Apush period 1-3 study

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that . . . they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind, and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever. . . . ". . . Every principle from which America has acted in the course of her unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration, and cause an act of the legislature to be passed, whereby they may be restored to the enjoyment of that [freedom] which is the natural right of all men." Petition to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, January 1777 Arguments such as that in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following in the nineteenth century?

A growing sectional divide about slavery and its expansion

"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . . "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to challenge the assertion in the excerpt that British attacks on the colonists had been "unprovoked"?

A series of popular boycotts, mob protests, and violence against royal officials

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that...they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever.... "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 Which of the following most likely helped to prompt the petition in the excerpt?

American colonists' declaration of independence from Britain

[VALUE OF PROPERTY OWNED BY COLONIAL AND STATE LEGISLATORS] Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the change between the two periods shown in the graph?

An expansion of political democracy for White men

"We have as yet no certaine proofe or experience concerning the vertues of... Corne, although the... Indians...are constrained to make a virtue of necessitie, and think it a good food: whereas we may easily judge that it nourisheth but little, and is of a hard... digestion, a more convenient food for swine than for men." John Gerard, English botanist, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597 Gerard's description of "corne" in the excerpt best reflects which of the following?

Assumptions about the superiority of European culture

"Mr. Jay's treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here." Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795 Which of the following was a reason the United States government believed it necessary to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain following the American Revolution?

British activities and landholdings in North America were an impediment to western settlement and peace along the frontier.

[VOLUME AND DIRECTION OF THE TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE]The major pattern on the map best supports which of the following statements?

British colonies in North America typically had a lower demand for slave labor than did the colonies of other European countries.

"We have as yet no certaine proofe or experience concerning the vertues of... Corne, although the... Indians...are constrained to make a virtue of necessitie, and think it a good food: whereas we may easily judge that it nourisheth but little, and is of a hard... digestion, a more convenient food for swine than for men." John Gerard, English botanist, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597 The development that brought "corne" to the attention of botanists such as Gerard is best known as the

Columbian Exchange

"[George] Washington's gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role.... Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington's Sewing Circle.' "Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension. . . . The women, on the other hand,... could reflect proudly that 'whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil.'" Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association," American Heritage, 1980 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt? A A record of deeds and land titles held by widows during the American Revolution B Statistics showing the changes in average family size before and after the Revolution C Correspondence between husbands and wives involved in Revolutionary politics D Studies comparing the literacy rates for men and women during the Revolutionary era

Correspondence between husbands and wives involved in Revolutionary politics

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by the

Declaration of Independence

"You have told us that we do not know the One who gives us life and being, who is Lord of the heavens and of the earth. You also say that those we worship are not gods. This way of speaking is entirely new to us, and very scandalous. We are frightened by this way of speaking because our forebears who engendered and governed us never said anything like this. . . . "It would be a fickle, foolish thing for us to destroy the most ancient laws and customs left by the first inhabitants of this land. . . . All of us together feel that it is enough to have lost, enough that the power and royal jurisdiction have been taken from us. As for our gods, we will die before giving up serving and worshiping them. This is our determination; do what you will." Lords and holy men of Tenochtitlan [the Aztec capital], reply to the Franciscans in 1524 after the conquest of Mexico, from a Spanish account written in 1564 Which of the following most immediately resulted from the Columbian Exchange?

Decline of Native American populations due to disease

[VOLUME AND DIRECTION OF THE TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE] Which of the following most directly contributed to the major pattern depicted on the map?

Demand for crops produced in the Americas

[pillars] In the decade following the publication of the image, which of the following groups expressed the most opposition to the exercise of power by the national government?

Democratic-Republicans

"Slavery, though imposed and maintained by violence, was a negotiated relationship.... First, even as they confronted one another, master and slave had to concede, however grudgingly, a degree of legitimacy to the other.... [T]he web of interconnections between master and slave necessitated a coexistence that fostered cooperation as well as contestation. Second, because the circumstances of such contestation and cooperation continually changed, slavery itself continually changed. . . . Slavery was never made, but instead was continually remade, for power—no matter how great—was never absolute, but always contingent." Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, 1998 Which of the following primary sources would most likely support Berlin's argument in the excerpt?

Diary entries from a slaveholder discussing plantation life

"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws.... Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate [eradicate] the English nation out of the continent of America." Edward Randolph, report of King Philip's War (Metacom's War) in New England, 1676 The confederacy formed to "exasperate the Indians against the English" was motivated primarily by which of the following?

Dispossession of Wampanoag land and threats to their sovereignty

"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws.... Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate [eradicate] the English nation out of the continent of America." Edward Randolph, report of King Philip's War (Metacom's War) in New England, 1676 Which of the following best characterizes relations between the English and American Indians in New England following Metacom's War?

Dramatic decline and dispersion of the American Indian population

The map best illustrates which of the following?[TRIANGLE MAP]

European anxieties about conflict with Native Americans

"Slavery, though imposed and maintained by violence, was a negotiated relationship.... First, even as they confronted one another, master and slave had to concede, however grudgingly, a degree of legitimacy to the other.... [T]he web of interconnections between master and slave necessitated a coexistence that fostered cooperation as well as contestation. Second, because the circumstances of such contestation and cooperation continually changed, slavery itself continually changed. . . . Slavery was never made, but instead was continually remade, for power—no matter how great—was never absolute, but always contingent." Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, 1998 Which of the following contributed most to the increasing use of African slave labor in North America during the 1600s and 1700s?

European demand for agricultural products grown in the colonies

[ESTIMATE OF THE NATIVE AMERICAN POPULATION IN THE TERRITORY THAT BECAME THE UNITED STATES] Which of the following was the most direct effect of the changes shown in the graph?

European settlers were able to gain control over Native American lands.

"[God's] wrath towards you burns like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire . . . you are ten thousand times more abominable in His eyes, as the most hateful and venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended Him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince. And yet, it is nothing but His hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment." The quote above is an example of the rhetoric from the

Great Awakening of the 1730s

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans." David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992 The conflict described in the excerpt led primarily to which of the following changes in Spanish colonial policy?

Greater accommodation to Native American cultures

"I conceive there lies a clear rule... that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. "If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away?" "The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God." Anne Hutchinson, 1630s

Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities

"In colonial New England, two sets of human communities which were also two sets of ecological relationships confronted each other, one Indian and one European. They rapidly came to inhabit a single world, but in the process the landscape of New England was so transformed that the Indians' earlier way of interacting with the environment became impossible. The task before us is not only to describe the ecological changes that took place in New England but to determine what it was about Indians and colonists—in their relations both to nature and to each other—that brought those changes about." William Cronon, historian, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, 1983 During the colonial era, which of the following was a widespread effect of the interactions between European colonists and American Indians described in the excerpt?

Increased intensity of warfare between the two groups

Which of the following was true of the Continental Congress in its drafting of the Articles of Confederation?

It was cautious about giving the new government powers it had just denied Parliament.

"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience." The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620 Participation in the "civil body politic" referenced in the excerpt would have been most available to which of the following?

Male church members

[TRIANGLE] Which of the following groups most typically created settlements like those depicted in the map?

Migrants pursuing economic prosperity

"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience." The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620 Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the document from which the excerpt was taken?

Organizing a system of rules and order in the colony

he argument between Great Britain and its American colonies during the 1760's and 1770's over "virtual representation" concerned

Parliament's ability to reflect colonial interests

"The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations is . . . to have with them as little political connection as possible. . . . It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world." The quotation above is part of which of the following documents?

President Washington's Farewell Address

"[George] Washington's gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role.... Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington's Sewing Circle.' "Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension. . . . The women, on the other hand,... could reflect proudly that 'whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil.'" Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association," American Heritage, 1980 The women described in the excerpt would have most typically engaged in which of the following activities during the Revolutionary era? A Writing plays in support of independence B Campaigning for the right to vote as a wartime measure C Joining militias so that they could fight on the front lines of battle D Producing goods for the Patriot cause

Producing goods for the Patriot cause

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 The restrictions imposed by the Schenck decision most directly contradicted which of the following earlier developments in the United States?

Protection of liberties through the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder, 2005 The goals of the Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?

Puritans in New England

"As its preamble promised, the Constitution would 'ensure domestic tranquility' by allowing the federal government to field an army powerful enough to suppress rebellions like those that had flared up in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other states. Even more important, the Constitution would 'establish justice' by preventing the state assemblies from adopting relief measures that screened their citizens from either their Continental taxes or their private debts. . . . Excoriating [harshly criticizing] the legislatures for collecting too little money from taxpayers, the bondholders and their sympathizers noted with approval that the Constitution would take the business of collecting federal taxes away from the states and place it firmly in the hands of a powerful new national government." Woody Holton, historian, "'From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England," William and Mary Quarterly, 2004 Which of the following most directly resulted from concerns over the increased power of the federal government in the late 1700s? A Rebellions over the right to tax goods, such as the Whiskey Rebellion B Slave uprisings, such as Nat Turner's Rebellion C Revolts over requirements to pay taxes in hard currency, such as Shays' Rebellion D Conflicts over access to land, such as Bacon's Rebellion

Rebellions over the right to tax goods, such as the Whiskey Rebellion

The Proclamation of 1763 did which of the following?

Set a boundary along the crest of the Appalachians beyond which the English colonists were forbidden to settle.

A Maryland master placed the following newspaper advertisement in 1772 after Harry, his slave, had run away: "He has been seen about the Negro Quarters in Patuxent, but is supposed to have removed among his Acquaintances on Potomack; he is also well acquainted with a Negro of Mr. Wall's named Rachael; a few miles from that Quarter is his Aunt, and he may possibly be harboured thereabouts."

Slaves maintained social networks among kindred and friends despite forced separations.

"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever. "That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years." Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774 The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1774 which of the following was correct?

Some members of the First Continental Congress sought a compromise between submission to British authority and independence.

"Mr. Jay's treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here." Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795 Which of the following was an important consequence of the debate over the Jay Treaty?

Strong disagreements over policy promoted the development of political parties.

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that . . . they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind, and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever. . . . ". . . Every principle from which America has acted in the course of her unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration, and cause an act of the legislature to be passed, whereby they may be restored to the enjoyment of that [freedom] which is the natural right of all men." Petition to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, January 1777 Which of the following most likely inspired the excerpt?

The Declaration of Independence

"And what would the reader say, were I to tell him of a Member of Congress, who wished to see one of these murderous machines employed for lopping off the heads of the French, permanent in the State-house yard of the city of Philadelphia?" The 1796 letter to a Philadelphia newspaper quoted above refers to which of the following?

The Democratic-Republicans' enthusiasm for the French Revolution

"The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola." Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552 Which of the following most directly resulted from the change in the Native American population described by Las Casas?

The Spanish imported Africans as a new source of labor.

[MAP OF SPANISH FLORIDA] Which of the following was a major difference between the Spanish colonies in the Americas in the 1500s and the English colonies in the Americas in the early 1600s?

The Spanish more actively sought to convert American Indians to Christianity than did the English

[pillars falling] Which of the following most directly addressed reservations about the process depicted in the image?

The addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution

"You have told us that we do not know the One who gives us life and being, who is Lord of the heavens and of the earth. You also say that those we worship are not gods. This way of speaking is entirely new to us, and very scandalous. We are frightened by this way of speaking because our forebears who engendered and governed us never said anything like this. . . . "It would be a fickle, foolish thing for us to destroy the most ancient laws and customs left by the first inhabitants of this land. . . . All of us together feel that it is enough to have lost, enough that the power and royal jurisdiction have been taken from us. As for our gods, we will die before giving up serving and worshiping them. This is our determination; do what you will." Lords and holy men of Tenochtitlan [the Aztec capital], reply to the Franciscans in 1524 after the conquest of Mexico, from a Spanish account written in 1564

The arrival of Christian missionaries in the Americas

[VALUE OF PROPERTY OWNED BY COLONIAL AND STATE LEGISLATORS] Which of the following statements best explains the change over time in the composition of legislatures depicted in the graph?

The concept of republican self-government encouraged individual talent.

"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 Which of the following issues of the period was Jefferson most likely concerned with in the excerpt?

The creation of political parties

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans." David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992 Which of the following most shaped the events described in the excerpt? A The establishment of African slavery in the Spanish colonies B The demands of the encomienda system in the Spanish colonies C The amount of Spanish intermarriage with Native Americans D The importance of Old World crops to the subsistence of Spanish colonial subjects

The demands of the encomienda system in the Spanish colonies

Treaty from 1744 Source: Internet Archive, Indian treaties printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736-1762. Which of the following best explains colonial governments' reasons for signing treaties such as that depicted in the image?

The desire to prevent conflict caused by colonists' westward expansion

"What is the phenomenon of globalization...? Fundamentally, it is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation . . . and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and (to a lesser extent) people across borders." Joseph E. Stiglitz, economist, Globalization and Its Discontents, 2002 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?

The development of Atlantic world commerce in the 1600s and early 1700s

[MAP OF SPANISH FLORIDA] Which of the following best explains the presence of the Spanish in the areas depicted on the map?

The emergence of competition between European powers in the Americas

I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said, that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some errors; that I having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they ought to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as being for the best. Afterwards, Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent pleasure." Letter from Hernán Cortés to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica (Aztecs), 1520 Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?

The emergence of racially mixed populations mingling European settlers, Native Americans, and Africans

"In colonial New England, two sets of human communities which were also two sets of ecological relationships confronted each other, one Indian and one European. They rapidly came to inhabit a single world, but in the process the landscape of New England was so transformed that the Indians' earlier way of interacting with the environment became impossible. The task before us is not only to describe the ecological changes that took place in New England but to determine what it was about Indians and colonists—in their relations both to nature and to each other—that brought those changes about." William Cronon, historian, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, 1983 Which of the following best supports the general argument in the excerpt about how Europeans changed North America?

The establishment of fenced fields on family farms

"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience." The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620 The ideas introduced in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following patterns among the British North American colonies?

The establishment of local representative assemblies

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure." A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787 Which of the following factors contributed most directly to the views expressed in the excerpt?

The fear of excessive centralized authority

"As its preamble promised, the Constitution would 'ensure domestic tranquility' by allowing the federal government to field an army powerful enough to suppress rebellions like those that had flared up in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other states. Even more important, the Constitution would 'establish justice' by preventing the state assemblies from adopting relief measures that screened their citizens from either their Continental taxes or their private debts. . . . Excoriating [harshly criticizing] the legislatures for collecting too little money from taxpayers, the bondholders and their sympathizers noted with approval that the Constitution would take the business of collecting federal taxes away from the states and place it firmly in the hands of a powerful new national government." Woody Holton, historian, "'From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England," William and Mary Quarterly, 2004 Which of the following historical events in the 1790s most directly followed from the developments described in the excerpt?

The federal government established a new economic policy in part by assuming states' debts from the American Revolution.

"[George] Washington's gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role.... Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington's Sewing Circle.' "Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension. . . . The women, on the other hand,... could reflect proudly that 'whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil.'" Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association," American Heritage, 1980 During and immediately after the Revolutionary era, which of the following resulted most directly from the efforts of women such as those described in the excerpt?

The ideal that women would teach republican values

The Native American village of Secotan (in present-day North Carolina), line engraving by Theodor de Bry, 1590, made from a watercolor by John White Granger, NYC — All rights reserved. By the early 1600s, which of the following had most changed the circumstances of villages such as Secotan in eastern North America?

The impact of epidemic diseases introduced by Europeans

[ESTIMATE OF THE NATIVE AMERICAN POPULATION IN THE TERRITORY THAT BECAME THE UNITED STATES] Which of the following contributed most to the changes shown in the graph?

The introduction of new diseases

(American Indian Population Map) Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is supported by the map above?

The most densely populated regions of North America would eventually become part of New Spain.

"[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,... than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores." Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1604 French exploration of North America, as reflected in the excerpt, most directly contributed to which of the following?

The ongoing shift from feudalism to capitalism in western Europe

"I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said, that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some errors; that I having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they ought to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as being for the best. Afterwards, Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent pleasure." Letter from Hernán Cortés to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica (Aztecs), 1520 Moctezuma's statement that the Mexica "were not the aborigines of the country" most likely refers to which of the following developments?

The presence of different and complex societies before European contact

[VENEGRATE THE PLOUGH] The illustration above was most likely meant to symbolize which of the following?

The principles of republican agrarianism

"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . . "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 Which of the following most immediately built on the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

The publication of the pamphlet Common Sense

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that...they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever.... "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 Which of the following developments from the 1800s emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?

The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

"Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. . . . "Why forgo the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice? "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world." President George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 The ideas expressed in the excerpt were most directly a reaction to which of the following?

The revolutionary government in France

[JAMESTOWN TRIANGLE MAP] Which of the following most directly hindered the expansion of the settlement depicted on the map?

The strength of the neighboring Native American confederation

"As its preamble promised, the Constitution would 'ensure domestic tranquility' by allowing the federal government to field an army powerful enough to suppress rebellions like those that had flared up in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other states. Even more important, the Constitution would 'establish justice' by preventing the state assemblies from adopting relief measures that screened their citizens from either their Continental taxes or their private debts. . . . Excoriating [harshly criticizing] the legislatures for collecting too little money from taxpayers, the bondholders and their sympathizers noted with approval that the Constitution would take the business of collecting federal taxes away from the states and place it firmly in the hands of a powerful new national government." Woody Holton, historian, "'From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England," William and Mary Quarterly, 2004 Which of the following issues did the framers of the United States Constitution most directly address?

The strengthening of central government powers

Which of the following was true of the Northeast American Indian tribes at the time Europeans first began colonization?

Their political and linguistic differences hindered their united opposition to the Europeans.

"You have told us that we do not know the One who gives us life and being, who is Lord of the heavens and of the earth. You also say that those we worship are not gods. This way of speaking is entirely new to us, and very scandalous. We are frightened by this way of speaking because our forebears who engendered and governed us never said anything like this. . . . "It would be a fickle, foolish thing for us to destroy the most ancient laws and customs left by the first inhabitants of this land. . . . All of us together feel that it is enough to have lost, enough that the power and royal jurisdiction have been taken from us. As for our gods, we will die before giving up serving and worshiping them. This is our determination; do what you will." Lords and holy men of Tenochtitlan [the Aztec capital], reply to the Franciscans in 1524 after the conquest of Mexico, from a Spanish account written in 1564 The ideas expressed in the excerpt most strongly suggest which of the following about how Native Americans responded to colonization?

They resisted European efforts to repress their culture.

Which of the following most appropriately characterizes the violence exhibited in such episodes as Bacon's Rebellion, the Boston Tea Party, Shays' Rebellion, and the Whiskey Rebellion?

Violence was directed at "outsiders" or representatives of distant authority.

[pillars falling] The image most directly reflects the belief held by many in 1788 that

a stronger central government was a positive step

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure." A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787 The opinion expressed in the excerpt would most likely have been held by

an Anti-Federalist

[THOMAS JEFFERSON MAP] The rough map above was used by Thomas Jefferson to

begin planning the division of federal lands into new states

"To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other power vested by this Constitution." Alexander Hamilton used the clause above to

convince the federal government to create the First Bank of the United States

"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . . "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 The British Crown's response to actions like those in the excerpt was to

declare the American colonies to be in open rebellion

Treaty from 1744 Source: Internet Archive, Indian treaties printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736-1762. Treaties such as that depicted in the image most directly led to

defensive maneuvers on the part of the French in the Ohio River valley and the North American interior

"I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said, that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some errors; that I having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they ought to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as being for the best. Afterwards, Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent pleasure." Letter from Hernán Cortés to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica (Aztecs), 1520 The interaction between Cortés and Moctezuma most strongly demonstrates Cortés'

desire for increased power and status

Map of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607 [TRIANGE MAP] NOAA Office of the Coast Survey's Historical Map and Chart Collection As it evolved in the seventeenth century, the region illustrated in the map came to

develop influential institutions of self-government

"[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,... than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores." Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1604 The French most differed from the Spanish in relations with American Indians in that the French

developed stronger alliances with American Indians

"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . . "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 The issuing of the declaration in the excerpt best serves as evidence of the

efforts of colonists to protect their rights as English subjects

[SEVEN RANGES] the purpose of the survey above was to

encourage settlement and to facilitate the sale of land sold in 640-acre lots

"The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola." Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552 An implication of Las Casas' argument is that a major cause of the decline of the native populations in the Americas after 1492 was the

epidemics brought to the Americas by Europeans

During the War for Independence, the principal reason the American government sought diplomatic recognition from foreign powers was to

facilitate the purchase of arms and borrowing of money from other nations

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that . . . they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind, and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever. . . . ". . . Every principle from which America has acted in the course of her unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration, and cause an act of the legislature to be passed, whereby they may be restored to the enjoyment of that [freedom] which is the natural right of all men." Petition to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, January 1777 Responses to the issues raised in the excerpt contributed most directly to the

gradual abolition of slavery in the North

"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever. "That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years." Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774 The key concern that Galloway's plan was designed to address was the

lack of American representation in the British Parliament

Colonial cities functioned primarily as

mercantile centers for collecting agricultural goods and distributing imported manufactured goods

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans." David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992 English colonization patterns in North America differed most from Spanish colonization in that the English A more often settled as families and rarely intermarried with Native Americans B relied more on coerced labor from Native Americans C enjoyed relatively peaceful relations with Native Americans D adopted some of Native Americans' more egalitarian views on the roles of women

more often settled as families and rarely intermarried with Native Americans

"Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. . . . "Why forgo the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice? "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world." President George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 During his administration, Washington pursued the foreign policy suggested by the excerpt in part because he believed that the

new nation needed time to gain economic and military strength

"The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola." Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552 In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to

organize and regulate Native American labor

"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 In highlighting "the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated," Jefferson was referring most directly to

passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were designed to suppress criticism of the government

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that . . . they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind, and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever. . . . ". . . Every principle from which America has acted in the course of her unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration, and cause an act of the legislature to be passed, whereby they may be restored to the enjoyment of that [freedom] which is the natural right of all men." Petition to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, January 1777 The evidence employed in the excerpt most directly reflected the influence of the

philosophies of the Enlightenment

"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws.... Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate [eradicate] the English nation out of the continent of America." Edward Randolph, report of King Philip's War (Metacom's War) in New England, 1676 Compared with French and Spanish interactions with American Indians, English interaction with American Indians more often promoted

separation between the groups

The Native American village of Secotan (in present-day North Carolina), line engraving by Theodor de Bry, 1590, made from a watercolor by John White Granger, NYC — All rights reserved. The image best serves as evidence that many Native American groups had developed farming techniques that

supported permanent villages

"The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; . . . and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment." The quotation above contains ideas typical of

the Great Awakening

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure." A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787 The views expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to

the addition of the Bill of Rights shortly after the Constitution was adopted

[VOLUME AND DIRECTION OF THE TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE] A significant long-term result of the major pattern depicted on the map was

the development of a strict racial system in British colonial societies

"Mr. Jay's treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here." Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795 Thomas Jefferson's reaction to the Jay Treaty as expressed in the letter was most directly a reflection of ongoing debates in the United States over

the impact of the French Revolution

By the time of the American Revolution, most patriots had come to believe that, in republican government, sovereignty was located in

the people