Gabriel/other leaders postponed attack until the next night, giving Gov. Monroe/militia time to capture the conspirators After briefly escaping, Gabriel was seized, tried/hanged along w/25 executions sent message that others would be punished if they challenged slavery Subsequently, Virginia gov't increased restrictions on free people of color

African Colonization

Many Americans believed nature had made white/black races too different to peacefully coexist/viewed African colonization as solution to America's racial problem

Congress' first declaration of independence

May 10, 1776 Congress voted on a resolution calling all colonies to establish revolutionary gov'ts, wrest control from royal officials/begin preparing new written constitutions(Congress's first declaration of independence)

ignorant savages

Native diplomacy testified to the complexity of indigenous cultures/their role in shaping the politics/policy of American communities, states/federal gov't Yet white attitudes, words/policies frequently relegated Native peoples to literal/figurative margins as "ignorant savages." Poor treatment inspired hostility/calls for pan-Indian alliances from leaders of distinct Native nations, including the Shawnee leader Tecumseh.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness After failures of pan-Indian unity/loss at the Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh's confederation floundered

Native Americans/Western settlement

Revolution affected Native Americans by opening up western settlement/creating gov'ts hostile to their territorial claims Many Native American groups(Shawnee, Creek, Cherokee/Iroquois) had sided w/British hoped British victory would con't to restrain land-hungry colonial settlers from moving west beyond Appalachian Mountains Unfortunately, Americans' victory/Native Americans' support for British created a pretense for justifying rapid/often brutal expansion into the western territories Native American peoples displaced and pushed farther west throughout the nineteenth century American independence marked the beginning of the end of what had remained of Native American independence.

End of Mercantilism

Revolution's most important long-term economic consequence Britain had imposed various restrictions on colonial economies including limiting trade, settlement/ manufacturing Revolution opened new markets/trade relationships Americans' victory also opened the western territories for invasion/ settlement, which created new domestic markets Americans began to create their own manufactures, no longer content to rely on those in Britain.

James Madison

Shays' Rebellion prime example of why country needed strong central gov't. "Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty as well as the abuses of power" central figure in the reconfiguration of the national government

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (ideas and beliefs)

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa(bros) articulated ideas/beliefs similar to their eighteenth-century predecessors Tenskwatawa pronounced the Master of Life entrusted him/Tecumseh with the responsibility for returning Native peoples to 1 true path/rid Native communities of dangerous/corrupting influences of Euro-American trade/ culture Tenskwatawa stressed need for cultural/religious renewal, which coincided w/his blending of tenets, traditions/rituals of indigenous religions/ Christianity. Tenskwatawa emphasized apocalyptic visions that he/followers would usher in a new world/restore Native power to the continent For Native peoples who gravitated to the Shawnee brothers, this emphasis on cultural/religious revitalization was empowering/spiritually liberating, especially given the continuous American assaults on Native land/power in early nineteenth century.

Dunmore's Proclamation (1775)

The British were the first to recruit black (or "Ethiopian") regiments Dunmore's Proclamation of 1775 in Virginia promised freedom to any slaves who would escape their masters /join the British cause.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's Common Sense argued for independence by denouncing monarchy/challenging the logic behind the British Empire "There is something absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island." His combination of easy language, biblical references, /fiery rhetoric proved potent/pamphlet was quickly published throughout the colonies Arguments over political philosophy/rumors of battlefield developments filled taverns throughout the colonies.

Alien Act (1798)

allowed federal gov't to deport foreign nationals, or "aliens," who seemed to pose a national security threat

Sedition Acts

allowed gov't to prosecute anyone found to be speaking or publishing "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against gov't

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

argued that national gov't's authority was limited to the powers expressly granted by the U.S. Constitution More importantly, they asserted that the states could declare federal laws unconstitutional For the time being, these resolutions were simply gestures of defiance. Their bold claim, however, would have important effects in later decades.

Revolution of 1800

as real a revolution in principles of our gov't as that of 76 was in it's form, not effected indeed by the sword . . . but by rational/peaceable instrument of reform, the suffrage [voting] of the people Jefferson desired to convince Americans, /world, that a gov't that answered directly to people would lead to lasting national union, not anarchic division wanted to prove that free people could govern themselves democratically

Play-off system

b4 revolution, many indians had balanced a delicate diplomacy btwn European empires--> indigenous people dominated social relations in North America

Hamilton's concept of self-interest and inequality

believed self-interest was "most powerful incentive of human actions." drove humans to accumulate property,/ that effort created commerce/industry According to Hamilton, gov't had important roles to play in this process -wise gov't would harness its citizens' desire for property so that both private individuals/state would benefit

Boston Massacre (1770)

best ex. of new "continental conversation" came in the wake of the Boston Massacre Britain sent regiments to Boston in 1768 to help enforce the new acts/quell the resistance On the evening of March 5, 1770, crowd gathered outside the Custom House/ began hurling insults, snowballs, and perhaps more at the young sentry When a small number of soldiers came to the sentry's aid, the crowd grew increasingly hostile until the soldiers fired After the smoke cleared, 5 Bostonians were dead, including one of the ringleaders, Crispus Attucks, a former slave turned free dockworker soldiers were tried in Boston/won acquittal, thanks, in part, to their defense attorney, John Adams News spread quickly through the new resistance communication networks, aided by a famous engraving initially circulated by Paul Revere, which depicted bloodthirsty British soldiers w/ grins on their faces firing into a peaceful crowd engraving was quickly circulated and reprinted throughout the colonies, generating sympathy for Boston and anger with Britain.

Bobalition broadsides

black activism inspired by Haiti's revolution was so powerful that anxious white leaders scrambled to use violence of Haitian revolt to reinforce white supremacy/pro-slavery views by limiting social/political lives of people of color White publications mocked black Americans as buffoons, ridiculing calls for abolition/= rights most (in)famous, published in Boston in the 1810s, crudely caricatured African Americans Widely distributed materials became basis for racist ideas that thrived in the nineteenth century. But such ridicule also implied that black Americans' presence in political convo was significant enough to require it

Emergence of National Character

colonists' motivations for leaving Europe, political heritage of English majority, influence of American natural environment combined to bring about a distinctly American viewpoint and way of life, colonists exercised the rights of free speech and a free press, became accustomed to electing representatives, tolerated a variety of religions, restless, enterprising, practical, seeking to improve their circumstances

Executive Branch and the Electoral College

delegates took even longer to decide on the form of the national executive branch On June 1, James Wilson moved that the national executive power reside in a single person Coming only 4 years after the Revolution, proposal was extremely contentious; it conjured up images of an elected monarchy delegates also worried about how to protect the executive branch from corruption or undue control endlessly debated these questions/not until early September did they decide the president would be elected by special electoral college

Continental Association of 1774

document issued by Congress to boycott British goods, need colonies to be united in cause Association recommended "that a committee be chosen in every county, city, and town . . . whose business it shall be attentively to observe the conduct of all persons touching this association." These Committees of Inspection would consist largely of common colonists. They were effectively deputized to police their communities/instructed to publish the names of anyone who violated the Association so they "may be publicly known/universally condemned as the enemies of American liberty." perhaps most radical doc of the period -sought to unite/direct 12 revolutionary gov'ts, establish economic/moral policies/empower common colonists by giving them an important/unprecedented degree of on-the-ground political power

Republican Motherhood

early American belief that women were essential in nurturing principles of liberty in citizenry would pass along important values of independence/virtue to kids, ensuring each generation cherished same values of American Revolution women's actions became politicized Republican partisans even described women's choice of sexual partner as crucial to health/well-being of party/ nation Thou unmistakably steeped in the gendered assumptions about female sexuality/domesticity that denied women = share of political rights men enjoyed, these statements also conceded pivotal role women played as active participants in partisan politics

Embargo of 1807 and the American Economy

elicited most outrage from Jefferson's Federalist critics Many Americans called for war when the British attacked the USS Chesapeake in 1807 president, however, decided on a policy of "peaceable coercion"/Congress agreed Under the Embargo Act of 1807, American ports were closed to all foreign trade in hopes of avoiding war Jefferson hoped that an embargo would force European nations to respect American neutrality embargo hurt the U.S. economy. Even Jefferson's personal finances suffered. When Americans resorted to smuggling their goods out of the country, Jefferson expanded governmental powers to try to enforce their compliance, leading some to label him a "tyrant."

Daniel Shays(Shayites)

farmers wanted Massachusetts gov't to protect them from creditors, but state supported the lenders instead creditors threatened to foreclose on their property, many farmers, including Revolutionary War veterans, took up arms Led by fellow veteran Daniel Shays, armed men(Shaysites) resorted to tactics like patriots had used(forming blockades around courthouses to keep judges from issuing foreclosure orders) protesters saw their cause/methods as extension of the "Spirit of 1776",were protecting their rights/demanding redress for people's grievances.

Gradual Emancipation Laws

fight for liberty led some Americans to manumit their slaves/most new northern states soon passed gradual emancipation laws Some manumissions also occurred in the Upper South, but in the Lower South, some masters revoked their offers of freedom for service/other freedmen were forced back into bondage Revolution's rhetoric of equality created a "revolutionary generation" of slaves and free black Americans that would eventually encourage the antislavery movement Slave revolts began to incorporate claims for freedom based on revolutionary ideals.

First part of Hamilton's plan

first part of Hamilton's plan involved federal "assumption" of state debts, which were mostly left over from the Revolutionary War federal gov't would assume responsibility for states' unpaid debts, which totaled about $25 million

Comittees of Correspondence

formed to keep colonies informed of the resistance efforts throughout the colonies

Quasi War

fought on Atlantic, mostly between French naval vessels and American merchant ships During this crisis, however, anxiety about foreign agents ran high/members of Congress took action to prevent internal subversion

Illuminati scare(1798)

influential Massachusetts minister, Jedidiah Morse, announced to his congregation that French Revolution had been hatched in a conspiracy led by mysterious anti-Christian organization called Illuminati story was a hoax, but rumors of Illuminati infiltration spread throughout New England like wildfire, adding a new dimension to the foreign threat

Resistance to the Stamp Act took 3 forms, distinguished largely by class:

legislative resistance by elites, economic resistance by merchants, and popular protest by common colonists.

Goal of plan

link federal power and the country's economic vitality

Non-importation agreements

merchants hoped their refusal to import British goods would lead British merchants to lobby for the repeal of the Stamp Act The plan worked. By January 1766, London merchants sent a letter to Parliament arguing that they had been "reduced to the necessity of pending ruin" by the Stamp Act/subsequent boycotts.

Virginia Resolves

most famous of anti-Stamp Act resolutions passed by the House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765, which declared that the colonists were entitled to "all the liberties, privileges, franchises, and immunities . . . possessed by the people of Great Britain." were printed throughout the colonies, but often included a few extra, far more radical resolutions not passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses, the last of which asserted that only "the general assembly of this colony have any right or power to impose or lay any taxation" and that anyone who argued differently "shall be deemed an enemy to this his majesty's colony." additional items spread throughout the colonies/helped radicalize subsequent responses in other colonial assemblies.

Federalist Papers

most famous/important, arguments came from Alexander Hamilton, John Jay/James Madison in the Federalist Papers published in various NY newspapers in 1787/1788

America's view at start of French Revolution:

nearly all Americans had praised the French Revolution Towns all over hosted speeches/parades on July 14 to commemorate the day it began Women wore neoclassical dress to honor republican principles,/men pinned revolutionary cockades to their hats

Ratification

official approval Constitution required approval from special state ratification conventions, not just Congress During ratification process, critics of the Constitution organized to persuade voters in the different states to oppose it. Importantly, Constitutional Convention had voted down proposal from Virginia's George Mason, the author of Virginia's state Declaration of Rights, for a national bill of rights omission became rallying point for opponents of the document. The pro-ratification Federalists, on the other hand, argued that including a bill of rights was not only redundant but dangerous; it could limit future citizens from adding new rights.

Popular sovereignty

power and authority of the government derived from the people new states drafted written constitutions based on popular sovereignty(important innovation from traditionally unwritten British Constitution) Most created weak governors/strong legislatures w/more regular elections/ moderately increased size of the electorate A number of states followed the example of Virginia/included a declaration/"bill" of rights in their constitution designed to protect the rights of individuals/ circumscribe prerogative of the gov't

American Neutrality and Impressment

practice of forcing American sailors to join the British Navy, was among the most important sources of conflict between the 2 nations Driven in part by trade w/Europe, the American economy grew quickly during first decade of the nineteenth century, creating a labor shortage in the American shipping industry In response, pay rates for sailors increased/American captains recruited heavily from the ranks of British sailors. As a result, around 30% of sailors employed on American merchant ships were British As a republic, Americans advanced the notion that people could become citizens by renouncing their allegiance to their home nation. To the British, a person born in the British Empire was a subject of that empire for life, a status they could not change. The British Navy was embroiled in a difficult war/was unwilling to lose any of its labor force. Jefferson hoped that an embargo would force European nations to respect American neutrality

Federalists

pro-ratification Federalists argued that including a bill of rights was redundant /dangerous; it could limit future citizens from adding new rights (James Madison, Edmund Randolph/John Marshall, Alexander Hamilton)

Stamp Act Congress

responses from Virginia Resolves led to calling of Stamp Act Congress in NYC Oct. 1765 9 colonies sent delegates(Benjamin Franklin, John Dickinson, Thomas Hutchinson, Philip Livingston/James Otis) Stamp Act Congress issued a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances," which, like the Virginia Resolves, declared allegiance to the king and "all due subordination" to Parliament, but also reasserted idea that colonists were entitled to the same rights as Britains, including trial by jury/right to be taxed only by their own elected representatives

Gov. Bowdoin

saw Shaysites as rebels who wanted to rule gov't thru mob violence called up 1000s of militiamen to disperse them former Revolutionary general, Benjamin Lincoln, led the state force, insisting that Massachusetts must prevent "a state of anarchy, confusion and slavery." In January 1787, Lincoln's militia arrested more than 1000 Shaysites/reopened the courts

Lexington and Concord

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775) April 19, 1775, British regiments set out to seize local militias' arms/powder stores town militia met them at the Lexington Green. The British ordered the militia to disperse when someone fired, setting off a volley from British battle cont'd all the way to Concord News of the events at Lexington spread rapidly throughout the countryside. Militia members(minutemen)responded quickly/inflicted significant casualties on the British regiments as they chased them back to Boston Approximately 20000 colonial militiamen laid siege to Boston, effectively trapping the British.

Notes(federal bonds)

under assumption proposal, the states' creditors(owned state bonds or promissory notes) would turn their old notes in to the treasury/receive new federal notes of same face value Hamilton foresaw bonds would circulate like $, acting as "an engine of business, /instrument of industry/commerce" controversial for 2 reasons:: -many taxpayers objected to paying full face value on old notes, which had fallen in market value -Often current holders had purchased them from original creditors for pennies on the dollar. To pay them at full face value, therefore, would mean rewarding speculators at taxpayer expense -many southerners objected that they had already paid their outstanding state debts, so federal assumption would mean forcing them to pay again for the debts of New Englanders

Spinning clubs

w/out new imports of British clothes, colonists took to wearing simple, homespun clothing Spinning clubs were formed, in which local women would gather at one of their homes/spin cloth for homespun clothing for their families/community Homespun clothing quickly became a marker of one's virtue/patriotism women were an important part of this cultural shift

Northwest Indian War

war btwn Confederacy of Indians/White settlers was to win control over the Northwest territory as white Americans started moving westward/encroaching on the Native American's land US wins

Early National Identity

was coded masculine, just as it was coded white and wealthy since the Revolution, women had repeatedly called for a place in convo

Red Jacket

while chiefs were politically important, skilled orators(Red Jacket) as well as intermediaries/interpreters also played key roles in negotiations . Shown in this portrait as a refined gentleman, Red Jacket proved to be one of the most effective middlemen between native Americans/US officials

Republican mothers

women also served the patriot cause during the war, but Revolution did not result in civic equality for women Instead, during immediate postwar period, women became incorporated into the polity to some degree as "republican mothers." Republican societies required virtuous citizens/became mom's responsibility to raise/educate future citizens opened opportunity for women regarding education, but they still remained largely on the peripheries of new American polity

Policies of Jefferson (taxes, debt, and military)

worked to reduce taxes/cut gov't's budget, believing that this would expand economic opportunities of free Americans cuts included national defense/Jefferson restricted regular army to 3000 men