APUSH - Period 4

Significance of Election Results

- Demise of the Federalist party - Political realignment that effectively ended the first party system and move to a two-party system. - It was the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another. - This demonstrated and strengthened the viability of the American democratic system.

Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

- Federalist Nomination - John Adams - Charles Pinckney - Democratic- Republican Nominations - Thomas Jefferson - Aaron Burr * The main issues of the campaign were the taxes passed by the Federalists to support the French Revolution and the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Duel: Hamilton v Burr

- Hamilton publicly spoke out against Burr on several occasions - Burr confronted Hamilton and challenged him to a duel - Dueling was illegal in New York, so they crossed the state line into New Jersey early July 11, 1804 - Hamilton's shot missed Burr, while Burr's landed in Hamilton's liver and spine

Votes

- Jefferson and Burr received the same electoral votes for presidency. - Under the Constitution, this tie could be broken only by the House of Representatives. - The 12thAmendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1804. This required electors in the Electoral College to vote separately for president and vice president.

Jefferson's Philosophy of Government" Less government, the better"

- Jefferson believed that the Federalists were only concerned with the wealthy; he vowed to help all people no matter how much money or power they had. - He encouraged agriculture and westward expansion. - Viewed America as a haven for the oppressed, so he urged a naturalization law that would make it easier for immigrants to become American citizens. - Jefferson believed in the laissez-faire (let alone) approach to government, meaning it should play a small role in the economy and the lives of its citizens.

Midnight Judges

- Judiciary Act of 1801, which expanded the total number of judges, and appointed Federalists. 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. These new Federalist judges could overrule the incoming Democratic-Republicans - "Midnight judges" because President Adams signed appointments late into his last night in office. - Jefferson refused to appoint a few of the unsigned commissions, including that of William Marbury. - Marbury wanted the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the commission in the 1803 case, Marbury vs. Madison.

Louisiana Purchase

- President Jefferson wanted to purchase the important port of New Orleans at the southern end of the Mississippi River. - The U.S. wanted guaranteed rights to sail vessels down the river through Spanish territory and unload goods at New Orleans for shipment to the Atlantic coast and Europe. - The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. for the price of 4 cents an acre. - $15 million (or about $233 million in 2011 dollars)

Marbury v . Madison

- Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review. - This gave the court the power to decide if laws passed by Congress were constitutional and if not, to void them. - Marbury v. Madison laid the groundwork for the Supreme Court to keep the other branches of government in check.

What evidence from Jefferson's first term supports the Quids' assertion that he had abandoned the Democratic-Republican Party?

1. Agreeing to buy Louisiana 2. Trying to block federalists judges appointed by Adams 3. Repealed Alien and Sedition Acts, and released people that were jailed under it

What are the two prevailing views on why parties formed in the early republic?

1. As a conflict between undemocratic, elitist Hamiltonian Federalists, and the democratic, egalitarian Jeffersonian Democratic republicans. 2. emphasis on the differing characters of Jefferson and Hamilton and the significance of Washington's friendship with Hamilton and of Jefferson's friendship with Madison.

List the three competing viewpoints of Jackson and the emergence of popular politics.

1. Jackson was a major molder of events 2. a political opportunist exploiting the democratic ferment of the times 3. Jackson was merely a symbol of the era

Give three specific pieces of evidence that support your view.

1. The treaty said nothing about the grievances that led to war 2. the boundary between Canada and the U.S went back to its pre-war state 3. all conquered territories returned to their pre-war climate

In what ways did Jacksonian Democracy differ from the original republicanism of the Framer's generation?

1. party nominating conventions 2. no religious or property requirements to vote 3. the popular election of presidential electors and, in effect, the president

Defend your answer with three pieces of specific historical evidence.

1. the passing of power was done without violence, which was a rare event for the times 2. Democratic Republicans took control of both the house and the senate 3. Since this was the first passing of power, it set the precedence for future elections, including the election of 1824

Alexis de Tocqueville's theory of Democracy as communicated in Democracy in America included the principle that democracy (and its success in terms of the nation) required equality of conditions and potential for mobility. To what extent did America have equality of conditions?

America didn't have equality of conditions, especially for African Americans and Natives, who were still treated very poorly.

With the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine was America a world power?

America wasn't really a world power. People didn't listen to the Monroe Doctrine because they respected America, they listened because they were afraid of Britain. Without Britain to back America up, no one would've given the Monroe Doctrine a second thought.

Give on specific evidence to support the opposing view.

Americans defeated the Creek nation, which gave them the advantage of new lands.

Explain the economic impact of Jackson's bank veto, bank war, and specie circular.

Banknotes lost their value and land sales plummeted a financial crisis (the panic of 1837) plunges the nation's economy into a depression.

Why did Monroe veto road and canal projects?

Because he believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution, which didn't provide for roads and canal building.

Why is the War of 1812 sometimes called "The Second War for Independence?"

Because it was fought against Britain to show that the United States was a serious power and weren't under their control anymore.

Explain why the Founders' prediction that slavery would peter out and die failed to happen during the 1800s.

Because people were only more motivated to have slaves with the cotton gin invention. They needed to be able to compete with big farmers.

Explain why President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams pursued a more aggressive foreign policy.

Because they wanted to actively advance American interests and show the world that America could become a global power.

To what extent does it illustrate a conflict over politics?

Burr did this because he wasn't elected, so it was mainly a political conflict.

What is one key difference between the Lancaster Turnpike and the Cumberland Road?

Cumberland extended more than 1000 miles through different states, while Lancaster Turnpike was a state road.

Who had a greater impact on industrial development, Samuel Slater, or Eli Whitney?

Eli Whitney, because he started the interchangeable parts method that allowed mass producing and factories to prosper.

France lost all of its Louisiana Territory in 1763. Why did they lose it?

France and Britain made a treaty and bc France lost the F/I war, treaty said all the land went to Britain

James Monroe was the last of the Virginia Dynasty. Who else was a member of this group?

George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson

Although the nation was united under a single political party, division emerged resulting in the eventual development of new parties. Compare the causes of these divisions to the causes of the Hamilton and Jefferson division leading to the first two party system in the 1790s.

Hamilton and Jefferson divisions occurred because the new nation was just forming and people disagreed on the fundamental ways of doing things. Now that many of those things are agreed upon and more or less solved, people disagree more over policies.

Was Henry Clay more Hamiltonian or Jeffersonian?

Hamiltonian, because he advocated for the power of the central government, with the national banks and tariffs.

Was the Louisiana Purchase Jeffersonian or Hamiltonian? Strict or loose? Federalist or Democratic Republican?

Hamiltonian; Loose; Federalist

Explain why Burr was not guilty of treason in Marshall's view

He did not engage in a overt act which was a requirement for treason by the constitution (Overt act --> proved by evidence and helps inter criminal intent

One specific piece of evidence to support your answer:

He vetoed many bills that weren't a strict interpretation of the constitution, including a charter for the National Bank.

Support, refute, of modify the following statement: Henry Clay was the Great Pacificator and the Great Compromiser.

Henry Clay was the great compromiser for his proposal of the Missouri Compromise, which pacified the North and South to keep them balanced in the house.

France lost all of its Louisiana Territory in 1763. Why did possession of Louisiana transfer back to France?

In third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Napoleon secretly acquired the territory, but Spain continued to administer it

In what ways did the new republic experience increase conflict?

Increased conflict with American Indians; many immigrants found prejudice and discrimination; rights excluded Indians, African Americans and women; life improved for many, but not those enslaved

Support of refute Andrew Jackson's claim that Indian removal was done in the best interest of American Indians.

Indian removal was not done in the best interest of American Indians

Which point of opposition to "Mr.Madison's war" was the most significant to growing sectionalism?

It created a further divide between the North, who opposed the war, and the south, who favored it.

How did the death of President Harrison impact the Whig party?

It decreased the power of the Whig party because President Harrison Vice President and successor John Tyler was more of a Democrat than a Whig

How did the death of Rachel Jackson impact the President?

It made Jackson even more bitter towards his rivals, since he believed they caused her death.

Explain the significance of Jefferson's repeal of the whiskey tax.

It made the Democratic Republicans happy and made the government less strong.

How did this purchase impact migration?

It opened western lands for migration and more than doubled the size of the U.S.

To what extent does it illustrate insanity?

It shows that Burr wasn't thinking properly, but not as far as insanity, without proof.

Explain how Parson Mason Weems' fictional story of a young George Washington chopping down a cherry tree and then not being able to tell his father a lie when confronted about it illustrates a cultural trend of the time.

It shows the patriotic themes many of the art and literature had, painting Washington in a wholesome, heroic fashion.

Was Madison's foreign policy more successful than Jefferson's? Why or why not?

It wasn't successful with keeping the country out of war, but it was more successful for the economy.

One specific piece of evidence to refute your answer:

Jackson maintained a strong military, and even used military force himself, whereas Jefferson reduced the size of the military.

To what extent were Jefferson's foreign policies similar to those of Washington? explain.

Jefferson maintained Washington's policy of neutrality, but he also purchased land from France.

To what extent was Jefferson's foreign policy successful in keeping the United States neutral?

Jefferson's policy was successful in keeping the U.S neutral, although some people were unhappy with it.

Was Jackson more "Jeffersonian" or "Hamiltonian"?

Jeffersonian. He believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution.

Who won the battle of political ideology, Jefferson and Madison (Democratic-Republicans) or John Marshall (Federalist)? Explain your reasoning.

John Marshall, he established the principle of judicial review, which gave the Federal government more power.

Support or refute the viewpoint that Thomas Jefferson inspired the Monroe Doctrine.

John Quincy Adams inspired the Monroe doctrine. His policy on constantly opposing colonization by a European power played a role, and the fact that he drafted it, and was able to put parts of his own ideas into it.

Extent to which it served as precedent to Ordinance of Nullification. Hartford Resolutions

Large extent bc... 1. had a secret meeting 2. issue caused by the federal government

Extent to which it served as precedent to Ordinance of Nullification. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Large extent bc.... 1. states rights matter 2. something was unconstitutional

One piece of evidence to support your answer:

Many died on their was to the small lands they'd been allotted, and their homes were taken.

In what way does the election of 1836 illustrate the spoils system?

Martin Van Buren remained loyal to, so Jackson put his support behind him in presidential election.

Who won the war of 1812?

Neither side won, it ended in a stalemate.

Who supported the whig party?

New England/mid Atlantic, urban professionals, English

Which innovation in transportation had the greatest impact on economic growth?

Railroads because they had the most rapid growth and were the most reliable. They connected towns and made shipping and travelling easier.

To what extent were relations between the United States and Great Britain more positive in the Era of Good Feelings than they were during the 1780's and 1790's?

Relations between the U.S and Britain were much more peaceful during the era of good feelings. One example if the Rush-Bagot agreement, and the treaty of 1818, which they came to peacefully and favored both nations.

What was more significant to the growth and development of the United States, John Quincy Adams accomplishments of Secretary of State or the military accomplishments of General Andrew Jackson?

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, namely his work with the Monroe Doctrine which would be quoted for many years to come. He also persuaded Monroe to support Jackson in his military efforts, which was very important.

To what extent was westward expansion responsible for increasing sectional conflict?

Sectional conflict occurred long before westward expansion happened, but expansion did increase tensions, as both the north and south were worried they'd be outnumbered politically.

What were the three main issues that led to the creation of third parties during this Antebellum Era?

Slavery, immigration, sectionalism

One piece of evidence that supports the opposing view:

The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created to assist them

What impact did John Marshall and the Supreme Court have on Indian policy?

The Supreme Court didn't have much of an impact since Jackson chose whether he wanted to enforce their decisions.

Was the United States justified in declaring war against Great Britain? Why or why not?

The U.S was justified in declaring war because nothing was changing after their numerous attempts at being diplomatic. The only way to be taken seriously was to have war.

Compare the population in 1840 to the population in 1790.

The dramatic population increase could be because of European immigration, or a higher birth rate caused by a higher standard of living.

Which election was a more significant "revolution" in American politics, 1800 or 1828?

The election of 1800 was a more significant revolution was a more significant revolution because it was the first of its kind.

Who had greater power in this era, the Supreme Court of the Executive branch?

The executive branch, because without the support of the president, the supreme court can't enforce its rulings.

What does the map on page 139 reveal about who supported the war?

The map reveals that many states supported the war, but there were just as many people who didn't.

Of the three main causes of the War of 1812, which was the most significant? Explain your answer.

The troubles at sea were the most significant because it hurt the U.S economy and the practice of impressing the U.S citizens into the British navy angered many people.

Support or refute the assertion that the second two party system was created by those who supported Jackson versus those who opposed Jackson.

The two party system wasn't created by Jackson versus his opposition. The democratic party harked back to the old Republican Party of Jefferson, while the Whig party resembled the Federalists. Although these new parties reflect the change of times, the fundamental ideas aren't new.

What was the most significant point of conflict between these parties?

Their strict vs. loose interpretation of the constitution often put them in conflict because they differed in their beliefs of the power of the federal government.

How did the tariff of 1816 differ from the tariff in Hamilton's Plan during the early 1790's?

These tariffs were to protect the U.S from foreign competition. Hamilton's tariff were to collect revenue.

To what extent were these differences signs of improving American Democracy?

These were signs of an improving American Democracy

How did the panic of 1819 impact American voters?

They began to oppose a national bank and debtors prisons, calling for reform.

Explain how a 19th century American pioneer would view "acquiring American Indian land" as justifiable. Consider the culture clash of Americans and American Indians.

They believed it was justifiable because the American Indians had fought against them in two wars, and they saw them as an enemy.

To what extent were these forces similar?

They both occurred because of differing ideals, but they were different because they were a response to their different time.

What impact did battles and heroes and song lyrics have on national identity? Explain.

They gave the American people a shared thing to connect over, and something that everyone could share.

To what extent was this era good?

This era was good, since people generally felt optimistic and patriotic, but it didn't last very long.

How did this purchase impact the multi-ethnic, multi-racial make-up of the United States?

This increased the diversity of the United States.

Did Jefferson see the Missouri Compromise as a success?

Yes, because it was able to preserve the union and pacify the north and south peacefully.

Had they known the future, would they have fought harder to end slavery in the 1770s and 1780s

Yes, because it would have been a little easier to cut it off then, before the economy completely relied on it.

define laissez-faire economics:

a hands off approach to economics, with little involvement of the federal government

Defend the following statement: The canal system had a negative impact on the south.

canals connected the west and east, but left out the south, further promoting sectionalism between them.

How did the Haitian Revolution impact the Louisiana Purchase?

caused France to giver u their claims to America

To what extent were the changes in this era positive?

changes in this era were positive and they paved the way for other positive improvements later on. However, these positive changes didn't extend to all people.

Explain why these decisions (Supreme Court decisions) are "landmark"

defined the relationship between the central government and the states

what other accomplishment in compromise did Henry Clay have (in addition the the Compromise tariff of 18333) during this Antebellum Era?

he persuaded a majority in congress to pass a bank recharter bill.

In what ways did the new republic grow and change

increased suffrage; reformed schools, prisons, and asylums; developed its own art, literature, and philosophy; market economy emerged; addition of western fertile land; advances in industry and transportation; expanding borders and trade; avoiding European entanglement

explain how the election of 1840 illustrates the changing politics of the era of the common man.

it was change between the democratic party to the Whig party, which meant that new political ideas were coming into office.

France lost all of its Louisiana Territory in 1763. Why did Spain get it?

lands were ceded to Spain for their efforts as a British ally

Extent to which it served as precedent to Ordinance of Nullification. Articles of Confederation

large extent bc 1. states rights 2. basis of their arguments for things being unconstitutional

One piece of evidence supporting your view:

more people could vote, voting went from 350,000 to 2.4 million

Explain the British and French viewpoint that neutrality does not guarantee freedom of the seas.

neutrality doesn't guarantee freedom of the seas because no nation owns the seas.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died on July 4th, 1826. Had they lived to see the growth of northern factories including the Lowell System, how might they have responded?

not be pleased bc hoping for a farming nation. Jefferson eschewed city life and factory work and praised country life and farm work; while John Adams was more favorable of championing the American system by Henry Clay

After being elected, what did Thomas Jefferson do to reduce the influence of "big government" federalists?

reduced the size of the military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed the excise taxes.

Extent to which it served as precedent to Ordinance of Nullification. Whiskey Rebellion

small extent bc... 1. They didn't succeed 2. Protest against something the federal government did

Who supported the democratic party?

south and west, urban workers

To what extent does the Burr controversy illustrate the impact of territorial expansion?

territorial expansion made the conflict possible, because it gave Burr a goal and somewhere to go.

To what extent was the election of 1828 a "revolution"? traditional view: opposing whig view: Arthur M Schlesinger Jr's view: contemporary historians: recent historians:

traditional view: Jackson's election began the era of the common man, when the masses of newly enfranchised voters drove out the ruling class and elected their own. opposing whig view: viewed Jackson as a despot whose appeal to the "ineducated" masses and "corrupt" spoils system threatened the republic Arthur M Schlesinger Jr's view: Jacksonian democracy relied as much on the support of eastern urban workers as on western farmers contemporary historians: show that increased voter participation was evident in local elections years before 1828 and didn't reach a peak until 1840 recent historians: see Jackson's popularity in the 1830s as a reaction of subsistence farmers and urban workers against the threatening forces of economic change

one piece of evidence supporting the opposing view:

women and minorities still couldn't vote, so it wasn't a complete democracy.