APUSH Policies, Agreements, Court Rulings, Etc.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Passed a measure to reslove the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of 10 years to 1816.

(British) Proclamation of 1763

Was a result of Pontiac's Rebellion, a Native American uprising against the British for their mistreatment. Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians to reduce friction between Native Americans and the settlers. Stated that Native Americans owned the land on which they were residing Outraged colonists believed that the successful outcome of the French and Indian War should have allowed settlement in the Ohio Valley.

Cumberland (National) Road

the first major improved highway in the United States to be built by the Federal Government. About 620 miles (1,000 km) long, the National Road connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and was a gateway to the West for thousands of settlers.

Stamp Act and Stamp Congress

"no taxation without representation". Assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in NY to draft a petition to repeal the act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial claims.

Chisholm v. Georgia

(1793), U.S. Supreme Court case distinguished for at least two reasons: (1) it showed an early intention by the court to involve itself in political matters concerning both the state and the federal governments, and (2) it led to the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment, which forbade a citizen of one state from suing another state in a federal court without the consent of the defendant state.

Alien and Sedition Acts

-Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power -New hurdles to citizenship were established.Broadened power to quiet print media critics. -The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republicans critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two groups. -These acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited freedom of the press -The Federalists gained a reputation demise as a political organization

Amnesty Act

...

Bradwell v Illinois

...

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

...

Tea Act

...

Wilmot Proviso

1846. Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Failed amendment that heated up tension between north and south.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first congressional attempts to regulate big businesses for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations.

Insular Case

A series of court cases held to determine if the "Constitution followed the flag" At stake was whether people in areas controlled by the United States were given rights as citizens. The court determined that those living in new territories were not automatically granted the rights of the Unites States citizens.

Declaratory Act

Act giving Britain the power to tax and make laws for Americans in all cases. Followed repeal of the Stamp Act, which colonists had seen as victory. The Declaratory Act suggested that Britain might pass more restrictive acts in the near future.

Embargo Act

American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic wars The results was economic depression in the US, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in the Northeast commerce and were hit by the financial downturn.

Jay's Treaty

An attempt to settle the conflict between the Unite States and England over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle United-States-Canadian border disputes and United States-British losses during the Revolutionary War The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty of Paris 1783

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginian Plan, and other proposals Including the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purpose of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states.

Compromise of 1877

Compromise came after the disputed presidential election of 1876 between Hayes and Tilden. Tilden won the popular vote but neither candidate won the electoral vote, Because the electoral votes in three states were in dispute. The Democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency. Hayes promised to show consideration for Southern interests, end Reconstruction, aid Southern industrialization, and withdraw remaining forces from the South. This settlement left the freed African Americans in the South without support from the Republican Party.

Non-Intercourse Act

Congress opened trade to all nations except France and Britain Trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression stemming from the Napoleonic Wars Though the Embargo Act was a protective measure, the Non-Intercourse Act re-engaged the United States in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France or Britain The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810

Freedmen's Bureau

Congressional support agency providing food, clothing, and education for freed slaves. Ex-slave state were decided into districts that were managed by assistant commissioners. Despite its benefits, the Bureau failed to establish the freed slaves as landowners. It organized the African American vote for the Republican Party, creating great animosity toward the bureau in the South.

Northwest ordinance of 1787

Created a policy for administering the Northwest territories. It included a path to statehood and forebade expansion of slavery into the territories.

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared all slaves to be free in areas under rebel control, thus exempting conquered areas of the South Lincoln was criticized for not abolishing slavery everywhere Led to slaves in the South leaving their plantations Increased morale in the North Partly designed to keep England from Joining the war on the side of the South. Changed perception of the war from conflict to preserve the Union to a war to end slavery.

Albany Plan of Union

Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense. The Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial government, but the plan was rejected by the colonial legislature as demanding too great a surrender of power. While the other colonies showed no support for Franklin's plan, it was an important precedent for the concept of unify in the face of a common enemy.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare. Jackson's chief justice, Roger Taney, held that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceased to be in the interests of the community. Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward.

Monroe Doctrine

Developed by President James Monroe Held that the United States would not allow foreign powers to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow existing colonies to be influenced by outside powers American feared international influence because of a period of worldwide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon's fall Another cause: Many Latin American countries were gained independence from Spain, and the United States thought that these colonies might be taken over by other European powers. threatening American security. The doctrine had a lasting impact beyond Monroe's time in office; other presidents, from Coolidge to Kennedy, have invoked it to deal with their own foreign affairs issue.

Declaration of Independence

Document restating political ideas justifying the separation from the Britain Thomas Jefferson and his committee had the duty of drafting for the Continental Congress. John Locke's influences served as a foundation for the document The final product lacked provisions condemning the British slave trade and a denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had contained.

Lecompton Constitution

Document submitted by pro-slavery leaders in territorial Kansas that put no restrictions on slavery Free-soilers boycotted the constitutional convention in Lecompton because the document would not leave Kansas a free territory Though President Buchanan supported the constitution as the basis for Kansas' state hood, congress voted against it. The constitution was turned down and Kansas remained a territory.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the Interstate Commerce Commission in part to monitor discrimination within the railroad industry. Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates. Also prohibited unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed the practice of charging more for short hauls than long hauls. In general, the Act opened competition, the goal of which was to preserve equality and spur innovation

14 amendment

Extends civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process.

Townshend Acts (1767)

External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked round of protests.

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

Federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit.

Articles of Confederation

Framework for an American national government in which states were given the most power. Permitted the federal government to male war, offer treaties, and create new states. There was no federal power to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce. Congressional revision of the articles created a weak national government.

The Homestead Act

Granted 160 acres of government land to any person who would farm it for at least five years The government helped to settle the West with this provision This "free soil" proposal became law when the Southern Democrats were not part of Congress.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Helped define the Unites states- Mexico border. The border

Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay's solution to deadlock over the issue of accepting proposed new state, Missouri At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states A slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they had reached a certain age. The Tallmadge Amendment caused the Senate to block the Missouri Compromise and sparked heated debate about the future of slavery. To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts because a new free state (Maine) The legislative section prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of thirty-sox-thirty north latitude would prohibit slavery.

American System (Henry's Clay's)

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

Dawes Severalty Acts

Legislation encouring the breakup of Native American tribes in hopes of assimilating them into American society. Helen Hunt Jackson's  century of Dishonor was a catalyst, as it depicted injustices to Native Americans Distributed Native American reservation lands among individual members of the tribe to from a system of agriculture more similar to the white man's. Gave each head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land Effect was to nearly destroy the reservation system, as the remaining tribal lands were opened up for whites.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Legislation introduced by Stephen Douglass to organize the area west of Missouri and Iowa One gial was to facilite the building of a transcontentinental railroad that ran west from Chicago Called for two territories to be created (kansas and Nebraska) and the issue of slavery to be decided by popular soverignty The act revoked a provision of the Missouri Compromise, allowing everything above 36º30' to be free Kansas's statues was impacted by fighting between pro- and anti-slavery groups who moved to the area The conflict was termed "Bleeding Kansas"

Lincoln's 10% Act

Lincoln believed that seceded states should be restores to the Union quickly and easily, woth "malice toward none, with charity for all." Lincoln's "10% Plan" allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and en end to slavery When 10% of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed. This plan was not accepted by Congress.

Gibbon v. Ogden

Marshall Court decision Determined that only congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation Ogden received a monopoly to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey; New York granted him the monopoly through Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston Gibbons received the same right through Congress. Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void. Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of power case.

McCulloch v. Marlyland

Marshall Court decision. Determined that no state could control an agency of the federal government. Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own state bank. Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress's "implied powers" to operate a national bank. Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of power case.

The Intolerable Acts (the coercive Acts)

Name given by the colonists to the Quebec Act (1774) and to a series of acts by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party Closed the Port of Boston to all trade until citizens paid for the lost tea Increased the power of Massachusetts' Royal governor at the expense of the legislature Allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tried elsewhere.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Only legislation passed to limit immigration of any one group of people. Passed in response to the Chinese who settled in California after building the railroads.

Fugitive Slave Act

Part of the Compromise of 1850 This new Act reinvigorated enforcement of some guidelines that had already been established in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which had been mostly ignored by the Northerner states. Created Federal commissioners who could pursue fugitive slaves in any state and paid $10 per returned slave African Americans living in the North and claimed by slave catchers were denied portions of legal due process Some Northern stated passed personal-liberty laws that contradicted the Act Led to small riots in the North and increased the rift between the North and South.

Bill of Rights

Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated of prohibited by the constitution.

15 amendment

Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage.

13 amendment

Prohibits all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union.

Compromise of 1850 (Omnibus Bill)

Proposed by Henry Clay and handled by Stephen Douglas Douglas broke the legislation into various pieces, which helped assure its passage; this allowed northern and southern legislator to vote against just the parts they didn't like The Compromise led to sectional harmony for several years California admitted as a free state New Mexico and Utah territories would be decided by popular sovereignty Slave trade was abolished in the Distract Of Columbia Tough Fugitive Slave Act passed Federal payment to Texas ($10 million) for lost New Mexico territory.

Command of the Army Act

Required Johnson to issue all military orders through the General of the Army (at that time General Ulysses S. Grant) instead of dealing directly with military governors in the South. "

Quartering Acts (1765)

Required colonies to provide food and quarters for the British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which the perceived as an encroachment of their rights.

Bland-Allison Act

Requiring the US Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. Though the bill was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, the Congress overrode Hayes' veto on February 23, 1878 to enact the law.

Black codes

Restrictions by Southern states on former slaves. Designed to replicate the conditions of slavery in the post-Civiil War South. Various codes prohibited meetings without a white present, while other established segregated public facilities. Led to Radical Republican opposition and exclusion of Southern representation in Congress.

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest military Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition of the North.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case involving a slave, Scott, who was taken by his master from Missouri, a slave state, to Illinios, a free state. After Scott had been returned to Missouri, he sued for freedom for himself and his family, stating that by residing in a free state he had ended his slavery President Buchanan meant for the case's decision to serve as the basis for the slavery issue Pro-South Judge Taney ruled that Scott did not have the right of citizenship, which he would need to be able to bring forth a suit. Ruled further that the Missouri Compromise itself was unconstitutional because Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, as slaves were property. The Scott decision would apply to all African Americans, who were regarded as inferior and, therefore, without rights.

Land Ordinance of 1785; Northwest Ordinance of 1787

The land Ordinance was an act of Congress that sold western lands in order to settle the territory and to earn revenue for the federal government. The Land Ordinance organized the distribution of land into townships and set aside a section of each township to be used for public education The Northwest Ordinance described how the land north of the Ohio River should be divided and helped to create five new states. The Northwest Ordinance held that states would be admitted to the Union when the number of free inhabitants reached 60,000; slavery and unvoluntary servitude were not allowed in these states The Northwest Ordinance ser a precedent of how states could join the Union and stood as a successful accomplishment by a federal government that had been seen before as ineffective.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

US gains Mexican territory. LA, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming.

Marbury v. Madison

William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by President John Adams His commission was part of Adams' "midnight appointments" during his last days in office Marbury's commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison. Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statue that allowed Marbury's remedy was unconstitutional. as it granted the supreme Court powers beyond what the Constitution permitted This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statues unconstitutional.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

an 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with separate but equal facilites, these laws did not violate the 14th amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.

Confiscation Act

laws passed by the United States Congress during the Civil War with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the South.

Continental Association

was a system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for implementing a trade boycott with Great Britain.