APUSH Period 1-5 Mid-term

Explain the continuities and changes in regional attitudes about slavery as it expanded from 1754-1800

- The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery.

Describe the effects of the election of 1860

- Lincoln's victory was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes; commenced the Southern secession --> Civil War - BIG IDEA: 1860 was a turning point year for the debate on slavery

Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions.

- All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, aswell as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relativelyfew enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people,and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. - As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. - Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.

Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time.

- An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. - Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. - The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American coloniesinto a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.

Explain how Lincoln's leadership during the Civil War impacted American ideals over the course of the war, be sure to think about the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address.

- BACKGROUND: recall that Lincoln previously did not consider himself an abolitionist - Lincoln & Union began the Civil War to PRESERVE THE UNION - EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: the war was declared as a war against slavery; this was done to prevent Confederacy from gaining diplomatic support from Europe (Britain and France) - GETTYSBURG ADDRESS: redefined the war as a struggle to preserve the Union and struggle for human equality; tried to reunify the country - BIG IDEA: the Civil War created a SHIFT in ideologies. It was previously just about preserving the union, but then shifted to human equality. (Kind of insincere, though.)

Explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War

- Both Union and Confederacy: mobilized economies and societies to wage war; centralized control to strengthen - UNION ADVANTAGES: population, transportation, economic boost from war demands - Improvements in leadership and strategy & wartime destruction of Southern infrastructure

Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

- Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy. - Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies. - After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.

Explain the continuities and changes in the structure and function of the government with the ratification of the Constitution.

- Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches.

Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the revolution.

- Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.

Explain how the American Revolution affected society

- During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments. - In response to women's participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of "republican motherhood" gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture.

Explain how and why political parties developed and changed in the new republic

- During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. - Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties— most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic- Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. - George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.

Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

- Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. - Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. - In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. - Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. - The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. - Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolvein their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. - Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.

- In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. - European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. - The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.

Explain how and why interactions between various European nations and American Indians changed over time.

- Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups. - British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England. - American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.

Explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844-1877

- International migrants from Europe and Asia and mainly Ireland and Germany - Anti-Catholic nativist movement rose; aimed at limiting immigrant political power and influence

Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

- Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society. - French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. - English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.

Describe the global impact of the American Revolution

- The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements.

Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

- The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco—a labor- intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. - The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. - The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. - The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. - Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its affect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492.

- The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. - Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. - Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.

Explain how British colonial policies regarding the colonies led to the Revolutionary War.

- The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in · the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights. - Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment. - The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women. - In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.

Explain the continuities and changes in the experience of African Americans from 1800-1848

- free blacks in south can own property, marry, can't be sold, no voting rights, can't own dogs/guns/liquor, can't hit a white person, can't testify in court, have to carry certificate of freedom -Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status.

Explain the causes and effects of continuing poly debates about the role of the federal government in the Jacksonian Period.

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Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time

-The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. - The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.

Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America.

-The spread of maize cultivation from present- day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies. -Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles. -In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages. -Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.

Explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844-1877

CAUSES: - Desire for access to natural and mineral resources for economic opportunities- Belief of Manifest Destiny and superiority of American institutions EFFECTS: - Boost of westward migration; promoted western transportation and economic development

Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican American War

CAUSES:- Desire for western expansion and desire to claim the Southwest from Mexico- Unable to purchase the territory, leading to a attack on American troops EFFECTS: - TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO: acquired Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah- Raised questions on the status of slavery (imbalance in power), especially after Wilmot Proviso (prohibited ext. of slavery into territory gained from MX) was defeated

Explain how and why various reform movements developed and expanded from 1800-1848.

Caused from the second great awakening, there was the temperance movement, suffrage, abolitionist movement. This was to improve society.

Explain the political causes of the Civil War

Compromises failed:- KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT: popular sovereignty, ended Missouri Compromise- DRED SCOTT: declared that slaves were property Increased sectional strife, leading to rise of regional parties:- NORTHERN REPUBLICAN PARTY (Abraham Lincoln)

Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in technology, agriculture and commerce over time.

Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South. Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties.

Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations.

European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.

In the ideals of the Federalists and anti-Federalists

Federalists- Wanted strong federal governments. They believed that a strong central government was necessary if the states were going to band together to form a nation. A strong central government could represent the nation to other countries. (also more wealthy people, better educated int his group) Anti-Federalists- Wanted strong state governments, opposed the ratification of the 1787 U.S. Constitution because they feared that the new national government would be too powerful and thus threaten individual liberties, given the absence of a bill of rights. ( more farmers in this group, including poorer people)

Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the south from 1800-1848.

In the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow.

Explain the similarities and differences and how regional attitudes affect federal policy in the period after the Mexican-American War

One thing would be what they did to settle which states would be free and which states would be slave. What changed is how they handled these arguments, they used popular sovereignty to determine whether the state should be a slave or free.

Explain the effects of government policy during the reconstruction on society in the south

Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights (men only).The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution.Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes.Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve

Explain growing sectionalism and its impact on the development of the government.

Sectionalism cost growing divide in government. The two political parties were divided across the nation. Even slavery and the wilmont proviso, Kansas Nebraska act.

Explain how enslaved persons responded to slavery

Some thought back, some ran away, some dealt with it

Explain how and why reconstruction resulted in the continuity and change and regional and national understandings of what it meant to be American.

Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land in the South. Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions (Civil Rights Cases, U.S. v. Cruishank), and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.

Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in period 1 (1492-1607)

The French had the most friendly relations with the Natives, they came in small numbers, and tried to convert them, their economic activity was the fur trade, economic motives, and were Catholic. Natives had the most autonomy here. The Spanish came to conquer, looked and found precious metals, tried to convert, blended culture and was Catholic. The English came in larger groups, settled and "improved" the land, more religiously tolerant, wiped out Native culture and replace with their own, didn't explore deep into continent like other two, and were mostly Protestant. (Many colonies established from joint stock company)All influenced the Natives with white superiority.

Explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War

The North wasn't necessarily opposed to slavey in the beginning -except for abolitionists-. Later on the North stated to oppose slavery when the true horrors of slavery were unlocked by Uncle Toms Cabin. The South was crazy about slavery. Anything that could possibly take slavery away drove them into spiraling. The last straw for the South was when Abraham Lincoln became president. This led to the first act of war at Fort Sumpter.

Explain the causes of the 2nd Great Awakening

The purpose was to reform America. Nobody went to church anymore and everyone was too busy to concern themselves with it. The awakening focused on emotional nourishment and defying logical thinking. It changed religion, social norms, and was what started the move on women's rights and anti-slavery.

Explain the causes and effects of expansion of participatory democracy from 1800-1848 ( growth of democracy)

Voting requirements changed during this time, now states just require that you pay taxes and many states have universal male white suffrage. Increased Democratization is because white male suffrage increased, voters chose their presidential electors, spoils system, popular campaigning, two party system returned, and rise of third parties.

Explain how and why a new national culture developed from 1800-1848

combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture.

Explain the extent to which politics, economics and foreign policy promoted the development of an American identity.

politics: transition to a moreparticipatory democracy was accompanied by the growth of political parties, now that all white men can vote Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. economics: New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects onU.S. society, workers' lives, and gender and family relations. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. foreign policy: Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. The United States' acquisition of landsin the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.

Explain how and why American foreign policy developed and expanded over time. Provide examples.

the United States wanted to have territory throughout North American continent and promote foreign trade.The U.S. government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.