APUSH Period 3 Review

Explain the friction that began to grow between Jefferson and Adams during the latter's presidency.

While Adams was hailed as a hero during the XYZ Affair, the approval and implementation of the Alien and Sedition Acts made him very unpopular. Adams was a staunch Federalist; his vice president, on the contrary, was a staunch Anti-Federalist. The Alien and Sedition Acts provoked criticism from the Anti-Federalists, and they justified that it was unconstitutional. Thus, the Alien and Sedition Acts sparked conflict between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, and initiated general unrest in the population.

Why was Slavery such a "touchy" subject at the Constitutional Convention?

The North viewed slavery as an immoral institution, and the South were irked at how the North viewed their livelihood. The Southern agricultural economy depended on it, and the North, who the South saw as not understanding the South's perspective, wished to get rid of the institution, or at least get rid of participation of the Atlantic slave trade. The South did not even need the slave trade because the slave population naturally repopulated themselves, but the fact that there was a possibility that they had admit that they were using a immoral institution irked them. This brought some states to threaten to "not be parties to the Union," and because the new country was still fragile, they let the Southern countries get their wishes (slaves representation (3/5), "fugitive clause", and Congress cannot regulate immigration). It was a "touchy" subject because both sides thought the other side did not understand his point of view and the new country was still too weak to deal with such a dividing topic.

How did the British victory in the Seven Years War help bring on the American Revolution?

After the threat of the countries around them and the Indians was gone the colonists felt safe but the British continued to have their soldiers in America making the colonists question and start to get mad. without representation in parliament Americans were angered by the taxes being set on them as they kept keeping the soldiers of Britain stay and make the Americans pay more and more starting to anger more and more people. then leading to the thoughts of how they had handled the French and so they saw they didn't completely rely on the British.

How did Hamilton's financial plan have both an economic and political agenda? (CATHY)

Hamilton was a Federalist and believed in a strong, centralized national government whose power surpassed that of the states. Thus, implementing policies that included a national bank and national debt would be in his favor. Federalists were often the elite. Creating a national bank allowed the private stockholders--the elite--to partake in the national economy. Thus, some interpreted the creation of a national bank as subject towards the elite. The national government assuming state debt also favored creditors and speculators. These actions would allow the Federalists to have more leverage in the national government.

Why would some say it was inevitable that Political parties were formed early in our Republic? (JOYCE)

Many believed it was only natural that political factions would form. Even Washington admitted that a little division was expected in his Farewell Address. This is because if you have common ideas and agendas, it is only natural you would gang to push that agenda. For example, farmers would gang up with other farmers to push their agenda, and those farmers would join others who had similar agendas. In colonial legislatures, there were already factions, which were based on family,ethnicity, or region, and when placed on a national level, these factions would grow larger, into political parties

Militarily, why did the British fail to win the Revolution?

first off/ The British army was unable to capture and disperse the continental army because they were constantly alluded by Washington's army making it almost impossible to win. Secondly, The Franco-American Alliance with the support of France and even Spain with soldiers and materials had supplied their troops making it much better for the armies. Lastly, The inability to supply the British army was a huge problem within the British army for they had been winning and winning but to only wait tool long and have their supplies cut off making it almost impossible for them to be able to fight the finally well supplied Continental army.

Mason's Declaration of Rights (CATHY)

Context: George Mason was an Anti-Federalist from Virginia. Since Virginia was very dependent on its economy, Mason feared an overbearing national government, much like the government system in Britain. Mason was a proponent of individual rights and did not sign the proposed Constitution, thinking that it infringed upon the rights of an individual. Explanation: Mason's Declaration of Rights has 16 articles dedicated to establishing the rights of an individual. He declared that the power rests within the people, and that the government works for the people. If the government doesn't protect the rights of its people, the people can abolish the government. He also called for free elections and for rights over private property. Rights like a fair trial, trial by jury, warrants, are all depicted. In addition, Mason includes freedom of religion. A standing army during peacetime is discouraged; rather, Mason wants to depend on local militias. In addition, there should only be one national government. Impact: Mason's Declaration of Rights was adopted in many constitutions--both the U.S. Constitution and many state constitutions like Pennsylvania. His Declaration of Rights echoed the thoughts of many Anti-Federalists at the time who feared a too-powerful national government. Thus, it was a factor that prompted and influenced the Bill of Rights, which eased Anti-Federalist fears.

Anti-Federalists (later the Democratic Republicans)

Context: After the Revolutionary War, the Anti-Federalists wanted to ensure the protection of the individual rights and liberties fought for during the war. They feared that the Federalists, who advocated for a strong centralized government, would mimic that of Britain, and would lose sight of the ideals that they fought for during the Revolution. Explanation: The Anti-Federalists, as the name suggests, were in opposition to the Federalists. Instead of wanting a strong national government, they advocated for state authority over national authority. Some even condemned the Constitution, naming it as a threat to the rights fought for in the Revolution. Patrick Henry voiced this opinion in *The Anti-Federalist papers*, which was publicized and opposed the U.S. Constitution. They feared that representative authority was threatened because their individual rights were not protected. Anti-Federalists favored a strict interpretation of the constitution instead of a lose one. They opposed Hamilton's economic policies because they worried about rich people influence the government. Their main economy was instead based upon an agrarian economy, unlike the trade economy that Hamilton wanted. Anti-Federalists appealed to the common man and the masses--the farmers and the back country. Anti-Federalists included: Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, Jefferson Impact: The fear that their individual rights were not protected would lead to documents like Mason's *Declaration of the Rights of Man* and especially the *Bill of Rights*, which consisted of 10 amendments that safeguarded personal rights and eased their fears. The *Revolution of 1800*, where Republicans took the lead, demonstrated that a peaceful transition of power to the opposing party could be possible, even in times of bitter partisan conflict.

Federalists

Context: After the Revolutionary War, the elite politicians were tasked with creating a new government. The *Articles of Confederation* had proved to be ineffective because the federal government was too limited--it could not tax or enforce laws or raise an army. However, they wanted to avoid too strong of a centralized government, since such a government would only mimic that of Britain. Explanation: In light of construction a Constitution, the Federalists advocated for a strong national government whose power surpassed that of the states. They justified that federal govt over states was necessary to protect the minority form being trampled by the majority. In other words, they did not want anarchy and mob rule; thus, they wanted a strong, centralized government. Federalists like Madison constructed the *Virginia Plan*, introducing a bicameral legislation and giving power to the national government over the state. It became the basis of discussion for the U.S. Constitution. The Federalists were *supporters of the Constitution*, rationalizing that it limited the power of the federal government rather than extended it; the Constitution, they believed, was built upon representative democracy. The Federalist approach appealed to the wealthy, elite, and educated because they benefited from protection (more laws). The Federalists also believed a *loose interpretation of the Constitution*, which allowed for a stronger national government. They were pro-England because they recognized England as an essential trading partner in their hopes of an economy based on manufacture and trade. Their strong national government policies meant that they favored Hamilton's economic policies, which relied on strong national government. Federalists include: Washington, Franklin, John Adams, Madison (who would switch to Anti-Federalist later), Hamilton Impact: The Federalists were an immense influence in the ratification of the Constitution. In 1787-88, Madison, Jay, and Hamilton published *The Federalist*, which justified the Federalist viewpoint and influenced many political leaders. The Federalists also dominated the government, allowing them to pass Federalist acts like the *Judiciary Act*, which established federal district courts in each state, and the controversial *Alien* and *Sedition Acts* later on. They also pressed Hamilton's economic policies. The split between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists (later Democratic Republicans) would spark conflict and would be addressed by many influential leaders like George Washington in his *Farewell Address*.

Hamilton's Economic Program and Opposition

Context: George Washington needed someone to control finance in the newly-created United States. Thus, he selected Alexander Hamilton, a fellow Federalist, to manage the treasury. America was also in heavy debt from the Revolution and needed to manage this debt. Some states were already paying off their debts, but Washington needed to manage this somehow. Explanation: Hamilton's reports outlined a national economic system. His Report on Public Credit bolstered the economy. If America was in heavy debt, nobody would invest, so he reasoned that American needed to have better credit to begin with. As a result, he took away state debt and *assumed state debt as national debt*, reasoning that the government could pay the debt off more quickly and that the states could benefit from more trade. Hamilton also created a *national bank* that was jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. The Report on Manufacturers urged the expansion of manufacturing through moderate revenue tariffs. It also imposed excise taxes on things like spirits. Impact: Hamilton's Report on Public Credit was highly controversial because some states were already paying off their debts, and were unhappy that all of it would have been done in vain. In addition, Americans condemned the capitalist speculation that resulted from new investments. Hamilton's national bank raised criticism since people feared that private stockholders would be able to influence the national economy. However, the Bank provided stability in credit, loans, and funds, so it was approved. The country prospered thanks to the excise taxes and the Report on Manufacturers.

Whiskey Rebellion

Context: The French Revolution influenced American ideals. many applauded the Jacobins, a radical group that seized control of the French government. It demonstrated that the dissenters could rise against its own government and triumph. Explanation: Inspired by the French revolution, Pennsylvania farmers protested Hamilton's *excise tax* on spirits, because such tax had cut demand and decreased profits for them. The Whiskey Rebellion was then dispelled by Washington. Impact: The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated unrest and its ability to be voiced. Some feared that the suppression of the rebellion exercised too much government power.

Enlightenment Ideals

Context: The enlightenment was influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based upon: 1. Use reason and rationalism: a secular critical way of thinking and in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason 2. Scientific method 3. Progress—humans can change the world. The Enlightenment produced important works like *John Locke's Two Treatises of Civil Government* and the notion of *natural rights*, fueling the thinking and ideals behind the American Revolution. Explanation: The Americans Enlightenment ideals of liberty and progress were implemented in their documents including the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The notions that the power rested in the people were also attributed to Enlightenment ideals. Many anti-federalists used the argument of natural rights to argue against the federalists and their infringement upon these natural rights in the centralized national government. Impact: The Enlightenment showed its impact in both the American Revolution and the formation of the American government. Its notions of natural rights, liberty, etc. created our policies and are still here today.

Bill of Rights

Context: The Federalists dominated the government; thus, the Anti-Federalists felt threatened in that their individual rights were not protected. They feared an over-bearing national government. When the Federalists implemented the constitution, the Anti-Federalists rose in opposition. Mason's *Declaration of Rights* and the *Anti-Federalist Papers* also brought this to fruition. As a result, the Federalists created the Bill of Rights to ease Anti-federalist fears. Explanation: The Bill of Rights of 1791 consisted of 10 amendments that safeguarded personal rights. It included: 1. Freedom of religion, speech, assembly, press, petition 2. Right to keep and bear arms 3. No quartering in peacetime 4. No unreasonable search and seizure 5. Protection of the accused 6. Right to speedy trial by jury 7. Trial by jury in civil suits 8. No excessive fines/cruel punishment 9. Powers reserved to the people 10. Powers reserved to the states Impact: Short term: The Bill of Rights eased Anti-Federalist fears temporarily. There would be more partisan conflict later. Long term: The Bill of Rights' amendments--and the interpretation of those amendments--are still heavily contested today.

Second Continental Congress

Context: After the First Continental Congress' list of grievances failed, they organized a second one. In between these two meetings, the citizens debated if they should leave Britain's rule or not. In this Congress, members representing all thirteen colonies attended (Georgia came late). Explanation: This Congress in Philadelphia had the main goal of deciding to declare independence from Britain or not. Although arguments were heated at first, the eventually settled on a solution: ask nicely, then provide force. The delegates sent out the Olive Branch Petition, which offered peace between the continents in exchange for the reduction of taxes, but the king denied. Feeling like they had no other choice, the Continental Congress declared their independence which made war with Britain. Impact: This convention created one of the most important American documents, the Declaration of Independence, which led to the Revolutionary War. It also made America seem like the "good guys" because they offered peace, which the "evil" King George declined. The following war killed many people, but led to the independence of America.

Stamp Act Congress

Context: After the French and Indian war Britain needed a way to pay off their immense debts and so they decided the best way was to tax the living hell out of everything paper in the colonies. Explanation: The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. Impact: Colonists anger started rising and so people were already getting t the point of hating Britain for this "taxation without representation"

Articles of Confederation

Context: Citizens in the colonies finally settled on independence, but they were still arguing about how the government will be run. Federalists wanted a strong national government to handle the finances and the revolts, but anti-federalists wanted a weak central government and strong state governments. This is because they didn't want another government like Britain, like a monarchy. Explanation: The Articles of Confederation were created in favor of anti-federalists to become the nation's first constitution. It was formed in the 1776 Second Continental Congress and was the basis for the government during the Revolutionary War, but was ratified by all states in 1781. It limited the central government's powers and finally failed, and our modern Constitution replaced it. Impact: The Articles of Confederation became a model for what the Constitution was not to do. People could see the flaws in the original constitution, so they knew to not include them in the new draft of our new Constitution.

3/5 Compromise

Context: During the Third Constitutional Convention, northerners and southerners had different views of representation. The southerners believed that their slaves should count as people (which increases their population) to boost their representation in the legislature. The north believed that they should either always be considered people or never considered people, not mixed (but they generally preferred the former). Explanation: The solution created to settle this feud is called the 3/5 Compromise. This meant that for every five slaves in the south, three of them would count as people, which raises the south's population, which raises the south's representation. The reason the north agreed to these uneven terms is because they did not want the south to leave their newly established nation, which they had threatened to do. Ex. Impact: This raised the amount of people representing the south in the national Legislative Branch, which essentially counted as more votes for the anti-federalists. The southerns then had more representation in Congress and had more electoral power.

XYZ Affair

Context: Federalist John Adams became president after Washington's Federalist-favored terms and continue's Federal foreign policy of siding with Britain over France. Explanation: French foreign minister Talleyrand solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats to stop seizures of American merchant ships, and Adam charge Talleyrand's agents (X,Y,Z) had insulted America's honor. Impact: Congress cut off trade with France in 1798 and authorized American privateering, which is licensing private ships to seize French vessels, which decreased American trade with French West Indies and resulted in the capture of nearly 200 American and French vessels.

VA and KY Resolutions

Context: Federalists put three coercive acts, including the Sedition Act, to combat bad press against Adam's policies, and the Republicans charged that the Sedition Act violated the 1st Amendment but did not appeal to the Supreme Court because of uncertainty. Explanation: In 1798 Kentucky and Virginia legislatures issued resolution declaring Alien and Sedition Acts to be "unauthoritative, void, and of no force." Impact: Set forth states' rights interpretation of Constitution, assert states had a "right to judge" legitimacy of national laws. Even though John Marshall, new chief justice of Supreme Court declared only Supreme Court had the power for constitutional review, Republicans ignored the setback and Congress reversed the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional when it expired in 1801. Compact Theory-states create Consititution, so states over Constitution-settled in Civil War)

Boycotts

Context: The British would tact their paper and so the colonies decided they would just not use their stuff and would do everything on their on. Explanation: withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest. Ex. Boycotts of British goods to repeal the stamp act Impact: The colonists, who had convened the Stamp Act Congress in October 1765 to vocalize their opposition to the impending enactment, greeted the arrival of the stamps with outrage and violence. Most Americans called for a boycott of British goods, and some organized attacks on the customhouses and homes of tax collectors.

French and Indian War

Context: France's expansion into the Ohio River valley brought repeated conflict with the claims of the British colonies, a series of battles led to the official British declaration of war in 1756. Explanation: The French and Indian War comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756-63. It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France. Impact: The very magnitude of the victory of British arms undoubtedly played a major part in undermining the loyalty of the American colonists to the British crown. Before the war, the value of their connection with Great Britain was obvious. With its conclusion, this no longer was true; it now seemed that a continued dependence upon the mother country, instead of bringing benefits, would involve most onerous obligations.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Context: Irish republican immigrants attacked John Adam's policies. Explanation: The Alien Act authorized deportation of foreigners and Sedition Act prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or Congress members. Ex. Sedation Act-Federalist prosecutors arrest more than 20 Republican newspaper editors and politicians, convict and jail a few. Impact: These acts brought on a debate over the constitutionality of the acts, with Republicans charging that the Sedition Act violating the First Amendment. Because the Supreme Court's power to review congressional legislation was still uncertain and most justices were Federalists and looked at state legislatures to combat the Acts, leading to the VA and KY Resolutions.

Loyalists (RYAN)

Context: People in the colonies that still had their ideals set with the mother country (Britain). They were completely hated by the other colonists. Explanation:Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War. At the time they were often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men. Impact: Colonists completed hated the Loyalists that were looked at as nuisances in their cause they were persecuted by radical colonists for going against them.

Common Sense

Context: People in the colonies were debating whether independence from Britain was a good idea or not. The Second Continental Congress was also happening, so Thomas Paine decided to write about his views on the subject. Explanation: Thomas Paine, a British educated political activist that decided to become an author. He created a pamphlet, Common Sense, which explained how he, an intellectual, perceived the situation. He wrote how independence would be good for America, and that Britain's government has many flaws. Ex. Of the Origin and Design of Government in General, With Concise Remarks on the English Constitution, Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession Impact: This pamphlet became extremely popular in all thirteen colonies, selling because of its logic and rationality to the events unfolding around them. A revolution like this had never happened before, so people were anxious about the outcome. Due to Paine's messages, these people were well informed about these topics, which helped to secure the Declaration of Independence.

Alliance with France

Context: The American Revolutionary War had begun, and Britain was destroying America. They took new York City, Canada, and they started to move in on the heart of the colonies. The British forces surrounded American troops in Saratoga, and the underdogs came out on top, led by Horatio Gates. Explanation: The victory of America in this crucial battle encouraged France to openly support the freedom cause. The win showed France that America was capable of victory, but it would be easier with foreign aid. The Comte de Vergennes supported America, a large part being that the didn't want Britain to win, and the support may have been the reason for American success. Ex. The Comte sent goods, necessities, materials, and troops across the sea. Impact: Without French aid, America would probably not have won the war. After America did become free, they opted to disregard the deals they made with France and Spain, so they could trade with Britain. This caused tension, and the debts of France caused by the American Revolution became a part of the reason for the French Revolution.

The Ratification Process

Context: The Articles of Confederation required that all states needed to approve the Constitution, and it was predicted that some states, such as Rhode Islands, would not approve the Constitution. Explanation: Declare that Constitution would be in effect when ratified by conventions in 9/13 states. Debates were held by a diverse range of delegates in state ratification conventions, with back country delegates being Federalists and coastal delegates being Federalists for the most part. Anti-federalists complained that it lacked a declaration of individual rights, which Federalists responded with a promise to add a Bill of Rights, which helped secure the votes for many states. Ex. # 9 New Hampshire ratify June 21, 1788, eventually all 13 colonies ratified it Impact: This ratification process demonstrated the strength of the democracy of the new country: many Americans accepted the verdict. It also create a elite-ruled national republic with broad popular support.

Rise of Political Parties

Context: The Articles of Confederation was a loose union that gave Congress power on paper, but it was unable to do much because it could not enforce or tax states or the people and it lacked a chief executive or a judiciary; furthermore, the central government was nearly bankrupt and, especially after the Shay's Rebellion, many well-off folks wished for a stronger centralized government. Explanation: Debates on national government and states, economic policy, and foreign affairs eventually shaped 2 parties (Federalists and Anti-Federalists). Military officers, officials, diplomats in Confederation and some wealthy bondholders and creditors supported stronger centralized government, while states with strong commercial traditions and most southern states had different tariff interests, thus wanted to have states to control that. At the Philadelphia Convention, the Virginia Plan (strong national government established by the people with its laws acting on citizens, and a 3 tier-system-ordinary voters elect lower house of legislature, lower select upper, both population-based represented houses appoint executive and judiciary) and New Jersey (give Confederation power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states, but states still controlled their own laws and each state had 1 vote in a unicameral legislature). These debates formed a divide between those who wanted a strong national government (US) vs a strong state government (SU). The final Constitution created a strong national government but compromised on representation in the Congress. Debates on the ratification of the Constitution further created factions. Those who supported the strong centralized government, thus the Constitution, called themselves the Federalists and launched a campaign in pamphlets and newspapers to convince the ratification of the Constitution (The Federalist Papers). Hamilton's Financial Program further cemented Federalist ideals of a strong central government, manufacturing favoring, and a "loose" interpretation of the Constitution (Hamilton interpreted "Article 1, Section 8"). Anti-Federalists/Democratic-Republicans are opposite. In 1796 presidential election, Federalist and Republican leaders called caucuses in Congress and convention in states and public festivals and processions. Ex. Jefferson vs. Hamilton, Jay's Treaty Financial Program (Assumption Plan, Excise Taxes, High Tariffs, BUS (Bank of US)) Impact: Both care for country but have different viewpoints on what is best for the country, and Washington feared that, eventually, the parties would be so divided that they would only care for what was good for their own party rather than the national interest (Farewell Address). Political parties encouraged political discussion among the masses of the people. It also showed in the campaign of 1800, how parties brought the parties to destroy republicanism for their own benefits (change state election laws to favor candidates and Federalist coup rumors), and they laid personal attacks against each other. However, the acceptance of a new political faction in power showed that in the end, Americans were still Americans.

Jay's Treaty

Context: The British trade fur and weapons with the Native Americans, do not yet leave the forts in America, as they promised in the Treaty of Paris, and impress American ships to pressure Americans during the French Revolution; furthermore, Federalists, who favored the British and did not want war, were mainly controlling policy during Washington's terms. Explanation: The treaty cleans up loose ends from the Treaty of Paris and attempts to resolve the issue of impressiveness. Britain agrees to withdraw from the forts in America and give money for the damaged ships. The two counties agreed to give each other most favored nation trading to each other. The British get to keep stopping neutral ships, have the government pay full and complete compensation of America's previous debt (you can tell that Hamilton gave guidelines to John Jay for this treaty), and Britain will not pay back the slave owners the loss of their slaves during and after the Revolution (which is something they ardently demanded for). America had very little leverage in this because Hamilton secretly assured that America would not join the Danish and Swedish in fighting against the British. Impact: Helped Pinckney Treaty to be successful because Spain was concerned about Britain and America teaming up against them; therefore, Spanish were very conciliatory over many different issues (duties, Mississippi River access, border). The treaty further divided America: many hated the treaty and supported Anti-Federalists better. The unsolved issues of impressment resulted in the War of 1812.

Declaration of Independence

Context: The Colonies finally decided after years of turmoil and unfair government policies the colonies decided it was time to part and crafted the declaration to secede from Britain. Explanation: A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood is an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Ex. Impact: The Revolutionary war would then start

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Context: The Revolutionary war almost at a close, the Americans were winning thanks to leaders such as George Washington, Horatio Gates, and Francis Marion. French aid was also crucial in many American victories, such as the surrender at Jamestown. Washington devised a strategy to surround British General Cornwallis in Virginia, and it succeeded. This eventually led to an overall loss for Britain. Explanation: With Britain's surrender, Americans expected to get much out of the treaty. They got exceeding favored, possibly more than they deserved, but they left key allies (France and Spain) out of the deal. This meant that America was trading with Britain, and not France exclusively. Ex. America got independence from Britain, fishing rights, restoration of property, and prisoners of war. Impact: Because France put so much effort and supplies in the war but got nothing in return, they were deep in debt. This would eventually become one of the main causes of the French Revolution. Also, Spain was angered because they didn't have the Strait of Gibraltar, a key geographical point. America was the only true winner in this deal, and they chose to keep trading with the British.

First Continental Congress (KYLE)

Context: The colonists have just suffered through taxation after taxation from Britain, but they did not like that. They felt like these taxes weren't necessary, especially because they weren't represented in Britain's Parliament, so they met up in Philadelphia to discuss their situation. Explanation: Certain representatives from twelve colonies (all but Georgia) traveled to Philadelphia to figure out a response to the Coercive Acts. In this meeting, they sent a petition to King George III, which consisted of grievances of the colonists but the king rejected, and the Congress set up another Continental Congress. Impact: The King did not accept the Petition, which optioned out the chance of peace between the continents. Also, the representatives formed another meeting, where they discussed more important issues. Another main impact this convention had was the start of a boycott of all British goods, thus crippling the economy of Britain.

Shays Rebellion

Context: The people of Massachusetts were treated horribly with the Articles of Confederation being the main reason with a corrupt government. Explanation:Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels in an uprising against perceived economic and civil rights injustices. Impact: The government considered remodeling the making of the government due to the event in Massachusetts, leading to the making of the constitutional convention for a better government.

Washington's Farewell Address (JOYCE)

Context: Washington writes a letter of advice to Americans while contemplating stepping down, especially with the Federalist (Hamilton) and Anti-federalist (Jefferson) tensions rising (although part of this division was by his supporting of Hamilton's policies). Explanation: Washington told how he would not run for a 3rd term and that national unity needs to be kept. Although being in parties is natural, strong political factions will create turmoil, and national interest will be eclipsed over sectional and party interests. Furthermore, for unity, there should be no permanent foreign alliances: although there can be good commercial relationships, but no military relationships, especially because America still new and weak. Ex. Neutrality Proclamation- no permeant military relationships. Party factionalism-Republican Democratic, Anti-Federalist Impact: No 3rd term set status for American presidency- 22nd amendment, no permanent relationships is America's role until WWII- keep until Jefferson, impact future wars. 2 party-system formed: Anti-Federalists (Democratic Republicans) vs Federalists, then after Federalist party collapse, more parties, to the modern Republican and Democratic system

Daughters of Liberty

Context: for the boycotts to work everyone had to agree and all jump on the boat of not doing it and so woman would give up their daily agendas just to boycott the outrage of Britain. Explanation: The Daughters of Liberty consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts. Ex. Impact: The daughters of liberty would also go to boycott many other British goods including clothes making their own for thew colonist adding to the cause.

Why did France help the colonies? How did this motivation cause friction in 1783 between France and the fledgling United States?

France helped the colonies on a more personal level then to just help to help them. They were thinking that with helping them and winning they would gain their land assets they had previously in America only for them to not get much of anything in the end due to the treaties and the lack of French representation in the making of the treaties. This motivation when in treaties had made French angry when they found the truth to them not being able to gain much of anything from this and it was all for nothing.

Why did the Federalists triumph over the Anti-Federalists in the ratification struggle?

In the end, the main reason why the federalists beat the anti-federalists and ratified the Constitution was because they had the numbers. More people believed that a stronger central US government was the best option for them, so more people supported the Constitution. However, the anti-federalists did not go down without a fight. Many of these opposed of the Constitution fought against it, but eventually gave in on certain conditions. The most extreme of these conditions was the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution, which contributed ten more rules to the country's guidelines.

What was the significance of Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania and Common Sense on the coming of the Revolution?

Letters from a farmer in PA by John Dickinson urged colonists that there should not be "no taxation without representation" based on American and British history. Common Sense called for independence and republican government. It insulted British government and declared that America was not suited for the British government. Both were widely circulated, aimed more towards the common folks, and called for colonists to resist unfair British rule and fed the Patriot movement and unified it into an actual force. However, letters did not encourage war, while Common Sense encouraged seperation from Britain.

Was the Constitution a betrayal of the American Revolution? Why or why not?

Many people believed that the Constitution did betray they fight for independence because it provided a stronger central government than the Articles of Confederation. One of the reasons that many veterans fought in the revolution was to make a more justified, reliable form of government that didn't have too much control on the citizens. Because the Constitution made for a stronger federal government with some parallels to a kingship, these anti-federalists felt the government betrayed them. On the other hand, some people believed that the government had to make money somehow, and the only way they could do that was with more power. These federalists actively supported the Constitution and felt that it was indeed necessary for the survival of their country. In the end, the federalists won, and the Constitution stayed.

How did the Articles of Confederation reflect America's political experiences of the last twenty years?

The Articles of Confederation were created at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. They served as the first constitution for our country, and it united the thirteen colonies to join together for the war. Within the past twenty years, the colonies have had to handle stress of oppression and tension with Britain. Now that they've declared independence, they had to create a government, and so the Articles were formed. They wanted to make it as different as possible from the monarchy of Britain, so America maintained a government with weak national power but strong state power.

Explain the following Pierce Butler quote: "We gave the people not the best government, but the best they would receive."

The best government—the most effective goverment—may not be a democracy. However, it is a government of the people, meaning that it is a government where the people will be represented the most. Thus, while it many not be the best government, but it is in full service for the people.