APUSH Period 6
People's (Populist)
Created in response to the growth of corporate power; called for political reform (election of senators, secret ballot) and increased government involvement in economy.
People's (Populist) Party
Created in response to the growth of corporate power; called for political reform (election of senators, secret ballot) and increased government involvement in economy.
The Civil War
*Causes* -Long-term: -Expansion of slavery -Popular sovereignty -States' Rights vs. Federal Power -Uncle Tom's Cabin -Lincoln wanted to PRESERVE the unions in the beginning. *Key term* -Conscription: Draft (forced enlistment) substitutes could be hired for people that were drafted. *Battles* -Union blockade of the South. -Anaconda Plan -Antietam *Emancipation Proclamation* -Issued on January 1st, 1863 -Freed slaves ONLY in areas of rebellion (not in border states) *Gettysburg Address* -Issued on November 19th, 1863 -Dedicated the battlefield as a cemetery *Personal Liberties in the War* -Habeas Corpus (cannot be held in jail without having charges brought against you) -Ex Parte Merriman 1861 (Court ruled President could not suspend Habeas Corpus, Lincoln ignored the decision) *The End and Effects of the War* -April 9th, 1865 (Lee surrenders) -April 14th, 1865 (Lincoln was shot) -Reconstruction (Presidential vs Congressional) (Amendments: 13, 14, & 15)
Labor Unions
*Commonwealth vs Hunt, 1830* -Massachusetts Supreme Court Case -Labor Unions are legal, as long as they were not violent. *Knights of Labor* -Leader -Terrence Powderly -When -1870s and 1880s, 730,000 members -Members -Skilled AND Unskilled -Women and African Americans -Downfall -Haymarket Square Riot -Knights unfairly associated with anarchists *Anarchist: someone that is against government* *American Federation of Labor (AFL) -Leader -Samuel Gompers -When -Beginning in 1886 -Members -Consisted of *skilled* workers only -Issues -"Bread and Butter" -8 hour workdays -Higher wages *Industrial Workers of the World* -Leaders -Eugene Debs -Mother Jones -When -Early 1900s -Members -Wanted to include skilled AND unskilled workers -Tactics -Strikes -Embraced class conflict -Downfall -World War 1 -"I won't work" *Key strikes to know* -Great Railroad Strike (Great Upheaval 1877) -Reaction to wage cuts -Hayes used federal troops to end the strike -Homestead Strike (1892) -Carnegie Steel Plant -Workers clashed with security guards -Pullman Strike (1894) -Reaction to wage cuts -Cleveland used troops to end the strike. -Anthracite Coal Mine Strike (1902) -Coal workers went on strike -Roosevelt threatened to seize mines if the owners would not negotiate. *Key Acts Involving Labor* -Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) -Established to break up trusts -In actually, used to break up unions -Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) -Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act -Exempted labor unions from prosecution -Wagner Act (1935) -National Labor Relations Act -Guaranteed workers the right to strike -Increased union membership -Taft, Harley Act (1947) -Passed over Truman's veto -Outlawed "Closed shop" -Led to a decrease un union membership
Farming Industry Responds
*Granger Movement* -Safe space for farmers -Education -How to organize -Setting up cooperatives -Voting for state & federal legislation that supported their interests *Farmer's Alliance* -Educate communities about finances of farming -Interest rates -Predatory lending *Granger Laws* -Laws designed to regulate crop transport and storage prices (among other miscellaneous fees)
Government and the West
*Homestead Act 1862* -160 acres of free land -5 year commitment -Improve/work the land (house, farm, etc.) *Railway Acts 1862 & 1864* -Central Pacific and Union Pacific contract for transcontinental railway and telegraph system. -Government bond and land grants. *SIGNIFICANCE* -Gave citizens and businesses incentives to cultivate the West.
Driving Factors
*Myths of the West* -William Cody's Buffalo Wild West Show -Trick riding -Rope exhibitions -Mock battles: would perpetuate stereotypes of cowboys and Indians. *Safety Valve Theory* -The West would always be available during tough economic times. -Anyone could out out west and make money.
Challenges of the Plains
*Natural Challenges* -Not all lands are created equal (available resources and farmable) -*Soddies*- sod houses (dirt bricks) -Natural disasters -Droughts, floods, and fires -Conflict with Native Americans *Man-Made Challenges* -Cycle of debt -Bonanza farms -Massive single crop farms ("go big or go home") -Railroad exploitation -Dependency on railroads for transportations allowed for unfair pricing *SIGNIFICANCE* -Life was very difficult out West and many failed
Pools, Integrations, and Interlocking Directorates
*Pools* -Firms agreed to divide an area amongst themselves, share in the profits. -Used by railroads -Outlawed by the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) *Vertical Integration* -Made by Andrew Carnegie and steel company. *Horizontal Integration* -Popularized by John D. Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Company. *Interlocking Directorates* -When a board of director serves on the board of multiple, competing, companies.
The Dawes Act (1887)
*Purpose:* -To assimilate Native Americans -Make them "Americans" and eliminate Native Culture *Provisions:* -Native tribes were dissolved -Heads of families would received 160 acres of land. *Impact:* -Many Native children were send to boarding school -Native Americans' lives were changed ~ hunting to farming
The People's Populist Party
*What is it? -Political party from the late 19th century, made up of mostly farmers. -Sought to increase government involvement in the economy: -Railroads, banks, and government reform -Critical of the economic system (capitalism) *Supporters* -FARMERS (The Grange) -Hoped to elect to elect state legislatures that supported their programs. -FARMEER'S ALLIANCE (local organizations, established stores & banks) -INDUSTRIAL WORKERS *What led to it? -Economic issues (RRs- high shipping rates hurt farmers) -Panics of 1872 & 1893 (significantly hurt farmers--> crop prices plummeted *Goals* -Sought economic reliefs, gov. intervention -Omaha Platform (direct election of senators, tax income, secret ballot) (gov. controlled railroads, telegraphs, and telephones) *Election of 1892* -Grover Cleveland (Democrat) vs. Benjamin Harrison (Republican) vs. James Weaver (Populist) *Impact* -Many of the ideas and goals of the Populist Party late came to fruition. (16th,17th amendments) (secret ballots)
The Ghost Dance
*What was it?* -Religious movement by Native Americans. -Hoped to see the return of buffalo and elimination of whites. -Many Americans were afraid of the dance. -US government orders an end to it. -About 300 Natives were killed.
Transcontinental Railroad
-"Iron Horse" -Railway system connecting east and west coats of the US. -1st transcontinental railroad will meet in Promontory, Utah in May 1869. -Central Pacific Railroad Company -West to East -Asian immigrants (Chinese) -Union Pacific Railroad Company -East to West -European immigrants (Irish & Germans) *SIGNIFICANCE* -Increase settlement of the Great Plains. -Stimulated trade and will lead to the rise of cities.
Settlers and the New Life
-"Old Immigration" and a wave of "New Immigration." -*Exodusters*- African Americans who moved west to escape segregated South. *Improved Machinery:* -Steel plow -Reaper -Barbed wire *SIGNIFICANCE* -Improved technology made farming more efficient. -Increase in western settlers and farms created a surplus of food and lowered prices.
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
-*Ghost Dance Movement*- gave Native American hope that life and lands would be restored. -US Army will go into the Dakotas and kill over 200 Native Americans (massacre) *MARKS THE LAST MAJOR CONFLICT WITH NATIVE AMERICANS*
Farming Industry (Farmers)
-*Homestead Act 1862* -160 acres in exchange for improving/working land. *Morrill Act 1862 & 1890* -Federal government distributes land to the states seeking to establish agricultural colleges. -*Hatch Act 1887* -Agricultural experiment stations to troubleshoots and improve farming based on local conditions.
Court Cases
-*Munn vs Illinois (1877)* -Allowed states to regulate industries that affects "the common good." -Upheld Granger laws and other measures against railroad companies. -*Wabash vs Illinois (1866)* -States could not set rates on interstate commerce (between states). -Congress will pass the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887. -Failed to regulate railroad rates -Would to have much power until Theodore Roosevelt becomes president. *SIGNIFICANCE* -Farmers will continue to be victims of industrial and financial institutions.
Decimation of Bison Population
-1800-est. 65,000,000 -1870-est. 1,000 -Reasons: -Target Native American food source. -Buffalo hides were profitable. -Railroad expansion.
"Closing" of the Frontier
-1890 census revealed no longer a distinguishable boundary marking the frontier. -American settlements -Business -Government owned land (soon to be national parks) -Frederick Jackson Turner's *"Frontier Thesis"* -Held on to a romanticized memory of the frontier experience. -American identity deeply shaped by the challenges, success and failures people experienced to life on the frontier.
Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)
-Also known as Custer's Last Stand. -Discovery of gold and other value resources continues to force Natives off their lands. -US Army is sent to disband large gathering of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho along the Little Big Horn River in Montana. -Custer and his 7th Calvary would be overwhelmed and killed.
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed
Native Americans in the Late 19th Century
-Beginning in the 1830s, Natives were pushed further and further west. (Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears) *A century of Dishonor (1881) -Written by Helen Hunt Jackson -Discussed the relationship between the US government and Native Americans. -Demonstrated that the Natives were harshly treated and often deceived by the government. *Native American Conflicts* -Sioux Wars: series of wars throughout the second half of the 19th century. -Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
-Colorado -US Army descend upon Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes. -Over 150 were killed, many women and children.
Effects of Conflict
-Decimation of bison population. -Helen Hunt Jackson, Century of Dishonor (1881) -Dawes Severalty Act 1887
Context
-Economic opportunities increase the # if settlers moving out West. -Different industries will put constant pressure on Native Americans across the Great Plains. -Mining: gold and silver -Ranchers: demand for beef in growing cities. -Farming: Homestead Act 1862. -The US government continues to break compromises and seeks to pave the way for incoming settlers coming form both coasts.
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
-Government attempt at assimilation. -Broke up reservations into 160 acres private farms. -End tribal ownership = individual over collective -Possible path to citizenship -Cultivate and improve the land they were granted. -Abandoned Native culture and embrace American ideals. -Remaining land would be sold to settlers -Money supposed to be used to help Native Americans (never happened)
Century of Dishonor (1881)
-Helen Hunt Jackson -Documented the relationship between Native Americans and the US government. -Harsh/violent treatment -Deception and broken compromises -Seemed to inspire policies of assimilation, rather than preservation -Example: Carlisle Indian School -Boarding school aimed at Americanizing Native Americans.
Railroad Industry
-Transcontinental railroad will connect different parts of the country. -Other industries will boom to keep up with demand for tracks. -Iron, coal, lumber, and eventually steel. -New towns and communities grew along lines. -Many cities became more accessible and grew in size. -*Time zones* will be created and adopted (sun in same place at noon for all zones) -Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific.
Cattle Industry (Ranchers)
-Urbanization led to an increased demand for beef. -Railroads enabled beef to be transported from the Midwest to the coasts. -Long drive: -Overland transport of cattle ready for sale. -Chisholm Trail: -Major cattle route San Antonio, TX to Kansas -End of the long drive: -Overgrazing -*Barbed Wire*, open range ---> fenced-in ranches.
Mining Industry (Miners)
-Will start in CA -Will move east to NV, CO, AZ, UT, and ID. -*Comstock Lode 1880* -$270 million in gold -$400 million in silver -*Boomtowns* emerged around the discovery of natural resources. -As quickly as towns grew they could disappear just as quick.
Why 1865 - 1898 was chosen as the dates for period 6?
1865 begins with the end of the Civil War and 1898 marks the beginning of the Spanish-American War
The Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
Haymarket Affair
1886 incident that made unions, particularly the Knights of Labor, look violent because a bomb exploded during a protest of striking workers.
Dawes Act
1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners
Andrew Carnegie
A business man that increased his power through by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of steel production development.
Single tax
A flat tax proposed by Henry George. (A flat tax is one in which every person pays the same amount, regardless of whether they are rich or poor.)
Gold standard
A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold
Social Gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
Describe the involvement of American family farmers in the global economy after 1870 and its effects on their independence.
After 1870, the depression struck. This meant that the goods the farmers produced would be at a lower price, and since there was no farmers insurance, families could easily lose their farms. There was no stability or security owning a farm.
What were some of the obstacles that made it difficult for Native Americans to claim American citizenship in the 19th-century?
After siding with the French in numerous battles during the French and Indian War and eventually being forcibly removed from their homes under Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, Native American populations were diminished in size and territory by the end of the 19th century.
Political Machines
Appealed to immigrants and urban poor; provided services in exchange for support. *Think Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall.*
Political Machines
Appealed to immigrants and urban poor; provided services in exchange for support. Think Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall.
Decimation of the buffalo
Buffalo almost became extinct due to westward expansion and over hunting of buffalo (buffalo hide); impacted Native Americans.
Why did businesses consolidate into monopolies, pools, trusts, and interlocking directorates?
Businesses wanted to gain power and resources.
Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin's ideas applied to humans, "survival of the fittest." Used by wealthy to justify their position in life.
Gilded Age
Coined term by Mark Twain; period from 1870s - 1890s, businesses grew at a rapid rate and many problems lied below perceived prosperity.
Laissez-faire
Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
Civil Service Act of 1883
Established the Civil Service Commission and marked the end of the spoils system.
John D Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Established the doctrine of "separate but equal." Upheld Jim Crow laws in the South, led to increased discrimination against African Americans; later overturned by Brown v. Board.
Plessy vs Ferguson
Established the doctrine of "separate but equal." Upheld Jim Crow laws in the South, led to increased discrimination against African Americans; later overturned by Brown v. Board.
Trusts
Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.
Sherman Antitrust Act
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
Interstate Commerce Commission
Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.
Settlement Houses
Helped immigrants adjust to American life. Focused on providing education and other skills for women, immigrants, and children.
Settlement Houses (Notably Jane Addams' Hull House)
Helped immigrants adjust to American life. Focused on providing education and other skills for women, immigrants, and children.
The American economy thrived because of federal involvement, not the lack of it. How did the federal government actively promote industrial and agricultural development in this period?
High tariffs prevented competition, granted land to Railroad companies, removed Indians for farmers and mining company's.
"New South"
Idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South.
"New South" Idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South
Idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South.
"Old Immigrants"
Immigrants from northern and western Europe who made up most of the immigration to the United States before the 1890s.
Battle of the Little Bighorn
In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died
Wounded Knee massacre
In December 1890, Army troops captured some of Sitting Bull's followers and took them to a camp. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed
Horizontal expansion
In the context of globalization, the increase in international connections among places via rapid flows of goods, people, and ideas
Why did organized efforts of farmers, workers, and local reformers largely fail to achieve substantive change in the Gilded Age?
Initially, they capitalized on the new technologies and new markets of America's growing economy. But soon they faced increased competition, saturated markets, and falling prices for their produce. By the last decades of the century, their share of the national wealth had precipitously declined and their iconic place in the American imagination was at risk.
Great Railroad Strike
July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.
Labor Unions
Knights of Labor - skilled and unskilled; AFL - skilled labor only; sought to improve working conditions and increase pay.
Bonanza farms
Large scale farms often over 50,000 acres, where farmers set up companies to operate
"Old" Immigration and Nativism
Nativism: hostility from native born Americans toward immigrants in the United States. The old immigrants arrived in the mid-1800s, coming mostly from northwestern Europe, while the new immigrants arrived a generation later, traveling mostly from southeastern Europe. Immigrants migrated to escape problems in their native countries and in search of new opportunities in America.
Sharecropping
Persisted in the South (especially for African Americans.) They had to give a share of their crops to plantation owners. Way for southerners to get around the 13th amendment.
Vertical integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
Assimilation of Native Americans
Process of making Natives "American"; Dawes Act - assimilated through cutting hair, changing tribal identities, providing individual land plots.
Social Gospel
Protestant Church Movement that sought to improve the conditions of cities.
Robber barons
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
What is Social Darwinism? How did the wealthy use this to justify their place in society?
Social Darwinism was used by the wealthy to defend their success. If you weren't wealthy you were considered poor and were looked at as you needed to work harder.
Explain how social thinkers misapplied Charles Darwin's ideas to justify massive disparities in wealth and power to deny government a role in equalizing opportunity.
That there is no sympathy for the poor, and that certain causes such as race and religion are the reasons why people are in certain conditions. Its a "you are this way for a reason," situation. The "successful" people of this time then felt superior and obligated to try and get other cultures to bend in their ways, which will lead them to success.
Compare and Contrast different Labor Unions (Knights of Labor and AFL).
The *AFL* focused on winning economic benefits for its members through collective bargaining. As a federation, it represented several national craft unions that each retained autonomous operations. The *Knights*, by contrast, represented both craft and unskilled workers in a single national union.
Liberty of contract
The idea that contracts reconciled freedom and authority in the workplace.
According to The Gilded Age by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, the era's slogan was "Get rich, dishonestly if we can, honestly if we must." Explain how this was true of the politics of the era.
The American dream was to get money, land, and power, people would sacrificed moral and ethical behavior to succeed. Monopolists like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and J.P. Morgan forced their employees to work long hours and suppressed unionization movements among workers. Many workers were forced to accept low-paying or hazardous jobs and couldn't support their families.
In what ways did the West provide a "safety valve" for the problems in the industrial East? In what ways did it reveal some of the same problems?
The Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States. Given the concentration of immigrants (and population) on the Eastern coast, it was believed that making free land available in the West, would relieve the pressure for employment in the East. The enactment of a free land law, it was believed, would act as a safety valve.
How did social reformers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and advocates of the Social Gospel conceive of liberty and freedom differently than the proponents of the liberty of contract ideal and laissez-faire?
The Social Gospel Class offered numerous plans for change primarily because they were alarmed by a fear of warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital. Whereas the Laissez Faire is a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
How did American political leaders seek to remake Native Americans and change the ways they lived?
The federal government established the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in 1836 to be in charge of the relocated Indians. Illustrating the government's sentiment toward Indians, and one of its primary responsibilities was to prevent Indian military action against whites.
Why were railroads so important to America's second industrial revolution? What events demonstrate their influence on society and politics as well as the economy?
The nations railroads provided transcontinental transportation for the first time. These railroads would provide goods from the east to the west and likewise. The railroads created 4 time zones, were central to national market, and had the advantage of mass production.
What is the purpose of Unions? In conflicts between labor and management, whose side did the federal government usually take?
The purpose of the Unions was to search for better working conditions and wages. The federal government took the Union's side.
Ghost Dance
a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead
Mechanized Agriculture
Using machines in farming to increase farm production; displaced many farmers; farmers created organizations to resist corporate power (Grange)
Mechanized Agriculture
Using machines in farming to increase farm production; displaced many farmers; farmers created organizations to resist corporate power (Grange).
