APUSH Progressive Period

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Progressive Constitutional Amendments

16th - permitted Congress to levy taxes based on individuals income 17th - gave voters the power to elect their senators 18th - barred manufacture sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages 19th - granted women full voting rights

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Lillian Ward

Founder of Public Health Nursing Service (from Cincy), established visiting home nurses (1895), assisted in forming Columbia University School of Nursing

Municipal government

Government of a city, town, or village. Has an elected mayor and alderpersons or councilors who make rules called by-laws for their local area.

Government reform

One main goal of the Progressive movement was purification of government, as Progressives tried to eliminate corruption by exposing and undercutting political machines and bosses. Many (but not all) Progressives supported prohibition in order to destroy the political power of local bosses based in saloons.

Antimonopoly

Powerful Progressive impulse, to limit and disperse wealth. Had much in common with Populism, empowered the government to regulate or break up trusts., This allows competition among enterprises. designed to protect trade and commerce from unfair business practices

Lavinia Dock

Prominent nurse suffragette who greatly influenced the current movement of independent nursing practice that now includes the expanded role of the nurse as clinical specialist and as nurse practitioner., a nursing leader and suffragist who was active in the protest movement for women's rights that resulted in the U.S. Constitution amendment allowing women to vote in 1920

State government reforms

Changes in city governments made to encourage greater efficiency, honesty, and responsiveness residents, particularly middle-class businessmen, organized against the corruption and inefficiency that they thought plagued their cities. This movement was particularly strong in cities controlled by political machines, the undemocratic and corrupt arrangements through which bosses could profit by controlling city governments.. The greatest era of municipal reform came in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Samuel M. Jones introduced a comprehensive program, which included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.

Hull House

co-founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr who were soon joined by other volunteers called "residents," it was one of the first settlement houses in the U.S. and eventually grew into one of the largest, with facilities in 13 buildings At its beginning, its main purposes were to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood, many of whom were recent immigrants. There were classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities such as sewing, and many other subjects, concerts free to everyone, free lectures on current issues, and clubs both for children and adults. Later, the settlement branched out and offered services to ameliorate some of the effects of poverty.

Labor Reforms

prohibits most child labor; helps guarantee fair wages; encourages unions; limits work hours; workers compensation

Ida B. Wells

the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.

African Americans' Reforms

A concern emerged from many Americans who believed that great change was needed in society to protect everyday people. As a result, these people—social workers, journalists, even politicians—were known as reformers. And the era was known as the Progressive Movement. Yet one issue was consistently ignored: the plight of African-Americans in the United States. African-Americans were faced with consistent racism in the form of segregation in public spaces, lynchings, disenfranchisement from the political process, and no access to quality healthcare, education and housing. Important Reformers: Booker T. Washington, W.E.B Du Bois, and Ida B. Wells.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Social welfare

A nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society. , Entitlement programs such as Social Security and programs such as Aid to Dependent Children paid for by the federal government.

Progressive Reforms

A national rail system was completed; agriculture was mechanized; the factory system spread; and cities grew rapidly in size and number. The progressive movement arose as a response to the vast changes brought by industrialization.and sought change in regard to workers' rights and protection of the ordinary citizen in general. Initially the movement was successful at local level, and then it progressed to state and gradually national. Both the reformers and their opponents were predominantly members of the middle class

Social Reforms

Abolition of debtors’ prisons and changes in criminal codes allow people to be punished but also rehabilitated. Reforms of insane asylums. Pacificism â€" American Peace Society 1828. American Temperance Society 1826. Women’s Rights Movements â€" Seneca Falls 1848. Utopian societies

Women's Reforms

At the end of the nineteenth century, women were considered the "moral guardians" and protectors of the home. During the Progressive Era, female reformers used this ideology to argue that in order to protect the home, women should move into the public sphere where they could exercise their moral authority over issues such as public sanitation and education, which ultimately affected the home. In massive numbers, women joined volunteer organizations to work for reform. Efforts often began at the local level, and expanded to the state and national level. Women conducted research, implemented programs, and lobbied for legislation to address social, political, and economic problems. Middle-class clubwomen and settlement workers organized to address issues of education, healthcare, and political corruption. Working women organized on their own and in partnership with middle-class women to raise wages and improve working conditions. African American women organized to combat racism and provide mutual support. Together, their efforts led to real improvements in the lives of many Americans.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Federal government reforms

The federal government became bigger during this time period. Before the progressive era, the federal government had a lassie faire (hands off) approach of running the country. In the progressive era, workers began to push for better wages and working conditions. This is when unions began to form. The federal government began to regulate monopolies and taxes on the wealthy increased. Socially, woman began to gain power and they were now fighting for the right to vote. People also began to push for the prohibition of alcohol because they believed that it was destroying American society. The Muckrakers helped make Americans aware of many injustices, which caused them to push for more government regulation. Laws like the Meat Inspectioin Act of 1906 were passed to make food safer for human consumption.

Muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality., began operating in America in 1879; it concentrated on religious revivalism more than the relief of the homeless and hungry.

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.He unmasked in his article the alliance between big business and municipal government.

Settlement House Movement

a reformist social movement, beginning in the 1880s and peaking around the 1920s in England and the US, with a goal of getting the rich and poor in society to live more closely together in an interdependent community. Its main object was the establishment of "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of their low-income neighbors.

Ellen Gates Starr

along with her college roommate, Jane Addams, they founded the Hull house on South Halsted Street in Chicago. Ellen Gates Starr, established America's premier social settlement.

Henry Street Settlement

formed by Lillian Ward. Was a place for immigrants, poverty, over crowding, and infectious disease. This was used to alleviate some problems. Lillian got $$ from outside sources and began the 1st formalized public health nursing practice. Lavinia Dock helped with illness and babies and nursing education.

"Social Gospel"

movement that began in Protestant churches in the late nineteenth century to apply the teachings of the Bible to the problems of the industrial age; led by Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch, it aroused the interest of many clergymen in securing social justice for the urban poor. The thinking of Jane Addams, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and other secular reformers was influenced by the movement as well.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen., Writer who wrote The Jungle. While intending to reveal the plight of the worker, he revealed the unsanitary conditions where meat was created, which prompting Roosevelt to pass the Meat Inspection Act.