APUSH Midterm

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The Teapot Dome scandal involved the corrupt mishandling of a. naval oil reserves. b. funds for veterans' hospitals. c. the budget for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. d. European war-debt payments. e. presidential pardons.

59. During World War II, the United States saved Jews from Nazism. a. about one million b. no c. about six million d. only a small number of e. about 250,000

All of the following helped to make the prosperity of the 1920s possible except a. government stimulation of the economy. b. rapid expansion of capital. c. increased productivity of workers. d. perfection of assembly-line production. e. advertising and credit buying.

As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following except a. guaranteed recognition of labor unions. b. federal regulation of corporations. c. consumer protection. d. conservation of natural resources. e. federal regulation of railroad rates and an end to shipping rebates.

As a result of America's insistence that its Allies' war debts be repaid in full, a. the French and British demanded enormous reparations payments from Germany. b. the German mark was ruined by drastic inflation. c. the Allies borrowed money from Switzerland to repay the loans. d. the United States began threatening renewed military intervention in Europe. e. the allies insisted on lower U.S. tariffs.

As secretary of the treasury, Andrew Mellon placed the heaviest tax burden on a. middle-income groups. b. the wealthy. c. the working class. d. the business community. e. the estates of those deceased.

Besides prohibiting anticompetitive business practices, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act broke new ground by a. exempting labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from antitrust prosecution. b. exempting organized major-league baseball from antitrust prosecution. c. prohibiting colleges and universities from cooperating to establish tuition and fees. d. permitting American businesses to form monopolies when operating overseas. e. creating a federal incorporation law for large businesses.

The Progressive Bull Moose party died when a. Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1916. b. Teddy Roosevelt lost the presidential race in 1916. c. the United States entered World War I. d. the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, advocated the same programs as Roosevelt. e. Woodrow Wilson won over most Bull Moose voters.

Despite reluctance by both the president and Congress, the United States resorted to forced conscription in 1917 because a. there was no other way to raise the vast American army that would have to be sent to Europe. b. it was the most effective way to destroy the opposition to the war. c. all the Allied and Central powers had already enacted conscription. d. it seemed like the most fair way of determining who would serve. e. they were unwilling to accept female volunteers in the military.

During World War I, the government's treatment of labor could be best described as a. fair. b. strict and financially unrewarding. c. extremely brutal. d. so good that the right to form unions was finally granted. e. decent for native Americans but harsh for ethnic groups.

During the 1920s, the Supreme Court a. often ruled against progressive legislation. b. rigorously upheld the antitrust laws. c. generally promoted government regulation of the economy. d. staunchly defended the rights of organized labor. e. upheld laws providing special protection for women.

Historians attempting to define who the progressives were have reached all of the following (and varying) conclusions except a. they were rabble-rousing foreigners who sought to change the American system. b. they were middle-class people threatened by both the emerging power of corporations and the restless working class. c. they were established business leaders who successfully directed reform to their own purposes. d. they were members of a self-confident new group that saw science and technology as a way to rationalize and modernize social institutions. e. they were women and feminists who sought to improve society via the creation of a welfare state.

In 1924 the Democratic party convention failed by a single vote to adopt a resolution condemning a. the Ku Klux Klan. b. immigration restrictions. c. prohibition. d. Fundamentalism. e. business monopolies.

One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was a. overproduction. b. the inability to purchase modem farm equipment. c. passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill. d. the prosecution of cooperatives under antitrust laws. e. drought and insects like the boll weevil.

One of the primary obstacles to working class solidarity and organization in America was a. ethnic diversity. b. the lack of a reform impulse in America. c. the generally fair treatment that workers received from their employers. d. the hostility of the Catholic Church to social reform. e. the growing Communist influence in the labor movement.

Opposition to the League of Nations by many United States senators during the Paris Peace Conference a. gave Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position. b. resulted in the League's being left out of the final draft of the treaty. c. led to an abandonment of the Monroe Doctrine. d. reinforced Germany's unwillingness to sign the treaty. e. forced Wilson to weaken the League idea.

President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following except a. providing direct aid to the people. b. directly assisting businesses and banks. c. keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system. d. continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism. e. lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.

Progressivism a. was closely tied to the feminist movement and women's causes. b. offered little to the growing women's movement. c. supported better treatment of women but not women's suffrage. d. saw racial issues as more important than women's issues. e. reflected the views of working-class women.

Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding a. sought to continue the same laissez-faire doctrine as had been the practice under William McKinley. b. hoped to encourage the government actively to assist business along the path to profits. c. sought to regulate the policies of large corporations. d. aimed at supporting increased competition in business. e. aided small business at the expense of big business.

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge effectively stalled the Treaty of Versailles by a. reading the entire treaty aloud and holding extended hearings where opponents could speak. b. loading it down with numerous crippling amendments. c. insisting that a treaty of this magnitude should not be ratified until the 1920 election. d. requiring that Wilson submit numerous reports explaining how the League of Nations would work. e. mobilizing liberal intellectual opinion against the treaty.

The 1912 presidential election was notable because a. it gave the voters a clear choice of political and economic philosophies. b. personalities were the only issue of the campaign. c. it was the first time women had the right to vote. d. the Democratic party had split. e. the fourth-party Socialists had a serious chance to win.

The American airline industry in the 1920s made most of its early profits through a. mail contracts with the federal government. b. passenger fares. c. air freight and bulk cargo. d. subsidies from state and local governments. e. crop dusting and cloud seeding.

The Federal Farm Board, created by the Agricultural Marketing Act, lent money to farmers primarily to help them to a. organize producers' cooperatives. b. learn a new and more profitable trade. c. open new land to cultivation. d. purchase expensive new farm machinery. e. take land out of production.

The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to a. issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates. b. close weak banks. c. take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard. d. collect income taxes directly from employees' paychecks. e. guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures.

The Harlem Renaissance can best be described as a. a celebration of black culture and creative expression b. the migration of Southern blacks to northern sections of New York City c. the movement led by Marcus Garvey d. the effort to resist racism and segregation in the North. e. None of these

The Panic of 1907 exposed the need for substantial reform in a. U.S. banking and currency policies. b. tariff policies. c. water and land-use protection. d. the practice of corporate interlocking directorates. e. Wall Street stock-trading

The Underwood Tariff Act and the Sixteenth Amendment reflected Wilson's progressive goals by a. establishing the first graduated federal income tax. b. creating an optional retirement system for workers. c. guaranteeing equal treatment for men and women in employment. d. using tariffs only for revenue and not to protect American industry from competition. e. providing protection for American farmers against subsidized foreign crop imports.

The United States' main contributions to the Allied victory in World War I included all of the following except a. battlefield victories. b. foodstuffs. c. oil. d. munitions. e. financial credit.

The World War I military draft a. generally worked fairly and effectively to provide military manpower. b. caused widespread resistance and riots. c. permitted men to purchase substitutes to go in their place. d. included women as well as men. e. was not as fair as the Civil War draft.

The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because in its ruling, the Supreme Court a. declared a law limiting work to ten hours a day unconstitutional. b. declared unconstitutional a law providing special protection for women workers. c. declared that prohibiting child labor would require a constitutional amendment. d. upheld the constitutionality of a law enabling business to fire labor organizers. e. ruled that fire and safety regulations were local and not state or federal concerns.

The major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public Information was that a. he oversold Wilson's ideals and led Americans and the world to expect too much. b. he relied too much on formal laws and police power to gain compliance with the war effort. c. the entertainment industry was not willing to go along with the propaganda campaign. d. Wilson had a poor public image with European publics. e. the public was skeptical of government propaganda.

The prosperity that developed in the 1920s a. was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt. b. led to a growing level of savings by the American public. c. enabled labor unions to gain strength. d. was concentrated primarily in heavy industry. e. closed the gap between rich and poor.

The zeal of federal agents in enforcing prohibition laws against liquor smugglers strained U.S. diplomatic relations with a. Canada. b. Mexico. c. the Dominican Republic. d. Spain. e. Ireland.

Warren G. Harding's weaknesses as president included all of the following except a (n) a. lack of political experience. b. mediocre mind. c. inability to detect moral weaknesses in his associates. d. unwillingness to hurt people's feelings by saying no. e. administrative weakness.

World War I was the first time that a. African Americans served in the military. b. women were admitted to the armed forces. c. the military was desegregated. d. the U.S. government employed a draft. e. None of these

According to the text, the runaway philosophical winner in the 1912 election was a. socialism. b. progressivism. c. conservatism. d. capitalism. e. feminism.

After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed, Woodrow Wilson a. remained a popular leader. b. was condemned by both disillusioned liberals and frustrated nationalists and imperialists. c. was more popular in Europe than in the United States. d. realized that he had made too many compromises. e. planned a shrewd strategy for gaining Senate approval.

After the initial shock of the Harding scandals, many Americans reacted by a. demanding that all those involved be sent to prison. b. excusing some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that "they had gotten away with it." c. demanding the impeachment of the president. d. suggesting that Harding resign the presidency so that Calvin Coolidge could take control. e. calling for a thorough Congressional investigation.

All of the following are true of Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, except he a. promoted the resettlement of American blacks in Africa. b. advocated the idea of developing an elite "talented tenth" to lead African American progress. c. inspired strong feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks. d. was convicted of mail fraud and deported by the U.S. government. e. sponsored black-owned business enterprises.

At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought all of the following goals except a. preventing a seizure of territory by the victors. b. an end to the European colonial empires in Africa and Asia. c. a world parliament of nations to provide collective security. d. national self-determination for smaller European nations. e. free trade and freedom of the seas.

Automobiles, radios, and motion pictures a. were less popular than had been anticipated. b. contributed to the standardization of American life. c. had little impact on traditional life-styles and values. d. were for the most part too expensive for ordinary working families. e. strengthened American family life.

Businesspeople used the red scare to a. establish closed shops throughout the nation. b. break the backs of fledgling unions. c. break the railroad strike of 1919. d. secure passage of laws making unions illegal. e. refuse to hire communists.

Car advertisements reached out to women in all of the following ways except a. showing them cars were respectable for women. b. illustrating that families could afford one car for wives and another for husbands. c. linking modern, independent women to automobiles. d. noting that cars enabled women to better fulfill their roles as household managers. e. demonstrating that women could indeed learn to drive.

Difficulties in Mexico in the early 20th century affected the U.S. by a. interfering with trade relations. b. encouraging massive migration of Mexicans across the border. c. providing an investment opportunity for U.S. corporations. d. sparking tensions between the U.S. and Spain. e. None of these

During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of a. farmers And wage earners. b. the business community. c. racial and ethnic minorities. d. progressive reformers. e. conservative New Englanders.

During the course of World War I a. American wages approximately doubled. b. American prices approximately doubled. c. only a handful of labor strikes occurred in the United States. d. American farm production declined. e. women lost ground in the workforce.

Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest resistance from a. women. b. immigrants and big-city residents. c. westerners and southerners. d. businesspeople and labor leaders. e. evangelical Protestants.

For German military strategists, the entry of the United States into the war meant that a. they would no longer be able to use their submarine weapon effectively. b. they would have to defeat France and Britain before a large American force arrived in Europe. c. they would have to continue to fight on the second front in Russia. d. the war would become one of swift movements rather than stalemated trench warfare. e. they would have to switch from an offensive to a defensive strategy.

German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning a. when the United States entered the war. b. in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany. c. in an effort to keep the United States out of the war. d. because international law now allowed this new style of warfare. e. in a last-ditch effort to win the war.

Immediately before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been serving as a. a Presbyterian minister. b. the governor of New Jersey. c. a successful businessman. d. the president of Yale University. e. United States Senator from New Jersey.

Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result of a. increased migration of blacks to the North. b. the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans. c. a desire to rid the country of the quota system. d. the desire to halt immigration from Latin America. e. growing concern about urban overcrowding and crime

In America, the Great Depression caused a. people to blame the economic system, not themselves, for their problems. b. a decade-long decline in the birthrate. c. an increase of foreign investment because prices were so low. d. a shift from Wall Street investment to investment in small, local businesses. e. a growing acceptance by business of the need for federal regulation.

In the early 1920s, one glaring exception to America's general indifference to the outside world was its a. involvement in the World Court. b. armed intervention in the Caribbean and Central America. c. involvement in the League of Nations' humanitarian operations. d. naval buildup

John Dewey can rightly be called the "father of ____." a. the American research university b. progressive education c. evolutionary science d. psychoanalysis e. Hegelian philosophy

Match each member of President Harding's cabinet below with his major area of responsibility. A. Charles Evans Hughes B. Andrew Mellon C. Herbert Hoover D. Albert Fall E. Harry Daugherty 1. taxes and tariffs 2. naval oil reserves 3. naval arms limitation 4. foreign trade and trade associations 5. justice and law enforcement a. A-5, B-3, C-2, D-4, E-l b. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2, E-5 c. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-5, E-l d. A-4, B-5, C-1, D-3, E-2 e. A-1, B-2, C-5, D-3, E-4

Most wartime mobilization agencies primarily relied on ____ to prepare the economy for war. a. congressional legislation b. voluntary compliance c. presidential edict d. court decisions e. business trade organizations

President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when a. the Zimmermann note was intercepted and made public. b. Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic. c. news was received that a revolutionary movement had overthrown the czarist regime in Russia. d. Germany rejected Wilson's Fourteen Points for peace. e. it appeared that the German army would take Paris.

The 1932 Stimson doctrine a. reversed the United States' long-standing interventionist policy in Latin America. b. committed the United States to join the League of Nations' effort to impose economic sanctions against Japan for its invasion of Manchuria. c. announced the United States' willingness to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy. d. declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms. e. declared Japan and Germany "rogue states

The Ku Klux Klan virtually collapsed in the late 1920s when a. the immigration restriction laws of the early 1920s were repealed. b. the organization was publicly exposed as a corrupt and cynical racket. c. the advent of radio led to a new level of public knowledge and tolerance. d. the Klan proved unable to implement its program. e. both political parties sharply criticized the Klan as un-American.

The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because a. it could not win the farm vote. b. too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform. c. it was too caught up in internal discord. d. the liberal vote was split between it and the Democratic Party. e. La Follette could not win the Socialists' endorsement.

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established to a. provide direct economic assistance to labor. b. make loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments. c. outlaw "yellow dog" (antiunion) contracts. d. provide money for construction of dams on the Tennessee River. e. lend money for federal public works projects.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was a key progressive reform designed to a. end the corrupt and family-destroying influence of the liquor industry. b. make Senators directly elected and end the Senate millionaire's club. c. prohibit child labor. d. guarantee the secret Australian ballot in all federal elections. e. enable the President to be elected directly by the people rather than by the Electoral College.

The automobile revolution resulted in all of the following except a. the consolidation of schools. b. the increased dependence of women on men. c. the spread of suburbs. d. a loss of population in less attractive states. e. altered youthful sexual behavior.

The chief difference between Woodrow Wilson and the parliamentary statesmen at the Paris peace table was that Wilson a. lacked their popularity in Europe. b. did not command a legislative majority at home. c. brought some of his political opponents with him. d. refused to play politics with the peace powers. e. was not popular with his own people.

The intended beneficiaries of the McNary-Haugen Bill were __________; the intended beneficiaries of the Norris-LaGuardia Act were __________. a. railroads; labor unions b. farmers; labor unions c. banks; railroads d. farmers; banks e. railroads; farmers

The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s involved a. increasing the level of production. b. developing expanded markets of people to buy their products. c. reducing the level of government involvement in business. d. developing technologically innovative products. e. finding a skilled labor force.

The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during World War I resulted in a. better race relations in the South. b. racial violence in the North. c. fewer blacks willing to be used as strikebreakers. d. a new black middle class. e. All of these

The real heart of the progressive movement was the effort by reformers to a. preserve world peace. b. use the government as an agency of human welfare. c. ensure the Jeffersonian style of government. d. get the government off the backs of the people. e. promote economic and social equality.

To secure passage of the Underwood Tariff Bill, Woodrow broke new ground by a. enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage. b. personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion. c. writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy. d. stirring up western and southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East. e. sending a team of economic experts to testify before Congress.

When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the a. unsanitary conditions that existed in the meat-packing industry. b. plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry. c. corruption in the United States Senate. d. deplorable conditions in the drug industry. e. unhealthy effects of beef consumption.

When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the a. East Coast. b. working class and former Progressive Bull Moose party members. c. business community. d. prowar members of both parties. e. new women voters.

Which of the following was not among prominent African American cultural figures of the 1920s? a. Joseph "King" Oliver b. Ralph Ellison c. "Jelly Roll" Morton d. Langston Hughes e. W.C. Handy

Which of these is NOT a true statement about black soldiers during World War I? a. Most black troops were denied combat duty. b. Black soldiers were more likely to serve in combat than white soldiers. c. Black soldiers typically served as laborers and stevedores. d. Blacks served in segregated units in the military. e. Mothers of slain black soldiers in 1930 were invited to visit their sons' graves in segregated travel arrangements.

Which one of the following was not among Wilson's Fourteen Points, upon which he based America's idealistic foreign policy in World War I? a. Reduction of armaments b. An international guarantee of freedom of religion c. Abolition of secret treaties d. A new international organization to guarantee collective security e. The principle of national self-determination for subject peoples

Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's fundamental approach to American foreign policy? a. Imperialistic b. Moralistic c. Realistic d. Balance-of-power e. Isolationist

With 5 million members at its peak in the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan was known for all of the following except a. secret rituals. b. its Catholicism. c. flag-waving parades. d. the blazing cross. e. the bloodied lash.

Women's participation in the war effort contributed greatly to the fact that they a. became a large, permanent part of the American workforce. b. finally received the right to vote. c. were allowed to join the air force. d. organized the National Women's party. e. All of these

Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy included all of the following except a. faith in the masses. b. a belief that compromise was necessary to be an effective leader. c. a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress. d. a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people. e. a belief in the central importance of morality of politics.

According to John Dewey, a teacher's primary goal is to a. instill discipline and character in young people. b. emphasize academic skills. c. educate students for life by active learning methods. d. undermine students' naive religious beliefs. e. develop a sense of history.

Although German-Americans were generally loyal citizens, during the war they were subjected to all of the following except a. rumors that they were spying and sabotaging the U.S. b. violent attacks such as tarring, feathering, beatings and lynchings. c. deportation back to Germany. d. German books were removed from libraries and German courses cancelled. e. renaming German foods; sauerkraut became liberty cabbage.

America's European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans that the United States made to them during World War I because a. the United States had owed them about $4 billion before the war. b. the amount of money involved was not significant. c. they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so it was only fair for the United States to write off the debt. d. the United States was making so much money from Mexican and Middle Eastern oil that it did not need extra dollars. e. Germany was not paying its reparations to them, so they could not afford to pay off the loans.

Among the major figures promoted by mass media image makers and the new sports industry in the 1920s were a. John L. Sullivan and William Cody. b. Henry Ford and Charles Lindbergh c. Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey. d. Al Jolson and Margaret Sanger. e. Mickey Mantle and Rocky Marciano.

Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the ____ "labor's Magna Carta." a. Federal Reserve Act b. Underwood Tariff Act c. Clayton Anti-Trust Act d. Sixteenth Amendment e. Workmen's Compensation Act

Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic made him an American hero especially because a. his political principles were widely admired. b. he and his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh made such an appealing couple. c. his wholesome youthfulness contrasted with the cynicism and debunking of the jazz age. d. Americans were impressed by daredevil stunts. e. Lindbergh's journey opened closer cultural connections to France.

Disillusioned by war and peace, Americans in the 1920s did all of the following except a. denounce radical foreign ideas. b. condemn un-American life-styles. c. struggle to achieve economic prosperity. d. shun diplomatic commitments to foreign countries. e. restrict immigration.

During the 1920s and after, many American immigrant ethnic groups a. rapidly assimilated into the mainstream of American life. b. sought to escape urban poverty by migrating to rural areas. c. lived in neighborhoods with their own churches or synagogues, newspapers, and theaters. d. maintained a greater loyalty to the old country than to the United States. e. sought political autonomy and official recognition by the U.S. government.

Grievances of labor during and shortly after World War I include all of the following except a. the inability to gain the right to organize. b. war-spawned inflation. c. suppression of the American Federation of Labor. d. violence against workers by employers. e. the use of African Americans as strikebreakers.

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included all of the following except a call for a. antitrust legislation. b. banking reform. c. dollar diplomacy. d. tariff reductions. e. support for small business.

In the 1920s the Fordney-McCumber Tariff __________ tariff rates and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff __________ tariff rates, so that by1930the tariff rates had been substantially __________ from the opening of the decade. a. raised; lowered; lowered b. lowered; raised; raised c. raised; raised; raised d. lowered; lowered; lowered e. raised; lowered; raised

Margaret Sanger was most noted for her advocacy of a. abortion rights. b. women's suffrage. c. birth control. d. free love. e. the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).

Of the following, the one least related to the other four is a. John T. Scopes. b. Clarence Darrow. c. Frederick W. Taylor. d. William Jennings Bryan. e. Dayton, Tennessee.

One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it a. opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary. b. suffered severe business losses. c. conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies. d. turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia. e. virtually ended American international trade.

President Wilson's first direct use of American military forces in revolutionary Mexico occurred when he a. sent armed forces to protect against Mexico's nationalization of American businesses. b. sent the army to prevent Venustiano Carranza from becoming president of Mexico. c. seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta. d. sent the army to protect the vast ranch of newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. e. sent General Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa staged raids into New Mexico.

President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by a. appealing to America's tradition of intervention in Europe. b. convincing the public of the need to make the world safe from the German submarine. c. declaring it a crusade to "make the world safe for democracy." d. demonstrating how American national security would be threatened by a German victory. e. insisting that the war would be fought primarily by the navy.

Russia's withdrawal from World War I in 1918 resulted in a. a communist takeover of that country. b. the United States' entry into the war. c. the release of hundreds of thousands of German troops for deployment on the front in France. d. Germany's surrender to the Allies. e. a setback for the idea of a "war for democracy."

Senate opponents of the League of Nations, as proposed in the Treaty of Versailles, argued that it a. failed to provide enough German financial reparations to the United States. b. violated Wilson's own Fourteen Points. c. robbed Congress of its war-declaring powers. d. isolated the United States from postwar world affairs. e. was not fair enough to oppressed colonial peoples.

The 1920 census revealed that, for the first time, most a. men worked in manufacturing. b. adult women were employed outside the home. c. Americans lived in cities. d. Americans lived in the trans-Mississippi West. e. families had fewer than four children.

The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand a. the removal of American troops from Nicaragua. b. an expanded American army and navy. c. immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans. d. punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington, D.C. e. housing and health care assistance for veterans.

The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address all of these practices except a. eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices. b. outlawing unfair business competition and bribery. c. sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits. d. prohibiting false and misleading advertising. e. outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products.

The Germans gained an immense military advantage in the first months of 1918 because a. they had discovered how to use the tank and poison gas effectively. b. the Austrian army was able to switch from the Italian front to the western front. c. the Bolsheviks took Russia out of the war allowing German troops to move to the western front. d. they had seized the two key strategic points of Verdun and Ypres. e. their brilliant generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff has taken effective control of the German government.

The Germans were heavily demoralized by a. the United States' military performance. b. their defeat at the Battle of Meuse-Argonne. c. the United States' unlimited troop reserves. d. Russia's entry into the war. e. American propaganda.

The Newlands Act, passed under Theodore Roosevelt's administration, was designed to a. restore abandoned toxic mining sites for agricultural use. b. open new federal lands to sustainable forestry. c. reclaim and irrigate unproductive lands. d. provide protection for fragile western wilderness areas. e. preserve clean water in the mountain West.

The United States used all of the following methods to support the war effort except a. forcing some people to buy war bonds. b. having heatless Mondays to conserve fuel. c. establishing government control of wages. d. seizing enemy merchant vessels trapped in American harbors. e. restricting the manufacture of beer.

The Zimmermann note involved a proposed secret agreement between a. Britain and France. b. Russia and Germany. c. Germany and Mexico. d. Mexico and France. e. Germany and Canada.

The leading cultural critic of the 1920s, H.L. Mencken, attacked all of the following except a. the South. b. patriotism. c. technology. d. democracy. e. Puritanism.

The most colorful presidential candidate of the 1920s was a. Calvin Coolidge. b. John W. Davis. c. Alfred E. Smith. d. Herbert Hoover. e. Robert La Follette.

The post-World War I Ku Klux Klan advocated all of the following except a. fundamentalist religion. b. opposition to birth control. c. opposition to prohibition. d. repression of pacifists. e. anti-Catholicism.

Two constitutional amendments, adopted in part because of World War I, were the Eighteenth, which dealt with ____, and the Nineteenth, whose subject was ____. a. prohibition; an income tax b. direct election of senators; woman suffrage c. prohibition; woman suffrage d. an income tax; direct election of senators e. women suffrage; prohibition

Two examples of forceful federal government action to organize the nation for war were a. the conscription of certain essential wartime workers. b. federal rationing of food and other essential goods needed for the war. c. the government's takeover of the railroads and imposition of nationwide daylight savings time. d. strict government controls on the amount of coal and oil that civilians could use. e. the use of the U.S. Army to break labor strikes.

Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international disarmament because a. he feared renewed war in Europe. b. he recognized that an arms race was imminent. c. businesspeople were unwilling to help pay for a larger United States Navy. d. he did not want the League of Nations to take the lead on this problem. e. American public opinion supported peacemaking efforts.

When Jane Addams placed Teddy Roosevelt's name in nomination for the presidency in 1912, it a. demonstrated that the Republican party supported woman suffrage. b. ensured Roosevelt's defeat by William Howard Taft. c. symbolized the rising political status of women and the movement for social justice. d. showed that Roosevelt had lost touch with public opinion. e. weakened Roosevelt by linking him to Addams's pacifism.

Which of the following splits did not affect the Democratic party in 1924? a. "wets" versus "drys" b. immigrants versus old-stock Americans c. urbanites versus suburbanites d. Fundamentalists versus Modernists e. northern liberals versus southern conservatives

Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom a. supported federal government ownership of railroads and utilities. b. favored big business with accompanying federal regulation. c. favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the busting of monopolies. d. was focused around working-class issues like unions and minimum-wage laws. e. opposed banking and tariff reform.

Woodrow Wilson's early efforts to conduct a strongly anti-imperialist U. S. foreign policy were first undermined when he a. dispatched U.S. military forces to protect American interests in China. b. told the Filipinos that they could not obtain their independence for at least forty years. c. sent American marines to Haiti and the Dominican Republic. d. sent the U.S. Navy to seize the Virgin Islands from Denmark. e. began constructing a massive U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

According to the text, Teddy Roosevelt's most important and enduring achievement may have been a. building the Panama Canal. b. busting the corporate monopoly trusts. c. mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War. d. conserving American resources and protecting the environment. e. protecting the American consumer.

All of the following were political liabilities for Alfred E. Smith except his a. Catholic religion. b. support for the repeal of prohibition. c. big-city background. d. failure to win the support of American labor. e. radio speaking skill.

Although speakeasies and hard liquor flourished, historians argue that prohibition wasn't entirely a failure for all of the following reasons except a. bank savings increased. b. absenteeism in the workplace decreased. c. people consumed less alcohol overall. d. crime levels decreased. e. more people lived a sober lifestyle.

Before Woodrow Wilson would agree to an armistice ending World War I fighting, he demanded that a. Germany remove its army from the large territories it had taken from Russia. b. Germany pledge never again to wage aggressive warfare. c. the German government pay for war damages. d. the German kaiser be forced from power. e. Germany accept guilt for the war.

Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries except a. Haiti. b. the Dominican Republic. c. the Virgin Islands. d. Cuba. e. Mexico.

By 1910, all of the following were true about women's efforts to gain the vote except a. Progressives supported the movement. b. reformers embraced votes for women as a way to elevate the political tone. c. Prohibitionists thought they could count of votes of enfranchised women. d. a federal amendment granting the right to vote was about to be passed. e. states in the West had gradually extended the vote to women.

Cultural pluralists like Horace Kallen and Randolph Bourne generally advocated that a. Spanish and German should be recognized as official languages of the United States along with English. b. diverse religious beliefs could coexist peacefully in the United States. c. immigrants to the United States could remain politically loyal to their original nations. d. immigrants should be able to retain their traditional cultures rather than blend into a single American melting pot. e. a varied American cultural life should resist the bland standardization of mass culture.

Frederick W. Taylor, a prominent inventor and engineer, was best known for his a. development of the gasoline engine. b. thoughts on Darwinian evolution. c. efforts to clean up polluted cities. d. promotion of industrial efficiency and scientific management. e. concern for worker safety.

In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson's day when he a. stopped having formal cabinet meetings. b. appointed a black man to the Supreme Court. c. endorsed woman suffrage. d. personally delivered his presidential State of the Union address to Congress. e. rode with his defeated predecessor to the inauguration.

In adopting the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote, the United States was a. taking a progressive step considerably ahead of other nations. b. also asserting that women had a right to equal pay and to child care services. c. overcoming the strong hostility to women's suffrage within state governments. d. following the path already taken by other wartime governments like Britain and Germany. e. fulfilling one of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.

In response to the League of Nations' investigation into Japan's invasion and occupation of Manchuria, a. the United States became an official member of the League. b. Japan withdrew its troops. c. it initiated a boycott of Japanese goods. d. Japan left the League. e. the U.S. and China moved toward an alliance.

In response to the need to develop greater and greater mass markets for their products, American business in the 1920s relied especially on the new techniques of a. developing a large range of product variation. b. price competition. c. direct selling through catalogs and door-to-door solicitation. d. consumer advertising. e. government-backed guarantees of product performance.

Match each civilian administrator below with the World War I mobilization agency that he directed. A. George Creel 1. War Industries Board B. Herbert Hoover 2. Committee on Public Information C. Bernard Baruch 3. Food Administration D. William Howard Taft 4. National War Labor Board a. A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 b. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 c. A-3, B-2, C-l, D-4 d. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 e. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

One exception to President Warren G. Harding's policy of isolationism involved in the Middle East, where the United States sought to a. support a homeland for Jews in Israel. b. prevent the League of Nations from establishing British and French protectorates in the region. c. stop the Soviet Union from dominating the area. d. secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies. e. curb the rise of Arab nationalism.

President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed a. big-stick diplomacy. b. the Open Door policy. c. the Good Neighbor policy. d. dollar diplomacy. e. sphere-of-influence diplomacy.

Prosecutions under the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) can be characterized in all of the following ways except a. antiwar socialists and labor leaders were visibly targeted. b. 1,900 Americans were prosecuted under these laws. c. the laws meant that any criticism of the government could be censored and punished. d. the Supreme Court ruled that they were unconstitutional violations of free speech. e. after the war, President Harding issued pardons to many of those prosecuted, including labor leader Eugene Debs.

Teddy Roosevelt's New Nationalism a. pinned its economic faith on competition and the breakup of large monopolies. b. opposed the growth of labor unions. c. sought to raise tariffs to protect American industry. d. supported a broad program of social welfare and government regulation of business. e. favored state rather than federal government activism.

The "alphabetical agency" set up under Hoover's administration to provide aid to business and local governments was the a. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) b. National Recovery Administration (NRA) c. Works Progress Administration (WPA) d. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) e. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)

The Red Scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by: a. the wartime migration of rural blacks to northern cities. b. urban immigrants' resistance to prohibition c. public anger at evolutionary science's challenge to the biblical story of the Creation. d. the public's fear that labor troubles were sparked by communist and anarchist revolutionaries. e. Russian Communism's threat to American security

The Senate likely would have accepted American participation in the League of Nations if Wilson had a. stuck to the principles of his own Fourteen Points. b. guaranteed that American troops would never be used in League peacemaking operations. c. actively campaigned for support from the American public. d. been willing to compromise with League opponents in Congress. e. run for re-election.

The Supreme Court cases of Muller-and Adkins centered on a. racial discrimination in employment. b. affirmative action. c. anti-union "right to work" laws in several states. d. the question of whether women merited special legal and social treatment. e. antitrust legislation.

The central provisions of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act a. included trade unions under the antimonopoly provisions of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. b. declared that no single corporation could control more than 75 percent of a given industry. c. established minimum wage rates for goods produced in interstate commerce. d. outlawed corporate interlocking directorates and price discrimination against different purchasers. e. exempted farm cooperatives from antitrust action.

The conscription law during World War I differed from the Civil War draft especially because it a. exempted men older that thirty-five and younger than twenty-one from service. b. drafted women as well as men. c. drafted men for the navy and air force as well as the army. d. contained no provisions for hiring a substitute or purchasing an exemption. e. contained no provision for conscientious objection.

The dangerous proviso that Germany attached to its Sussex pledge not to attack unarmed neutral shipping was the requirement that a. Americans would have to refrain from sailing on British-owned passenger ships. b. U-Boats could capture merchant vessels if the submarines surfaced. c. the Americans would have to guarantee that passenger vessels were not secretly carrying military supplies. d. the United States would have to persuade the Allies to end their blockade of Germany or submarine warfare would be resumed. e. Woodrow Wilson would have to seek a fair, negotiated settlement of the war.

The enormous nationwide steel strike of 1919 resulted in a. the eight-hour workday. b. a takeover of the steelworkers' union by American Communists. c. somewhat higher wages but no recognition of the steel union. d. a grievous setback for labor that crippled the union movement for a decade. e. general strikes of all workers that essentially shut down Seattle and Pittsburgh.

The immediate outcome of the 1925 Scopes Trial was that a. attorney Clarence Darrow got the charges against John Scopes dropped. b. the state of Tennessee modified its anti-evolution law. c. the public gained a favorable view of American fundamentalists. d. biology teacher John Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution and fined. e. the jury was deadlocked and unable to reach a verdict.

The most influential classical film of the 1910s, D.W. Griffiths' Birth of a Nation, stirred extensive protest by African Americans because a. the film was heavily financed by white racist Hollywood film business owners. b. the film depicted the black leader Marcus Garvey in an unfavorable light. c. African Americans were not allowed to see the film even in northern movie theaters. d. the film glorified the Ku Klux Klan and portrayed blacks as corrupt politicians or rapists. e. Griffiths refused to use black actors.

The most spectacular example of lawlessness and gangsterism in the 1920s was a. New York City. b. New Orleans. c. Brooklyn. d. Chicago. e. Las Vegas.

To justify their new sexual frankness, many Americans pointed to a. increased consumption of alcohol. b. the decline of fundamentalism. c. the rise of the women's movement. d. the theories of Sigmund Freud. e. the influence of erotically explicit movies.

When elected to the presidency in 1928, Herbert Hoover a. was militantly antilabor and against big government. b. brought little administrative talent or experience to the job. c. understood that his major challenge was to find a solution to the Great Depression. d. combined small-town values with wide experience in modem corporate America. e. had been a successful governor of California.

Which of the following descriptive attributes is least characteristic of President Coolidge? a. honesty b. frugality c. shyness d. wordiness e. caution

Which of the following was not among the industries that prospered mightily with widespread use of the automobile? a. Rubber b. Highway construction c. Oil d. Aluminum e. Glass

Which of these is NOT a true statement about the sinking of the Lusitania? a. 128 Americans onboard lost their lives. b. Germany expressed profound regret. c. Afterwards, Germany issued a warning to travelers about the perils of traveling in war zone waters. d. Germany immediately pledged not to sink unarmed passenger ships anymore. e. The incident helped feed a growing anti-Germany sentiment in the U.S.

Wilson's progressive programs provided relief to a. sailors. b. farmers and rural populations. c. civil service workers. d. All of these e. None of these

Woodrow Wilson's administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to the government in Mexico headed by a. Porfirio Diaz. b. Venustiano Carranza. c. Pancho Villa. d. Victoriano Huerta. e. Emiliano Zapata.

Woodrow Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference was to a. stop the spread of communism. b. blame no one for starting the war. c. force Germany to pay reparations for the war. d. establish the League of Nations. e. destroy the Austrian and Russian empires.

After the Scopes "Monkey Trial" a. fundamentalism disappeared outside the rural South. b. John Scopes was sentenced to serve time in jail. c. Christians found it increasingly difficult to reconcile the revelations of religion with modern science. d. the gap between theology and biology began to close. e. fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force in American spiritual life.

America's major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which a. ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention in Central America and the Caribbean. b. established a ratio of allowable naval strength between the United States, Britain, and Japan. c. condemned the Japanese aggression against Manchuria. d. aimed to prevent German re-armament. e. provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war reparations payments.

As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the ____, while Russia and France were among the ____. a. Central Powers; Holy Alliance b. Central Powers; Triple Alliance c. Allies; Central Powers d. Triple Alliance; Central Powers e. Central Powers; Allies

As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930, a. American industry grew more secure. b. duties on agricultural products decreased. c. American economic isolationism ended. d. campaign promises to labor were fulfilled. e. the worldwide depression deepened.

As governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson established a record as a a. mild conservative. b. reactionary. c. man who could readily work with Democratic party bosses. d. social radical. e. passionate reformer.

Besides controlling the illegal liquor industry, American gangsters in the 1920s earned rich profits from all of the following activities except a. prostitution. b. gambling. c. labor racketeering. d. illegal drugs. e. pornography

Buying stock on margin meant purchasing a. only a few shares of stock. b. inexpensive stock. c. little-known stock. d. risky or marginal stock. e. it on credit with only a small down payment.

Congress's passage of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act demonstrated that the federal government a. was beginning to address the issue of equal treatment of mothers in the workplace. b. was prepared to take substantial steps toward federally funded child care. c. was completely hostile to mothers working outside the home. d. supported pregnancy and maternity-leave benefits for women. e. was willing to benefit and support women primarily in their role as mothers.

During World I, civil liberties in America were a. threatened by President Wilson but protected by the courts. b. limited, but no one was actually imprisoned for his or her convictions. c. violated mostly in the western United States. d. protected for everyone except German Americans. e. severely damaged by the pressures for loyalty and conformity.

During the 1920s, the new system of buying on credit resulted in all of the following except a. it transformed once frugal Americans into consumers of cars, radios and more/ b. it led to the slogan of "possess today and pay tomorrow." c. it stimulated economic growth. d. it created massive amounts of consumer debt e. it led to huge defaults on monies owed.

From 1914 to 1916, America's growing trade with Britain and loss of trade with Germany essentially occurred because a. the British needed American goods and weapons and the Germans did not. b. more Americans sympathized with Britain than with Germany. c. British agents sabotaged American businesses that traded with Germany. d. American bankers like J.P. Morgan were willing to loan money to Britain but not to Germany. e. the British navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes.

Henry Ford's most distinctive contribution to the automobile industry was a. installment credit buying of cars. b. the internal combustion engine. c. introducing a variety of automobile models with varied colors and styles. d. design changes that improved speed. e. production of a standardized, relatively inexpensive automobile.

In Congress, the most reliable support for Wilson's position on the League of Nations came from a. Henry Cabot Lodge. b. pro-league Republicans. c. the irreconcilables. d. Midwestern senators. e. Democrats.

In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelley and Louis Brandeis that a. child labor under the age of fourteen should be prohibited. b. the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health. c. women's factory labor should be limited to ten hours a day five days a week. d. female workers should receive equal pay for equal work. e. female workers required special rules and protection on the job.

In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised a. not to sink passenger ships. b. to maintain the territorial integrity of France. c. to halt its naval blockade of Britain. d. to halt all submarine warfare. e. not to sink passenger ships without warning.

In the United States, the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was the a. principle of self-determination for smaller nations in Europe and elsewhere. b. severe reparations that Germany would have to pay. c. permanent U.S. alliance with France. d. provision for trusteeship of former German colonies. e. League of Nations.

In the mid- 1920s President Coolidge twice refused to sign legislation proposing to a. exempt farmers' cooperatives from the antitrust laws. b. defend the family farm against corporate takeovers. c. make the United States a member of the World Court. d. lower taxes. e. subsidize farm prices.

Job opportunities for women in the 1920s a. expanded dramatically. b. offered higher-paying positions than before. c. were plentiful in Hollywood and radio. d. existed mainly in the area of education. e. tended to cluster in a few low-paying fields.

Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled The Shame of the Cities a. exposed the United States Senate as a millionaires' club. b. exposed the deplorable condition of blacks in urban areas. c. laid bare insider trading practices on the stock market. d. uncovered official collusion in prostitution and white slavery. e. unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

Match each 1912 presidential candidate below with his political party. A. Woodrow Wilson 1. Socialist B. Theodore Roosevelt 2. Democratic C. William Howard Taft 3. Republican D. Eugene V. Debs 4. Progressive a. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 b. A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 c. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-l d. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 e. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-l

Most of the money raised to finance World War I came from a. confiscation of German property. b. income taxes. c. tariffs. d. sale of armaments to Britain and France. e. loans from the American public.

One of Herbert Hoover's chief strengths as a presidential candidate was his a. adaptability to the give-and-take of political accommodation. b. considerable experience in running for political office. c. personal charm and charisma. d. ability to face criticism. e. talent for administration.

President Hoover's approach to the Great Depression was to a. leave the economy alone to work itself out of trouble. b. nationalize major industries. c. encourage the states to stimulate spending. d. work for the breakup of business monopolies. e. offer federal assistance to businesses and banks but not individuals.

President Hoover's public image was severely damaged by his a. decision to abandon the principle of "rugged individualism." b. construction of "Hoovervilles" for the homeless. c. agreement to provide a federal dole to the unemployed. d. refusal to do anything to try to solve the Great Depression. e. handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army.

President Wilson insisted that he would hold ____ to "strict accountability" for ____. a. Britain; repaying the loans made to it by American bankers b. Britain; the disruption of American trade with the European continent c. Germany; starting the war d. Germany; fair treatment of civilians in Belgium e. Germany; the loss of American ships and lives to submarine warfare

President Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the United States to a. reestablish the balance of power in European diplomacy. b. become a dominant global great power. c. rebuild its dangerously small military and naval forces. d. establish a permanent military presence in Europe. e. shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy.

Republican isolationists successfully turned Warren Harding's 1920 presidential victory into a a. mandate for international arms reduction. b. victory for idealism and social tolerance. c. guarantee of U.S. military withdrawal from Latin America. d. crusade against Bolshevik communism. e. death sentence for the League of Nations.

Senator Robert La Follette's Progressive party advocated all of the following except a. government ownership of railroads. b. relief for farmers. c. opposition to antilabor injunctions. d. opposition to monopolies. e. increased power for the Supreme Court.

The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact a. formally ended World War I for the United States, which had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. b. set a schedule for German payment of war reparations. c. established a battleship ratio for the leading naval powers. d. condemned Japan for its unprovoked attack on Manchuria. e. outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry.

The American radio industry was distinctive from radio in European nations because it a. did not carry news programming. b. gave preference in station ownership to religious and other nonprofit groups. c. practiced censorship against sexually offensive material. d. developed nationwide networks of stations broadcasting the same program. e. was a commercial business dependent on advertising.

The Elkins and Hepburn Acts were designed to a. regulate municipal utilities and end private utility monopolies. b. guarantee the purity of food and drugs. c. provide federal protection for natural resources. d. improve women's working conditions. e. end corrupt and exploitative practices by the railroad trusts.

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American banking and currency system through the great authority given to a. the secretary of the treasury. b. the president of the United States. c. the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Banking Committee. d. regional Federal Reserve banks. e. the presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board.

The Immigration Act of 1924 discriminated directly against a. Canadians and West Indians. b. northern and western Europeans. c. Latin Americans. d. Jews and Muslims. e. southern and eastern Europeans and Japanese.

The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction against a. capitalism. b. new immigration laws passed in 1924. c. the nativist movements that had their origins in the 1850s. d. race riots. e. the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.

The Second Battle of the Marne was significant because it a. was the first time American troops saw action in France. b. forced the Kaiser to abdicate. c. was the first time American troops fought by themselves. d. saw the first use of combat aircraft. e. marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never reversed.

The United States declared war on Germany a. in response to demands by American munitions makers. b. because it appeared that France was about to surrender. c. because Wall Street bankers demanded it. d. after Mexico signed an alliance with Germany. e. after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels.

The major political scandal of Harding's administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of his secretary of a. the treasury. b. state. c. the navy. d. commerce. e. the interior.

The most tenacious pursuer of radical elements during the red scare of the early 1920s was a. Frederick W. Taylor. b. William Jennings Bryan. c. J. Edgar Hoover. d. F. Scott Fitzgerald. e. A. Mitchell Palmer.

The nonbusiness group that realized the most significant, lasting gains from World War I was a. labor. b. blacks. c. the Ku Klux Klan. d. women. e. veterans.

The two major battles of World War I in which United States forces engaged were a. Ypres and the Ardennes Forest. b. Verdun and the Somme. c. Gallipoli and Locarno. d. Jutland and Trafalgar. e. St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial structure was that a. federal paper money was not backed by sound gold or silver. b. unsound banks regularly issued inflated bank notes that had to serve as currency. c. the banking system was too heavily regulated by the federal government. d. the U.S. dollar was rigidly tied to gold. e. money for lending was inelastic and heavily concentrated in New York City.

When the United States entered World War I, it was a. well prepared thanks to the foresight of Woodrow Wilson. b. well prepared militarily but not industrially. c. well prepared for land combat but not for naval warfare. d. well prepared industrially but not militarily. e. poorly prepared to leap into global war.

When the United States entered the war in 1917, most Americans did not believe that a. the navy was obligated to defend freedom of the seas. b. it would be necessary to continue making loans to the Allies. c. the United States would have to ship war materiel to the Allies. d. mobilization for war should be largely voluntary. e. it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe.

Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines? a. Lusitania b. Arabic c. Sussex d. All of these American ships were sunk. e. None of these were American ships.

Which one of the following members of President Harding's cabinet proved to be incompetent and corrupt? a. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge c. Andrew Mellon d. Charles Evans Hughes e. Albert Fall

While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the a. Fair Deal. b. Big Deal. c. Big Stick. d. New Deal. e. Square Deal.

Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by a. opposing workingmen's compensation. b. opposing the entry of women into politics. c. vetoing the Federal Farm Loan Act. d. refusing to appoint the Jewish Louis D. Brandeis to the Federal Trade Commission. e. accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

__________ was (were) adversely affected by the demobilization policies adopted by the federal government at the end of World War I. a. The cement industry b. The railroad industry c. The shipping industry d. Veterans e. Organized labor

26. Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II a. were further assimilated into American society. b. were not allowed to serve in the military. c. had their patriotism questioned as in World War I. d. cast their vote for Republican candidates opposed to the war. e. served in ethnically distinct military units.

37. One internationalist action by Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first term in office was a. the formal recognition of the Soviet Union. b. joining the League of Nations. c. establishing military bases in China. d. his support of the Tydings-McDuffie Act. e. his commitment to Philippine independence.

38. African-Americans did all of the following during World War II except a. fight in integrated combat units. b. rally behind the slogan "Double V" (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home). c. move north and west in large numbers. d. form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality. e. serve in the Army Air Corps.

39. Which one of the following is least related to the other three? a. Smith-Connally Act b. A. Philip Randolph c. Fair Employment Practices Commission d. racial discrimination in wartime industry e. proposed "Negro March on Washington."

43. President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign-trade policy a. lowered tariffs to increase trade. b. encouraged trade only with Latin America. c. continued the policy that had persisted since the Civil War. d. was reversed only after World War II. e. sought protection for key U.S. industries.

48. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, a. Americans would be prohibited from sailing on the ships of the warring nations. b. America would sell arms and war materials only to the victim of aggression. c. American bankers would be allowed to make loans to only one of the warring nations. d. the United States intended to uphold the tradition of freedom of the seas. e. U.S. diplomats and civilians would be withdrawn from both warring nations.

51. The Allies won the Battle of the Atlantic by doing all of the following except a. escorting convoys of merchants' vessels. b. organizing Allied "wolf packs" to chase down German U-boats. c. dropping depth charges from destroyers. d. bombing submarine bases. e. deploying the new technology of radar.

54. The Allied demand for unconditional surrender was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such surrender would a. encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible. b. be impossible to obtain. c. be unacceptable to the Soviets, who had already suffered terrible casualties. d. result in an armistice whose terms would lead to war, much as the Treaty of Versailles had led to World War II. e. discourage anti-Hitler resisters in Germany.

55. The first casualty of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty was a. Poland. b. Czechoslovakia. c. Austria. d. Belgium. e. the Jews.

57. All of the following factors contributed to the weakness and lateness of America's efforts to aid Europe's threatened Jews except a. the belief that most Jews would be better off migrating to Israel. b. internal tensions between German-Jewish and eastern European Jewish communities in the United States. c. the restrictive Immigration Act of 1924. d. fear that a flood of Jewish refugees would add to unemployment during the Depression. e. Anti-Semitic attitudes in the State Department and Congress.

57. Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) V-J Day, (B) V-E Day, (C) D Day, (D) Invasion of Italy. a. D, C, B, A b. A, C, B, D c. B, D, A, C d. C, A, D, B e. A, D, B, C

60. The real impact of the Italian front on World War II may have been that it a. delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe. b. prevented the rise of fascism or communism in Italy after the war. c. enabled the Americans to appease both British and Soviet strategic demands. d. enabled the United States to prevent Austria and Greece from falling into Soviet hands. e. destroyed the monastery of Monte Cassino and other Italian artistic treasures.

63. In a sense, Franklin Roosevelt was the "forgotten man" at the Democratic Convention in 1944 because a. so much attention was focused on who would gain the vice presidency. b. he remained in Washington, D.C., to conduct the war. c. poor health prevented him from taking an active role. d. the issue of a fourth term was prominent. e. Vice President Henry Wallace controlled the convention.

64. The Republican presidential nominee in 1940 was a. Wendell L. Willkie. b. Robert A. Taft. c. Thomas E. Dewey. d. Alfred E. Landon. e. Charles A. Lindbergh.

65. Action by the United States against Adolf Hitler's campaign of genocide against the Jews a. was reprehensibly slow in coming. b. included the admission of large numbers of Jewish refugees into the United States. c. involved the bombing of rail lines used to carry victims to the Nazi death camps. d. was slow in coming, because the United States did not know about the death camps until near the end of the war. e. was a major reason the U.S. fought World War II.

71. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 came as a great surprise because a. President Roosevelt suspected that if an attack came, it would be in Malaya or the Philippines. b. there was no way of knowing that the Japanese had been provoked to the point of starting a war with the United States. c. Japanese communications were in a secret code unknown to the United States. d. the United States was, at the time, Japan's main source of oil and steel. e. it was believed that Japan had insufficient aircraft carriers to reach near Hawaii.

73. Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) Munich Conference, (B) German invasion of Poland, (C) Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty. a. A, C, B b. B, C, A c. C, B, A d. C, A, B e. A, B, C

Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth Amendment ____ and the Twenty-first Amendment ____. a. shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; ended prohibition b. limited a president to two complete terms in office; repealed the Eighteenth Amendment c. rendered most New Deal programs unconstitutional; limited a president to two complete terms in office d. ended prohibition; shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration e. expanded the size of the Supreme Court; ended prohibition

By 1938, the New Deal a. had lost most of its momentum. b. turned more toward direct relief than social reform. c. had plainly failed to achieve its objectives. d. had won over the majority of business people to its policies. e. was prepared to embark on ambitious new initiatives.

Franklin Roosevelt took America off the gold standard and adopted a managed currency policy designed to a. stimulate inflation. b. reduce the price of gold. c. restore confidence in banks. d. reduce the amount of money in circulation. e. shake up the Federal Reserve Board.

Match each New Deal critic below with the cause or slogan that he promoted. A. Father Coughlin 1. "social justice" B. Huey Long 2. "every man a king" C. Francis Townsend 3. "a holy crusade for liberty" D. Herbert Hoover 4. "$200 a month for everyone over 60" a. A-l, B-2, C-4, D-3 b. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 c. A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1 d. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 e. A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2

Of the following, the one LEAST related to the other four is? A) the Securities and Exchange Comission B) the Tennessee Valley Authority C) Muscle Shoals D) hydroelectric power

The 1936 election was most notable for A) a strong third-party effort by the American Liberty League. B) its reflection of a bitter class struggle between the poor and the rich. C) the large number of blacks who still voted Republican out of gratitude to Abraham Lincoln. D) Roosevelt's loss of support among post-immigration Catholics and Jews. E) the strong race run by Kansas Governor Alfred Landon.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) proposed to solve the farm problem by a. reducing agricultural production. b. subsidizing American farm exports overseas. c. encouraging farmers to switch to industrial employment. d. helping farmers to pay their mortgages. e. creating farm cooperatives.

The Democratic party platform on which Franklin Roosevelt campaigned for the presidency in 1932 called for a. extensive social reforms and a balanced budget. b. deficit spending and a higher military budget. c. higher tariffs and support for American manufacturers. d. nationalization of key industries. e. breaking up monopolistic corporations and supporting small business.

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted to a. reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society by establishing tribal self-government. b. encourage Native Americans to give up their land claims. c. reinforce the Dawes Act of 1887. d. pressure Native Americans to renounce self-government. e. define clearly which tribes were federally recognized.

The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a trailblazing law that a. gave labor the right to bargain collectively. b. established the NRA. c. established the Social Security system. d. authorized the Public Works Administration (PWA). e. guaranteed housing loans to workers.

The Works Progress Administration was a major ____ program of the New Deal; the Public Works Administration was a long-range ____ program; and the Social Security Act was a major ____ program. a. relief; recovery; reform b. reform; recovery; relief c. recovery; relief; reform d. relief; reform; recovery e. reform; relief; recovery

The most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority was its effort to a. provide cheap electrical power in competition with private industry. b. control floods in the Tennessee and Cumblerland valleys. c. prevent soil erosion throughout the region. d. build housing for poor and middle-class citizens in the region. e. resettle poor farmers on more productive land.

The most immediate emergency facing Franklin Roosevelt when he became president in March 1933 was a. the collapse of nearly the entire banking system. b. runaway inflation. c. the growing power of demagogues such as Huey Long and Father Coughlin. d. the near collapse of international trade. e. riots by unemployed workers and farmers unable to sell their goods.

32. During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia. a. textiles b. rubber c. tin d. fuels e. plastics

33. Match each of the wartime agencies below with its correct function: A. War Production Board 1. assigned priorities with respect to the B. Office of Price use of raw materials and transportation Administration facilities C. War Labor Board 2. controlled inflation by rationing D. Fair Employment essential goods Practices Commission 3. imposed ceilings on wage increases 4. saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against blacks seeking employment in war industries a. A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 b. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 c. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 d. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 e. A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

35. Franklin Roosevelt refused to support the London Economic Conference because a. its members insisted on rigid adherence to the gold standard. b. any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America's recovery from depression. c. such an agreement would involve the United States militarily with the League of Nations. d. the delegates refused to work on reviving international trade. e. it was dominated by British and Swiss bankers.

40. Big-government intervention received its greatest boost from a. the New Deal. b. World War II. c. the Depression. d. World War I. e. the Cold War.

41. As part of his Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, President Roosevelt a. abandoned the Monroe Doctrine. b. withdrew American marines from Haiti. c. asked Congress to extend the Platt Amendment in Cuba. d. returned the Guantanamo naval base to Cuban control. e. proposed to grant Puerto Rico its independence.

51. Franklin Roosevelt's sensational "Quarantine Speech" resulted in a. immediate British support of U.S. policy. b. a wave of protest by isolationists. c. support from both Democratic and Republican leaders. d. Japanese aggression in China. e. a modification of the Neutrality Acts.

52. Hitler's advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of ____________, after which his fortunes gradually declined. a. the Bulge b. Stalingrad c. Monte Cassino d. Britain e. El Alamein

58. The U.S. military refused to bomb Nazi gas chambers such as those at Auschwitz and Dachau because of the belief that a. bombing would kill the Jews kept there. b. bombing would divert essential military resources. c. the military was unsure of the gas chambers' location. d. such attacks would not seriously impede the killing of Jews. e. all of the above.

58. The major consequence of the Allied conquest of Sicily in August 1943 was a. a modification of the demand for unconditional surrender of Italy. b. the overthrow of Mussolini and Italy's unconditional surrender. c. the swift Allied conquest of the Italian peninsula. d. a conflict between Churchill and General Eisenhower over the invasion of the Italian mainland. e. the threat of a Communist takeover of the Italian government.

62. The cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in Europe was commanded by General a. George Patton. b. Dwight Eisenhower. c. Douglas MacArthur. d. Bernard Montgomery. e. Omar Bradley.

65. Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by his a. personal desire to defeat his old political rival, Wendell Willkie. b. belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis. c. mania for power. d. opposition to Willkie's pledge to restore a strict policy of American neutrality. e. belief that the two-term tradition limited democratic choice.

70. Japan believed that it was forced into war with the United States because Franklin Roosevelt insisted that Japan a. withdraw from the Dutch East Indies. b. leave China. c. renew its trade with America. d. break its treaty of nonaggression with Germany. e. find alternative sources of oil.

72. On the eve of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, a large majority of Americans a. were beginning to question the increased aid given to Britain. b. still wanted to keep the United States out of war. c. accepted the idea that America would enter the war. d. did not oppose Japan's conquests in East Asia. e. were ready to fight Germany but not Japan.

Eleanor Roosevelt had honed her own skills and developed a personal network of reform activists through a. running for local offices in New York state. b. her experience in settlement houses and women's reform organizations. c. her long resistance to Franklin Roosevelt's personal infidelities. d. her personal association with women's colleges and sororities. e. sitting in on Franklin Roosevelt's cabinet meetings when he was governor of New York.

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal was most notable for a. ending the Great Depression. b. providing moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism. c. undermining state and local governments. d. aiding big cities at the expense of farmers. e. attacking the American capitalist system.

Match each New Dealer below with the federal agency or program with which he or she was closely identified. A. Robert Wagner 1. Department of Labor B. Harry Hopkins 2. Public Works Administration. C. Harold Ickes 3. Works Progress Administration D. Frances Perkins 4. National Labor Relations Act a. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 b. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 d. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 e. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) failed largely because a. businesses resisted regulation by the agency. b. it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public. c. Harold Ickes, the head of the agency, proved to be an incompetent administrator. d. it did not provide enough protection for labor to bargain with management. e. the agency did not have enough power to control business.

The most complex and ambitious New Deal effort to achieve recovery and reform the entire American economy was the a. Public Works Administration. b. National Recovery Administration. c. Tennessee Valley Authority. d. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act). e. Social Security Administration.

27. Japanese-Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II a. due to numerous acts of sabotage. b. in retaliation for the placement of Americans in concentration camps by the Japanese. c. as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear. d. because many were loyal to Japan. e. all of the above.

28. The minority group most adversely affected by Washington's wartime policies was a. German-Americans. b. blacks. c. Japanese-Americans. d. American communists. e. Italian-Americans.

36. The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to a. equal pay for men and women. b. a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the world. c. the establishment of day-care centers by the government. d. a reduction in employment for black males. e. a strong desire of most women to work for wages.

38. Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken partly a. in order to win support from American Catholics. b. because the Soviet leadership seemed to be modifying its harsher communist policies. c. in hopes of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany. d. to win favor with American liberals and leftists. e. to open opportunities for American investment in Siberian oil fields.

41. The northward migration of African-Americans accelerated after World War II because a. the southern system of sharecropping was declared illegal. b. Latinos had replaced blacks in the work force. c. mechanical cotton pickers came into use. d. northern cities repealed segregation laws. e. the South made it clear that they were not wanted.

42. The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act a. raised America's tariff schedule. b. inhibited President Roosevelt's efforts to implement his Good Neighbor policy. c. increased America's foreign trade. d. was most strongly opposed in the South and West. e. was aimed at isolating Italy and Germany.

44. The national debt increased most during a. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. b. Herbert Hoover's administration. c. World War II. d. World War I. e. the 1920s.

45. Fascist aggression in the 1930s included Mussolini's invasion of ________________, Hitler's invasion of __________, and Franco's overthrow of the __________ republican government of . a. Egypt; France; Poland b. Albania; Italy; Austria c. Ethiopia; Czechoslovakia; Spain d. Belgium; the Soviet Union; France e. Ethiopia; Norway; Portugal

46. The first naval battle in history in which all the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of a. Leyte Gulf. b. the Java Sea. c. the Coral Sea. d. Midway. e. Iwo Jima.

48. The Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they a. failed to take the Philippines. b. unsuccessfully attacked the oil-rich Dutch East Indies. c. overextended themselves instead of digging in and consolidating their gains. d. sent their submarine force on a suicide mission at the Battle of Midway. e. attacked Alaska and Australia.

54. Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union, a. Britain and France signed a similar agreement. b. the Soviets attacked China. c. Germany invaded Poland and started World War II. d. Italy signed a similar agreement with the Soviets. e. the Germans invaded Finland.

56. Arrange these wartime conferences in chronological order: (A) Potsdam, (B) Casablanca, (C) Teheran. a. A, B, C b. C, B, A c. B, C, A d. B, A, C e. A, C, B

69. After the Greer was fired upon, the Kearny crippled, and the Reuben James sunk, a. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. b. the United States Navy began escorting merchant vessels carrying lend-lease shipments. c. Congress allowed the arming of United States merchant vessels. d. Congress forbade United States ships to enter combat zones. e. Roosevelt told the public that war was imminent.

70. Which of the following was not among the qualities of the American participation in World War II? a. a group of highly effective military and political leaders b. an enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies c. a higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation d. the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from the air e. the maintenance and re-affirmation of the strength of American democracy

All of the following are true statements about the men who joined the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) except a. there were about three million men in the program. b. the men were mostly young, hired to work in fresh-air camps. c. many of the men had had criminal records. d. they worked on reforestation, flood control and swamp drainage projects. e. CCC workers helped families by sending most of their paychecks home.

President Roosevelt's Court-packing scheme in 1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme Court a. more conservative. b. more independent of Congress. c. more sympathetic to New Deal programs. d. less burdened with appellate cases. e. more respectful of the Constitution's original intent.

Roosevelt supported the repeal of prohibition because a. he thought it was unconstitutional. b. he believed the problem of drunkenness could be solved by restricting alcohol content to 3.2 percent by weight. c. he thought that it afforded the opportunity to raise needed federal revenue and provide jobs. d. he needed support from the repeal movement to gain reelection. e. drys - those who opposed alcohol - were an increasingly small segment of the population.

The fate of most of the Okies and other Dust Bowl migrants who headed west to California was that they a. acquired farms in the San Joaquin Valley. b. found steady work in the canning industry. c. still struggled for food, shelter, and work in the San Joaquin Valley. d. became caught up in radical labor movements. e. formed mutually supportive evangelical religious communes.

The most vigorous "champion of the dispossessed"—that is, the poor and minorities—in Roosevelt administration circles was A) Harold Ickes. B) Alfred E. Smith. C) Eleanor Roosevelt. D) Frances Perkins. E) Henry A. Wallace. c

The phrase Hundred Days refers to the a. worst months of the Great Depression. b. time it took for Congress to begin acting on President Roosevelt's plans for combating the Great Depression. c. flood of legislation passed by Congress in the first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. d. "lame-duck" period between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration. e. time that all banks were closed by FDR.

When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933 a. Congress refused to grant him any legislative authority. b. he knew exactly what he wanted to do. c. he received unprecedented congressional support. d. he wanted to make as few mistakes as possible. e. he at first proceeded cautiously.

While Franklin Roosevelt waited to assume the presidency in early 1933, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to commit to a. maintaining a balanced federal budget. b. renewal of the extremely high Hawley-Smoot Tariff. c. an anti-inflationary policy that would have made much of the New Deal impossible. d. appointing some Republicans to his cabinet. e. a policy of not offering direct welfare to the unemployed.

24. As World War II began for the United States in 1941, President Roosevelt a. led a seriously divided nation into the conflict. b. endorsed the same kind of government persecution of German-Americans as Wilson had in World War I. c. called the American people to the same kind of idealistic crusade with the same rhetoric that Wilson had used in World War I. d. decided to concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war on hold. e. declared that the first strategic goal was recovery from Pearl Harbor.

29. In the 1800s the Japanese government drove many Japanese farmers off their land by a. confiscating property for military bases. b. forcing them to work in factories. c. conscripting them into the military. d. imposing a steep land tax. e. refusing to let them grow rice.

31. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, a. it took nearly two years for the country to unite. b. the conflict soon became an idealistic crusade for democracy. c. the government repudiated the Atlantic Charter. d. a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about. e. the idea of allying with the Communist Soviet Union was repugnant.

34. While American workers, on the whole, were committed to the war effort, several unions went on strike. The most prominent was the a. Teamsters. b. Amalgamated Meat Packers. c. Longshoremen. d. United Mine Workers. e. Industrial Workers of the World.

39. In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the United States was motivated by a. treaty obligations. b. doubts about the islands' potential profitability. c. the view that the islands were militarily indefensible. d. the realization that the islands were economic liabilities. e. regrets over their imperialistic takeover in 1898.

42. During World War II, American Indians a. demanded that President Roosevelt end discrimination in defense industries. b. rarely enlisted in the armed forces. c. moved south to replace African-American laborers. d. moved off reservations in large numbers. e. promoted recovery of tribal languages.

47. The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of a. Leyte Gulf. b. Bataan and Corregidor. c. the Coral Sea. d. Midway. e. Guadalcanal.

49. From 1925 to 1940 the transition of American policy on arms sales to warring nations followed this sequence: a. embargo to lend-lease to cash-and-carry. b. cash-and-carry to lend-lease to embargo. c. lend-lease to cash-and-carry to embargo. d. embargo to cash-and-carry to lend-lease. e. lend-lease to embargo to cash-and-carry.

49. In waging war against Japan, the United States relied mainly on a strategy of a. heavy bombing from Chinese air bases. b. invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia. c. fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan "hump." d. "island hopping" across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds. e. turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska.

55. President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill announced at their wartime conference in Casablanca that their principal war aim was to a. destroy the last remnants of European imperialism. b. promote the national independence of all European nations. c. contain the postwar power of the Soviet Union. d. force the unconditional surrender of both Germany and Japan. e. create an effective postwar Atlantic alliance.

61. America's neutrality effectively ended when a. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. b. Germany attacked Poland. c. the conscription law was passed in 1940. d. France fell to Germany. e. Italy "stabbed France in the back."

61. At the wartime Teheran Conference, a. the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan within three months. b. the Big Three allies agreed to divide postwar Germany into separate occupied zones. c. the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European nations that its armies occupied at the end of the war. d. plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe. e. it was agreed that five Big Powers would have veto power in the United Nations.

67. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United States a. promised aid to the Soviets but did not deliver. b. refused to provide any help, either military or economic. c. gave only nonmilitary aid to Russia. d. made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets. e. sent U.S. ships to Soviet naval bases.

69. The "unconditional surrender" policy toward Japan was modified by a. assuring the Japanese that there would be no "war crimes" trials. b. guaranteeing that defeated Japan would be treated decently by American occupiers. c. agreeing not to drop more than two atomic bombs on Japan. d. agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne. e. permitting the Japanese to retain a strong army but no real navy.

74. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) fall of France, (B) Atlantic Conference, (C) Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. a. B, A, C b. A, B, C c. C, B, A d. A, C, B e. C, A, B

As a result of the 1937 Roosevelt recession a. Roosevelt backed away from further economic experiments. b. Social Security taxes were reduced. c. Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1938. d. Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics. e. much of the early New Deal was repealed.

Franklin Roosevelt's ____ contributed the most to his development of compassion and strength of will. a. education b. domestic conflicts with Eleanor Roosevelt c. family ties with Teddy Roosevelt d. affliction with infantile paralysis e. service in World War I

Native Americans responded to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 a. with some thrilled by its efforts to stop the loss of Indian lands. b. with many Indians rejecting its provisions to organize tribes and tribal governments. c. by denouncing it as a "back to the blanket" measure. d. All of these e. None of these

President Roosevelt's chief "administrator of relief" and one of his closest advisors was a. George Norris. b. John L. Lewis. c. Mary McLeod Bethune. d. Harry Hopkins. e. None of these

The Federal Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Commission aimed to a. halt the sale of stocks on margin (i.e. with borrowed funds). b. force stockbrokers to register with the federal government. c. prevent interlocking directorates and business pyramiding schemes. d. provide full disclosure of information and prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices. e. enable the Chicago Board of Trade to compete with the New York Stock Exchange.

The early New Deal experiments borrowed rather freely and randomly from a. the American labor movement and European socialism. b. early twentieth-century economists and social theorists Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey. c. Mussolini's fascism and Hitler's Nazism. d. U.S. wartime and pre-war agencies and European social reform models. e. the late nineteenth-century utopian literature of Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman.

The federally-owned Tennessee Valley Authority was seen as a particular threat to A) the entire capitalist system. B) the Republican party. C) the automobile industry. D) the private electrical utility industry. E) white southern racial practices.

The federally-owned Tennessee Valley Authority was seen as a particular threat to a. the entire capitalist system. b. the Republican party. c. the automobile industry. d. the private electrical utility industry. e. white southern racial practices.

The primary interest of the Congress of Industrial Organizations was a. the effective enforcement of yellow dog contracts. b. the organization of trade unions. c. the maintenance of open shop industries. d. the organization of all workers within an industry. e. maintaining existing wage levels.

The single most popular New Deal program was probably the a. Works Progress Administration. b. Agricultural Adjustment Act. c. National Recovery Administration. d. Civilian Conservation Corps. e. Tennessee Valley Authority.

25. Once at war, America's first great challenge was to a. pass a conscription law. b. raise an army and navy. c. extend aid to the Soviet Union. d. develop atomic weapons. e. retool its industry for all-out war production.

30. In the period from 1885 to 1924, Japanese immigrants to the United States were a. poorly educated. b. primarily from the island of Hokkaido. c. some of the poorest people to enter the country. d. exclusively farmers. e. select representatives of their nation.

35. During World War II, a. labor unions declared a self-imposed moratorium on strikes. b. unions actively combated racial discrimination. c. farm production declined. d. for security reasons, the bracero program with Mexico was temporarily halted. e. labor unions substantially increased their membership.

36. As a result of Franklin Roosevelt's unwillingness to support the London Conference, a. inflation in the United States was reduced. b. the United States was voted out of the League of Nations. c. tensions rose between the United States and Britain. d. the United States began to pull out of the Depression. e. the trend towards extreme nationalism was strengthened.

37. The main reason the majority of women war workers left the labor force at the end of WW II was a. union demands. b. employer demands that they quit. c. male discrimination on the job. d. government requirements to hire veterans. e. family obligations.

40. Franklin Roosevelt embarked on the Good Neighbor policy in part because a. there was a rising tide of anti-Americanism in Latin America. b. Congress had repealed the Monroe Doctrine. c. he feared the spread of communism in the region. d. the policy was part of the neutrality stance taken by the United States. e. he was eager to enlist Latin American allies to defend the Western Hemisphere against European and Asian dictators.

43. By the end of World War II, the heart of the United States' African- American community had shifted to a. Florida and the Carolinas. b. southern cities. c. the Pacific Northwest. d. Midwestern small towns. e. northern cities.

44. Throughout most of the 1930s, the American people responded to the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan by a. assisting their victims with military aid. b. giving only economic help to the targets of aggression. c. beginning to build up their military forces. d. demanding an oil embargo on all warring nations. e. retreating further into isolationism.

45. Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through a. tariff collections. b. excise taxes on luxury goods. c. raising income taxes. d. voluntary contributions. e. borrowing.

46. By the mid-1930s, there was strong nationwide agitation for a constitutional amendment to a. increase the size of the Supreme Court. b. limit a president to two terms. c. ban arm sales to foreign nations. d. require the president to gain Congressional approval before sending U.S. troops overseas. e. forbid a declaration of war by Congress unless first approved by a popular referendum.

47. Passage of the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 by the United States resulted in all of the following except a. abandonment of the traditional policy of freedom of the seas. b. a decline in the navy and other armed forces. c. making no distinction whatever between aggressors and victims. d. spurring aggressors along their path of conquest. e. balancing the scales between dictators and U.S. allies by trading with neither.

50. America's neutrality during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 allowed a. Hitler to conquer Spain. b. the Loyalists to win the war. c. Roosevelt and Franco to become personal friends. d. the Soviets to aid the Spanish republic. e. Spain to become a fascist dictatorship.

50. The conquest of _______was especially important, because from there Americans could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands. a. Guadalcanal b. Wake Island c. New Guinea d. Okinawa e. Guam

53. The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 because a. they hoped that Germany and the Soviet Union would cripple each other. b. men and material were needed more urgently in the Pacific. c. the Soviet Union requested a delay until it could join the campaign. d. they believed that North Africa was more strategically vital. e. of British reluctance and lack of adequate shipping.

56. Which of the following nations was not conquered by Hitler's Germany between September 1939 and June 1940? a. Norway b. the Netherlands c. France d. Poland e. Finland

59. After the Italian surrender in August 1943, a. the Allies found it easy to conquer Rome and the rest of Italy. b. the Soviets accepted the wisdom of delaying the invasion of France and pursuing the second front in Italy. c. the British demanded the restoration of the monarchy in Italy. d. the Americans withdrew from Italy to prepare for D-Day. e. the German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance.

60. Congress's first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940 was to a. revoke all the neutrality laws. b. expand naval patrols in the Atlantic. c. enact a new neutrality law enabling the Allies to buy American war materials on a cash-and-carry basis. d. call for the quarantining of aggressor nations. e. pass a conscription law.

63. By 1940 American public opinion began to favor a. the America First position. b. active participation in the war. c. permitting U.S. volunteers to fight in Britain. d. maintaining strict neutrality. e. providing Britain with "all aid short of war."

64. Franklin Roosevelt won the election in 1944 primarily because a. Republican Thomas E. Dewey favored an international organization for world peace. b. labor unions turned out for Roosevelt. c. Harry Truman was his running mate. d. questions arose regarding Thomas E. Dewey's honesty. e. the war was going well.

66. As a result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, a. Japan stalled an Allied victory. b. Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey lost his first naval engagement. c. Japan was nearly able to take Australia. d. the United States could bomb Japan from land bases. e. Japan was finished as a naval power.

66. The 1941 lend-lease program was all of the following except a. a focus of intense debate between internationalists and isolationists. b. a direct challenge to the Axis dictators. c. the point when all pretense of American neutrality was abandoned. d. the catalyst that caused American factories to prepare for all-out war production. e. another privately arranged executive deal, like the destroyers-for-bases trade.

67. The Potsdam conference a. determined the fate of Eastern Europe. b. brought France and China in as part of the "Big Five. c. concluded that the Soviet Union would enter the war in the Pacific. d. was Franklin Roosevelt's last meeting with Churchill and Stalin. e. issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed.

68. The Atlantic Charter, developed by the United States and Britain, was also endorsed by a. Canada. b. France. c. Spain. d. China. e. the Soviet Union.

68. The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred by the belief that a. a nuclear weapon was the only way to win the war. b. the Germans might acquire such a weapon first. c. the Japanese were at work on an atomic bomb project of their own. d. scientists like Albert Einstein might be lost to the war effort. e. the American public would not tolerate the casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan.

After Franklin Roosevelt's failed attempt to pack the Supreme Court a. Roosevelt was unable to make any changes in the Court. b. the Democrats lost the next election in 1940. c. Congress permanently set the number of justices at nine. d. much New Deal legislation was ruled unconstitutional. e. the Court began to rule that New Deal programs were constitutional.

During the 1930s a. the Great Depression forced President Roosevelt to trim the size of the federal bureaucracy. b. the states regained influence over the economy. c. business people eventually came to admire President Roosevelt's New Deal programs. d. the New Deal substantially closed the gap between production and consumption in the American economy. e. the national debt doubled.

Immediately after taking office, President Roosevelt responded to the banking crisis by a. restoring the gold standard to guarantee the soundness of American currency. b. reassuring Americans that all their banking deposits were safe. c. providing major federal loans to the largest and soundest banks. d. establishing a new Bank of the United States to guarantee deposits. e. closing all American banks for a week, while reorganizing them on a sounder basis.

In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression by a. nationalizing all banks and major industries. b. mobilizing America's youth as in wartime. c. returning to the traditional policies of laissez-faire capitalism. d. continuing the policies already undertaken by President Hoover. e. experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.

In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration to a. help farmers migrate from Oklahoma to California. b. place unemployed industrial workers in areas where their labor was needed. c. move Indians from land that could be farmed by victims of the Dust Bowl. d. find jobs for farmers in industry. e. help farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl move to better land.

Most Dust Bowl migrants headed to a. Oklahoma. b. Arizona. c. Nevada. d. Oregon. e. California.

One striking new feature of the 1932 presidential election results was that a. the South had shifted to the Republican party. b. Democrats made gains in the normally Republican Midwest. c. urban Americans finally cast more votes than rural Americans. d. a clear gender gap opened up in which more women favored the Democrats. e. African Americans shifted from their Republican allegiance and became a vital element in the Democratic party.

Probably the most radical New Deal program that provoked widespread charges of creeping socialism was the a. Indian Reorganization Act. b. Social Security Act. c. Agricultural Adjustment Act. d. Federal Housing Administration. e. Tennessee Valley Authority.

Prominent female social scientists of the 1930s, like Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead, brought widespread contributions to the field of a. economics. b. political science. c. psychology. d. sociology. e. anthropology.

Recently, some historians have argued that the New Deal had a more radical effect on men than women for all of the following reasons except a. Social Security was designed to assist male breadwinners, who were expected to share benefits with their families. b. married women were rarely favored for jobs in New Deal agencies. c. programs maintained or reaffirmed women's traditional roles as wives or mothers. d. programs tended to provide more opportunities to men than women. e. women were recruited to run day care centers and light service sector positions.

Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained a large national following by promising to a. nationalize all banks and public utility companies. b. make Jews pay for causing the Great Depression. c. help farmers and workers organize to resist the power of corporations. d. provide the unemployed and elderly a $200-a-month social security payment. e. "share our wealth" by raising taxes on the rich and giving every family $5,000

The American Social Security System, established by the New Deal, differed from most European social welfare systems primarily because it a. was opposed by large sectors of the public. b. did not permit the Social Security number to be used for identification and security purposes. c. did not address the issue of single mothers in the home with dependent children. d. linked unemployment and disability insurance to old age pensions. e. did not initially cover all categories of workers.

The Glass-Steagall Act a. took the United States off the gold standard. b. empowered President Roosevelt to close all banks temporarily. c. created the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock exchange. d. permitted commercial banks to engage in Wall Street financial dealings. e. created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.

The National Labor Relations Act proved most beneficial to a. employers. b. skilled workers. c. the unemployed. d. trade associations. e. unskilled workers.

The Social Security Act of 1935 provided all of the following except a. unemployment insurance. b. old-age pensions. c. economic provisions for the blind and disabled. d. support for the blind and physically handicapped. e. health care for the poor.

The first Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raised the money that it paid to farmers not to grow crops by a. raising the tariff. b. imposing a tax on the sale of farms. c. selling government surplus grain. d. increasing taxes on the wealthy. e. taxing processors of farm products.

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