APUSH Key Terms

Boston Tea Party

A bunch of members of the 'Sons of Liberty' dressed up as Indians and dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor à Parliament overreacted.

Joint Stock Company

A number of people invested money in a company that planned to set up a colony in the New World. Each person who invested money owned a part of the company. Example: Massachusetts Bay

New Jersey Plan

A proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson on June 15, 1787. The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's call for two houses of Congress, both elected with proportional representation

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

Did not have the idea of reforming the whole society. It was organized in 1886. The leader was Samuel Gompers à in cigar rolling trade & self educated. Skilled workers were allowed to join. Their small goals were looking for 8 hr workday and not wanting to reform the society.

Whiskey Rebellion

Disease explains some drinking. Frontier settlers suffered from chills and fevers of malaria a medicine? Alcohol! Whiskey was cheap a bought easily. Hamilton put a tax for seven cents a violent farmers rebelled: got TOO excited a Washington threatened attacking with an army a scattered mobs. Whiskey was made out of grain (easy to transport).

Louisiana Purchase

During the Jefferson administration. It was easily attainable because Napoleon Bonaparte was forced to abandon his plan to revive France's continental American empire. Yet, his other states didn't produce much; 1801: Napoleon forced Spain to return Louisiana to France. Spanish revoked the right of deposit in New Orleans that Pinckney's Treaty gained for the US.

Articles of Confederation

Each state had their own constitution. They could not be revised.

Tea Act of 1773

Eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Parliament planned to use the profits from tea sales to pay the salaries of the colonial royal governors, a move which particularly angered colonists.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the French and Indian War

Connecticut Compromise

Ending weeks of stalemate, the ______________________ reconciled the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for determining legislative representation in Congress. The ______________ __________________ established equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation by population in the House of Representatives.

Transcontinental Railroad

First company to get really big à set an example. By 1900-US leads the world in track mileage. Funds were raised by subsidizing from state/local government, selling bonds, and selling stock. They were forced to organize to a higher degree than any industry before: telegraph, separate geographical units, elaborate accounting system, and hierarchical organization.

Worcester vs. Georgia

Georgia had taken all of the Cherokee land and when Cherokee said it was unfair, the Supreme Court ignored them. So, financed by the Cherokee, Worcester sued for his release on the grounds that Georgia was violating Cherokee treaties with the U.S. (state was defying federal power).

Sons of Liberty

Group that condemned the Stamp Act à broke out into violence. The group was made up of mostly shopkeepers.

Report on Manufactures

Hamilton supported the notion that a society based on manufacturing or the production of goods could make it independent and powerful. In addition to national independence, manufacturing would provide a path to equality in the global market. Hamilton wanted a dual system of agriculture and manufacturing. To achieve this he advocated tariffs and duties on foreign goods, inventions, and development of industries.

Bacon's Rebellion

He attacked random Indians and after he died, his rebels spread around in the forest. They took over Jamestown which symbolized the lack of infrastructure. The government wasn't strong enough to take over _____.

Changes in Immigration

Immigrants accomplished unskilled jobs a bad for workers that would go on strike.

Half-Way Covenant

In 1662 a Massachusetts synod agreed that, for all churches, a "half-way" membership status would be recognized. Adults who had been baptized as children but who had not yet experienced the conversion necessary for full membership could nonetheless have their children baptized. The parents in return were to agree to maintain the church's standards of moral conduct. Until conversion, however, these parents and their children were ineligible to vote in church affairs or take communion.

French and Indian War

Indians liked the French better. With the threat of the war, Benjamin Franklin created the 'Albany Plan of Union'. Salutary Neglect didn't really work then. Brits wanted to reduce their debt created by the war. Indians sided with the French and they had advantages à controlled access to the interior of North America. New France also had a single colonial government that could act very quickly, whereas the British had to ask for help from the thirteen separate colonial governments. France sent ships & professional soldiers to America rather than depend on help. Indians that helped: Algonquin and Huron.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

MD wants to tax a branch of national banks (prevented from doing) a emphasizes supremacy of national government a reinforces the idea that national banks can exist through implied power.

Knights of Labor:

Noble status. It was organized in 1869. The leader was Terrance Powderly and craft unions were allowed to join. The goals were to make a better society. The Haymarket Square riot caused the __________________ to go out of business.

Federalists

Proposed to replace federated government with a more centralized one.

Fugitive Slave Act

Provided that runaways be returned to their owners. Law was evaded in many free states. 1840s: states of upper South had a bad runaway problem. Northerners became angry because it felt like they were participating in slavery.

Radical Reconstruction

Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. They passed legislation over President Johnson's vetoes. They passed constitutional amendments against his wishes. Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, and the Republican faction that called themselves "radicals" led efforts to extend suffrage to freedmen. They were generally in control, although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans.

James Madison

Speaker of the House. He opposed rewarding speculators by paying them on a pat with payments to patriots who had lent the government money during the Revolution. Yet, Hamilton won in Congress.

Mormonism

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, also known as Mormonism, was the most controversial challenge to traditional religion. Its founder, Joseph Smith, claimed that God and Jesus Christ appeared to him and directed him to a buried book of revelation.

House of Burgesses

The King of England could control Virginia. More representative government. They could make laws and they had a legislative body in Virginia.

Mercantilism

The name later given to the philosophy that dominated English economic policy beginning in the Seventeenth Century. _______________ held that the government should closely regulate a nation's economic activity, particularly in encouraging trade, to increase the flow of wealth, in the form of gold and silver coin, into the nation.

Washington's Farewell Address

To avoid political parties and avoid entangling alliances. Nobody listens to avoiding political parties: parties appear immediately (Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists).

Jamestown

Tobacco and trading with England became the economic basis for the colony. The settlers of ______ faced many problems: bad weather, dirty water (disease), food production was bad, and land wasn't suited for agriculture. They also faced moral problems: religious toleration and lack of motivation. Additional colonists were persuaded to come to _______ because they would be freed from religious persecution, easy wealth, and no debt. Hide Answers

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

WA wants Dartmouth to be state institution supreme court says no upholding. Contracts can't be violated by states a established 'sanctity of contracts.'

Great Army Republic (GAR)

_________ _____________ ____________________, a Union veterans' association founded in 1866, was a social organization and officially nonpolitical. In fact, it was a Republican party auxiliary, promoting pensions for veterans, a Republican issue.

Conspicuous consumption (Thorstein Veblen)

a term used to describe the lavish spending on goods and services that are acquired mainly for the purpose of displaying income or wealth.

Manifest Destiny

Americans feeling that they have rights over others (Indian/slaves).

John Brown

a white American abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish slavery. He led the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859 and the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas.

Ku Klux Klan

a white supremacy organization that was trying to stop black people from voting.

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery as a legal institution

J.P Morgan

Carnegie sells out to _______________ who sets up first billion dollar corporation

Stephen Austin

Catholic who was licensed to bring 300 American families to Texas, each to receive 177 acres of farmland and 13000 acres of grassland.

Lowell system and development of textile and other manufacturing industries

factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods. Emphasis was placed on mechanization and standardization; the entire textile industry used this as a model, and machines using this system were sold to other mills

Freedmen's Bureau

federal agency administered by the army, established in March 1865. Its purpose was to provide food, clothing, and medical treatment to former slaves and white refugees and to supervise the distribution of small farms carved out of abandoned and confiscated lands. President Johnson's July 1866 veto of a bill extending the life of the Freedmen's Bureau transformed the tension between the president and congressional Republicans into open political conflict.

John D. Rockefeller

gets into refining business, then expands vertically. Dominates industry in part by using his "Reckefellow" techniques. He believed competition was wasteful, thus established Standard Oil Trust.

Fourteenth Amendment

grant citizenship to "All persons born or naturalized in the United States," thereby granting citizenship to former slaves.

American Temperance Society

established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages. Within ten years, there were over 8,000 local groups and more than 1,500,000 members who had taken the pledge. The society benefited from, and contributed to, a reform sentiment in much of the country promoting the abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, temperance, and the improvement of society. Possibly because of its association with the abolitionist movement, the society was most successful in northern states.

Dorothea Dix

an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums

Charles Sumner

an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. As a Radical Republican leader in the Senate during Reconstruction, 1865-1871, Sumner fought hard to provide equal civil and voting rights for the freedmen, and to block ex-Confederates from power.

pork

at the end of each congressional session, when the House and Senate were tying up loose ends at top speed, Congress enacted "pork barrel" : usually bipartisan because the two houses of Congress were controlled by different parties more often than not. Collected together for a single vote proposals that most members had for government spending in their districts.

"Necessary Evil" or "Positive Good"

catchword applied to the aggressive defense of slavery that was a response to the abolitionist movement during the 1830s. Most white southerners had considered slavery at best a necessary evil saddled on the South by history. After 1830, proslavery Americans ceased to be defensive and maintained that slavery was a positive good for both whites and blacks.

Haymarket Square Riot

caused the Knights of Labor to go out of business. Knights of Labor became associated with anarchists (people were afraid of it; wanted to overthrow the government).

Gospel of Success

centered on the claim that any man could achieve wealth through hard work.

Cyrus McCormick's reaper

machine that cuts grain

Robber Barons

made fortunes and made U.S. business more leaner/meaner.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

most powerful rebellion: August 21: killed 60 whites and recruited slaves. Southerners blamed white abolitionists like Garrison for making all the slaves know they can fight against their owners.

Emancipation Proclamation

it freed the slaves only in rebel states & the confederacy. Frees the slaves in the South & it makes the war more about slavery (initially, it was about state rights). Issued by Lincoln after the Battle of Antietum (battle was barely victory for the North) It made it look like a gesture of strength a Lincoln didn't want to issue it. The war took on a moral quality in North.

Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)

lawsuit a ruled people of African state, whether slaves or not, could never be citizens of the U.S.; congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. It was also ruled that slaves could not sue in court, and that slaves were private property, and, being private property, can't be taken away from their owners without due process. The decision sided with border ruffians in the Bleeding Kansas dispute who were afraid a free Kansas would be a haven for runaway slaves from Missouri. he parts of this decision dealing with the citizenship and rights of African-Americans were explicitly nullified by the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.

Monroe Doctrine

proclaimed by President Monroe in 1823 (although he did not use that name), its significant provision was that the United States declared the Western Hemisphere closed to further colonization and restoration of imperial authority. In diplomatic but unambivalent language, Monroe stated that any such European actions would be regarded as an act of war against the U.S.

Cotton Gin

produced by Eli Whitney after realizing that the work labor was too time consuming.

Seneca Falls

promoted 'Declaration of Sentiments'. Women rights: 1842. Model of 'Declaration of Independence.' Came up by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Women's movement provides ideas of movement.

Alien and Sedition Acts

promoted by Federalists under John Adams. Jefferson counters this: 5-14 years for citizenship: they can't vote. Acts prevent any criticism of current presidency a unconstitutional. Known collectively as the_______________, the legislation sponsored by the Federalists was also intended to quell any political opposition from the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson.

Andrew Carnegie

provides a close analysis of the costs per tons of steel - allows him to undercut competition-first steelmaker to actually know what it cost to produce a ton of steel after applying his cost-analysis procedures. He emphasizes vertical integrations a joins Henry Clay Frick's operation to his own and then buys into Mesabi Range.

Patronage

the support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization. It can also refer to the right of bestowing offices or church benefices, the business given by a regular customer, and the guardianship of saints.

John C. Calhoun

vice president that drafted the South Carolina Exposition and Protest. He was also involved with Wilmot Proviso.

Fifteenth Amendment

"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Battle of Gettysburg

90,000 Union soldiers battled 75,000 Confederates and secured a Union victory. The losses were ruinous to both sides: a total of 7,000 soldiers died on the field and 40,000 were wounded. Although fighting would continue for more than a year after the Battle of Gettysburg, the battle proved a decisive victory for the Union, and the war thereafter tilted in the Union's favor. Later that year, Lincoln delivered his famed Gettysburg Address, in which he portrayed the war as a test of democracy's strength.

Shay's Rebellion

Armed uprising of several thousand farmers in western Massachusetts led by ______________. They resented the state's taxation policies, which favored mercantile interests in Boston, and Boston's political domination of the state. The rebellion was easily suppressed; but the fact that it had started at all sufficiently alarmed Conservatives that they welcomed the proposal to meet and strengthen the US government. It collapsed in December.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Bill that became law on May 30, 1854, by which the U.S. Congress established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. Stephen A. Douglas, the Democratic senator from Illinois and chairman of the Committee on Territories, introduced the bill in early 1854 dealing with these unorganized lands.

Herbert Spencer

British philosopher and came up with social Darwinism.

Second Great Awakening

Charles Finney claimed to have been summoned by God to save souls. They reformed the abolition of slavery; they made slave states to non slave states. Female rights rose. A religious revival, strong "burned over district" (tremendous amount of religion) of Southern NY. New versions of Protestants: Mormonism, Quakers, & Shakers (believed in God; didn't have sex). Located geographically in the New York State. Causes of these reforms: economic reasons: economic fluctuation, social reasons: habits prove disturbing, nature of work was changing, drinking problems and cultural reasons: new peoples were coming; old mine; protestant, trouble adjusting to cultures and conflicts with the Irish.

Battle of Antietam

Confederate general Robert E. Lee led his forces on a powerful march northward from Virginia, aiming to break Union lines. What followed, in September 17, 1862, was the bloodiest single-day battle in the Civil War: the Battle of Antietam, in which more than 8,000 men died on the field and 18,000 were wounded. Though a strategic draw, the battle proved a Union victory in that Lee halted his Confederate advance northward. Lincoln responded to this victory by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.

Popular Sovereignty

Democratic solution to the problem of slavery in the territories.

Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Establishment of a system for surveying and subdividing public land outside the states. Passed by the Congress of the Articles of Confederation, the statute provided for the surveying of blocks of land thirty-six square miles each, to be known as townships. Each township was to set aside one section for public education and schools, with each block or section containing 640 acres. Congress established the prices at which the land was to be sold to the public.

Stamp Act; Stamp Act Congress

Internal tax on all printed materials à Americans resisted because they weren't in Parliament: James Otis: "no taxation without representation" Stamp Act Congress: Americans learn unity, using intellectual reason to go against the British (John Dickinson hoped to bring pressure to Parliament). They adopted fourteen resolutions & a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances" addressed to the king à condemned the Sugar and Stamp Act and other parliamentary policies.

Lincoln's 10 percent plan

It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step in the process would be for the states to formally elect a state government. Also, the states were able to write a new constitution, but in it had to abolish slavery forever. At that time, Lincoln would recognize the purified regime. By 1864, Louisiana and Arkansas had established fully functioning Unionist governments.

Mayflower Compact

It was the first governing document of the Plymouth colony. It was a social contract which instated that people had to follow rules and regulations of the government.

Battle of Saratoga

On October 17, 1777, after several weeks of battling, British General John Burgoyne surrendered his entire army of redcoats and Hessians to General Horatio Gates near what is now the resort town of ___________, New York. Armies did not often surrender in the eighteenth century; they retreated to fight another day. Partly because of his own bad luck and partly because he was not reinforced as he expected, Burgoyne was trapped in the wilderness. The American victory was so momentous it brought France into the war.

Navigation Acts

Parliamentary acts (1660-1663) regulating colonial trade so that it benefited the mother country. For example, all trade had to be carried in English or colonial-armed ships manned by English or colonial sailors. Problems: one couldn't shop to other places, colonies, different climates and landforms caused problems, differing social structures, and smuggling became common.

Social Darwinism

Philosophy or "ideology" of the late nineteenth century that justified great wealth, even when made by ruthless and unethical means, by defining economic life in terms associated with the Darwinian theory of evolution: "survival of the fittest" and "law of the jungle."

John Winthrop/Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritan leader. _________= utopia. _________ = better organized, no starving times, became populated really fast, organized plans before arriving, and even more women & men. The economic circumstances were that they brought the charter with them and it provided shareholders. The colonists were organized in a fair cross section. There were different age groups and social classes. ___________: "We shall be as a city upon a hill." à that Old England will realize the Puritan ways. He was also a prominent English Puritan who elected to emigrate to America rather than live in a country he believed sinful and a target to divine wrath. He was governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony for ten of the colony's first twenty years and a major force in shaping the colony's character.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

R. Fulton & R. Livingston. They have a steamboat company, exclusive right to carry passengers on Hudson River. [Monopoly: one of the operators carries passengers from NY to NJ]. Federal government regulates interstate commerce.

Transcendentalists

Ralph Waldo Emerson. intellectual movement. ________________________ began as a protest against the general state of culture and society at the time, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church which was taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among ________________________ core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that '________________' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.

Anti-Federalists

Reasons for favoring the Articles of Confederation were firmly within the tradition of Revolution. Feared centralized power was an invitation to tyranny. Argued that free republic institutions could survive only in small countries. Argued U.S. would guarantee liberty.

Salutary Neglect

Robert Walpole's idea on governing—"leave well enough alone." The term refers to the colonial policy of British Prime Minister Robert Walpole: so long as the colonies were profitable to British manufacturers and merchants, it would be folly to antagonize colonials by close political control and even strict enforcement of trade laws the colonials violated.

Transportation Revolution

Ships were a fast way to move goods.

Marbury v. Madison

Significant case for Supreme Court. It established judicial review (allows Supreme Court to determine constitutionally of Law).

Trail of Tears

State legislature asserted its authority over Cherokee territory. The state denied the Indians and Georgia got Cherokee land. BUT, a state was defying federal power. So, the law ended up saying that the Cherokee nation was a "distinct community, occupying its own territory, with boundaries accurately described...which the citizens of Georgia had no right to enter." Yet, Georgia voted for Jackson for he was an "Indian fighter", so they tried to kick the Indians out. Jackson did nothing to stop Georgia's takeover of the Cherokee nation. To the Cherokee, this was known as the ____________.

Report on Public Credit

Supported ideas of war debt assumption, redemption of Confederate securities at face value, and funding of new national securities as a permanent national debt, in order to enhance the revenue and fiscal system of the national government, creating a large body to which many wealthy citizens would belong and support, bringing about its prosperity.

Plymouth

The Pilgrims founded _______ on Dec. 21, 1620, establishing a settlement that became the seat of ______ Colony in 1633 and a part of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. The Pilgrims were English Separatists who founded (1620) ______ Colony in New England. In the first years of the 17th century, small numbers of English Puritans broke away from the Church of England because they felt that it had not completed the work of the Reformation. They committed themselves to a life based on the Bible. Most of these Separatists were farmers, poorly educated and without social or political standing

Mexican War

The Wilmot Proviso was enacted after this.

Republican Party

The ____________ ___________ was born in the early 1850's by anti-slavery activists and individuals who believed that government should grant western lands to settlers free of charge.

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

The _______________ Act classified certain jobs, removed them from the patronage ranks, and set up a Civil Service Commission to administer a system based on merit rather than political connections. As the classified list was expanded over the years, it provided for a competent and permanent government bureaucracy. In 1883 fewer than 15,000 jobs were classified; by the time McKinley became president in 1897, 86,000—almost half of all federal employees—were in classified positions. Today, with the exception of a few thousand policy-level appointments, nearly all federal jobs are handled within the civil service system.

Pullman Strike

The company cut wages a number of times in the 1880s and '90s, but failed to reduce the rent in the company owned housing. This double squeeze led to dire economic circumstances for the workers. By late June sympathetic railway workers had agreed to boycott trains carrying ____________ cars nationwide. Federal troops were called in to keep the trains moving and to break the strike, prompting violence and looting in Chicago. With the arrest of the leaders in Chicago, the strike collapsed, and workers returned August 2, 1894. This strike is widely regarded as being pivotal in labor history. Issues raised included a national rail strike, the use of federal troops and company towns.

Compromise of 1877

The compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as President, but only if the Republicans acceded to various parts, specifically: the removal of all Federal troops from the former Confederate States. (Troops only remained in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, but the Compromise finalized the process) and the appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes' administration. (David M. Key of Tennessee was Postmaster General). Hayes had already promised this.

Compromise of 1850 (Henry Clay's Omnibus Bill)

The compromise was proposed by the "Great Compromiser" ]_______ ___________. The measures were the admission of California as a free state; the organization of New Mexico and Utah territories without mention of slavery, the status of that institution to be determined by the territories themselves when they were ready to be admitted as states (this formula came to be known as popular sovereignty); the prohibition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia; a more stringent fugitive slave law; and the settlement of Texas boundary claims by federal payment of $10 million on the debt contracted by the Republic of Texas.

ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

The first permanent federal regulatory commission, established by Congress in 1887 in response to demands for the regulation of railroads. The ICC was ineffective in its early years not because of lack of authority but because most commissioners were closely tied to the nation's great railroad companies.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution that spells out the rights of individuals and small groups.

Alamo

The name given to an old, largely abandoned mission compound in San Antonio, Texas. It became the symbol of Texan independence when, in March 1836, Mexican president Santa Anna defeated a handful of defenders there and executed the survivors. Less than two weeks later, Santa Anna massacred other Texas rebels at Goliad, but somehow they are not so well remembered.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

The reaction to the Alien and Sedition Acts à compacted the theory of government à ultimately means state can overpower federal government. Since Congress was firmly controlled by the Federalists, the fight against the Alien and Sedition Acts moved to the state legislatures in late 1798. James Madison prepared the________________ and Thomas Jefferson wrote the _________________. Both followed a similar argument: The states had the duty to nullify within their borders those laws that were unconstitutional. Nothing concrete resulted from the passage of these resolutions; no other states followed with similar actions.

Judiciary Act of 1789

This act of the First Congress established the structure of the federal judiciary, the basic structure of which has remained intact. The 1789 act created two lower levels of courts. Federal district courts, each with a district judge, composed the lowest level. Every federal district also fell within the circuit of one of the three second-level courts, the circuit courts. In addition to creating courts, the 1789 act granted the Supreme Court a controversial power to order federal officials to carry out their legal responsibilities.

Non-Separatist Puritans

This group wanted a purity of worship and doctrine; harassed; lacked the authority to prevent others from worshiping as they pleased.

First Great Awakening

Was inspired by revolutionary ways of looking at the world. Isaac Newton demonstrated the forces as mysterious as those that determined the paths of the planets. Passionate preachers called for revival. 1734: Sermons were being preached. The significance was that it was a great revival of God and religion. It divided most Protestant denominations into "Old Lights" and "New Lights." A religious revival because irrationality shakes faith, reaction to the Enlightenment, drew talks together, and people searched to rejuvenate more emotional faith. The results were that there were more Baptists [Presbyterians, Mathodistic] and it was found many colleges and universities.

Virginia Plan

Was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed National Legislature

Separatist Puritans

What term is defined as "Pilgrims that arrived because they were sick of religious persecution and they believed saints shouldn't worship together; they didn't like how EVERYONE had to go to Church"

King Philip's War

When King Philip realized the dangers of the White colonists, he persuaded two other chiefs, Ipomham and Canochet, to join with him to attack colonial towns. They killed many white people. Soon, debates happened among the Indians and the White colonists attacked the Indians. King Philip was killed with his head mounted on a stake in Boston.

Angelina Grimke

With her sister, she became an abolitionist and was harassed violently, so they moved to the North. Active members of American Anti-Slavery Society.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

[1890] with its loosely defined "trust" and "restraint of trade" fails to impede Rockefeller, who reorganizes the trust as a holding company. United States v. E.C. Knight leads to a sympathetic interpretation of the ___________ ________for big business which finds that "commerce" and "manufacturing" are quite different; the former involved in interstate commerce, the latter only a local concern. Of course, the Court ignored the interstate transportation webs used to distribute goods. Prevent a board of trustees from controlling large companies. Restraint of trade: challenge any company that did that. It might not help the consumer. Trust could control all of the businesses. Didn't get a fair price with their goods à should have competing companies. Didn't work in the end because lawyers could find their way around it. ______________ ___________________ _______didn't cover manufacturing. Government tried to do that and it represents change.

Black Codes

_________ ________ was a name given to laws passed by southern governments established during the presidency of Andrew Johnson. These laws imposed severe restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations.

Stephen Douglas

___________ supported the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision of 1857. -__________ deeply believed in democracy, arguing the will of the people should always be decisive. He was largely responsible for the Compromise of 1850 that apparently settled slavery issues. However, in 1854 he reopened the slavery question by the highly controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act that allowed the people of the new territories to decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery (which had been prohibited by earlier compromises). The protest movement against this became the Republican Party.

Political machine

_____________ ____________s were Democratic and Republican Party organizations that controlled the election and campaigning processes. _________ often controlled local and state politics in large cities during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Powerful politicians called bosses controlled the _______________. Boss Thomas Platt ran the Republican _______________ __________________ in New York City at the turn of the century.

Frederick Douglass

______________ was killed in the North. Educated himself. Wrote his biography of the horrors of slavery.

Alexander Hamilton

_______________: secretary of treasury. ___________ believed in funding: where the federal government would establish its credit by repaying the Confederation debt in full at face value.

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

_________________ was a pamphlet written by__________________and published in January 1776. In splendid prose, _______ vilified George III as a tyrant and condemned the institution of monarchy. It is generally agreed that the pamphlet was the single most persuasive propaganda in the debates of the Revolutionary era. _______ would write several more important works during the late 1700s.

Sojourner Truth

__________________: name adopted by Isabella Van Wagenen. She transfixed audiences by accompanying her speeches with songs she herself had composed.

Jonathon Edwards

_____________________: a Congregationalist minister in Northampton, Mass. Began to preach sermons emphasizing the sinfulness of humanity, the torment all deserved to suffer in hell, and that salvation could be had only through divine grace, which God visited on men and women in the form of an intensely emotional conversion experience.

Bank of the United States

____________________was needed because the government had a debt from the Revolutionary War, and each state had a different form of currency. It was built while Philadelphia was still the nation's capital. Alexander Hamilton conceived of the bank to handle the colossal war debt — and to create a standard form of currency. Up to the time of the bank's charter, coins and bills issued by state banks served as the currency of the young country. The _________ charter was drafted in 1791 by the Congress and signed by George Washington. In 1811, Congress voted to abandon the bank and its charter. The bank was originally housed in Carpenters' Hall from 1791 to 1795

Committees of Correspondence

a body organized by the local governments of the American colonies

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

a federal law created by South Carolina. It could nullify any federal law. Written secretly by Calhoun. An interpretation of the relationship of the states to the federal union that provided South Carolina and other southern states a rationale for defying the federal tariff. Calhoun stated that the United States had been created not by the people of America but by the people acting through the states of which they were citizens. The United States was a voluntary compact of states. Calhoun concluded that nullifying state could choose between "surrender" to the other states or leaving the Union via succession. States have the right the final say in any law. Jackson: sending troops. Do states have more power or do federals?

Tariff of Abominations

a federal statute placing high tariffs on imports. The highest tariff imposed in America up to that time, it was labeled the "__________________" by southern leaders, who bitterly opposed the bill and spoke of secession. Henry Clay worked out the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which reduced tariffs gradually until 1842.

*Uncle Tom's Cabin

a fiction novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852. A sympathetic portrait of the situation of slaves à made Northerners more sympathetic to the slaves. ________ _______ is a kindly, religious slave who, in being passed from owner to owner, experiences both the worst and the best of southern slave owners. Stowe based his experiences on actual events she gleaned from newspapers. Northerners changed their position of slavery before the war.

Henry Clay, American System

an economic plan based on the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, expanded upon later by Friedrich List, consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. This program was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper, by providing a defense against the dumping of cheap foreign products, mainly at the time from the British Empire.

George Whitfield

delivered many lengthy sermons; a demonstrative preacher

American or Know-Nothing Party

derisive name for the American party of the 1850s, an anti-immigration and anti-Catholic movement that won control of several states between 1852 and 1854, electing forty-three members of Congress.

Scalawags and carpetbaggers

derisive terms applied by southern Democrats to northerners who came to the South after the war to loot the defeated states (carpetbaggers) and southerners who betrayed the South and the white race to control the state governments by manipulating black voters (scalawags).

William Lloyd Garrison

doesn't believe in violence and his argument was based upon Christian beliefs. A Boston evangelical who worked with Benjamin Lundy in publishing The Genius of Emancipation. He believed slavery to be the most abominable sins. Wasn't very popular in the North. Personal abolitionist newspaper: The Liberator.

Indian Removal Act

in the South. Damages power of Federal government. In 1830, just a year after taking office, Jackson pushed a new piece of legislation called the ____________________ through both houses of Congress. It gave the president power to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi. Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west. Those wishing to remain in the east would become citizens of their home state. This act affected not only the southeastern nations, but many others further north. The removal was supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, and it was that way for the tribes that agreed to the conditions. But the southeastern nations resisted, and Jackson forced them to leave.

Horace Mann

often called the Father of the Common School, began his career as a lawyer and legislator. When he was elected to act as Secretary of the newly-created Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837, he used his position to enact major educational reform. He spearheaded the Common School Movement, ensuring that every child could receive a basic education funded by local taxes. His influence soon spread beyond Massachusetts as more states took up the idea of universal schooling.

Standard Oil

oil refining organization created by John D. Rockefeller.

Vertical Integration

organizing your company; own everything from raw materials to the finish product. Allows to keep cost down.

Horizontal Integration

own all of type of production, just a phase. No competition.

Spoils System

patronage—appointing positions, handing them out as favors.

Missouri Compromise

permitted slavery in the West only south of the 36 30 latitude. Engineered by Henry Clay to end an angry North-South sectional split over the application for statehood, with slavery, of Missouri Territory. Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was a free state so that the numbers of slave and free states remained equal.

Boston Massacre

piece of propaganda (before Tea Act). 7 Bostonians were killed. Paul Revere meant it to be a piece of propaganda, but people misinterpreted the piece. Most Bostonians blamed the incident on the mob (John Adams was defending red coats).

New York City draft riots

staged between July 12 and 15, 1863, were a protest against the Conscription Act, and particularly the "rich man's exemption." Prompted in particular by the Irish-American community, the riots featured looting, lynching, and pillaging. After Lincoln sent troops up from Gettysburg to quell the disturbance, hundreds of people were killed or wounded.

Sharecropping System

system of agriculture or agricultural production where a landowner allows a sharecropper to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land.

Philanthropy

the act of donating money, goods, time, or effort to support a charitable cause, usually over an extended period of time and in regard to a defined objective.

Unitarianism

the belief in the single personality of God

U.S. Steel

was founded by J.P. Morgan and Elbert H. Gary. It combined the steel operations owned by Andrew Carnegie with their holdings in the Federal Steel Company. The federal government attempted to use federal anti-trust laws to break up U.S. Steel in 1911. That effort ultimately failed. Time and competitors have, however, accomplished nearly the same thing. In its first full year of operation, U.S. Steel made 67 percent of all the steel produced in the United States; it now produces less than ten percent.