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Which of the following most likely resulted from the policy described in the passage above?

America played a dominant role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements.

The painting above best supports which of the following assertions? a. The Great Depression had been brought to an end by full employment. b. The United States maintained an isolationist foreign policy. c. African Americans were denied opportunities to participate in the wartime labor force. d. America would play a dominant role in the postwar peace settlements due to its commitment to democratic ideals.

America would play a dominant role in the postwar peace settlements due to its commitment to democratic ideals.

Which group faced comparable levels of intrusion on their rights as those described in Stone's passage above? a. Eastern European immigrants in the early 1900s b. Mexican Americans during World War II c. American Indians in the latter half of the 19th century d. Progressives in the early 20th century

American Indians in the latter half of the 19th century

Hooverville Photograph Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum Captionless Image 5. Which of the following factors was most responsible for creating the conditions depicted in the photograph above? a. The transition from a rural society to an urban one b. Episodes of credit and market instability c. Political corruption d. The failure of Progressive reforms

Episodes of credit and market instability

Who of the following would most strongly support the sentiments in these headlines? a. Members of Protestant missionary societies b. Midwestern and western Democrats c. President William McKinley d. Expansionists such as Henry Cabot Lodge

Expansionists such as Henry Cabot Lodge

"We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves." Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," 1926 Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," The Nation, June 23, 1926. 1. The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are best understood in the context of the a. existence of segregation laws in the South. b. Harlem Renaissance movement. c. restrictions on free speech coming out of World War I. d. rise of cinema in the 1920s.

Harlem Renaissance movement

We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves." Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," The Nation, June 23, 1926. 3. The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are best understood in the context of the a. existence of segregation laws in the South. b. Harlem Renaissance movement. c. restrictions on free speech coming out of World War I. d. rise of cinema in the 1920s.

Harlem Renaissance movement.

Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

Hoover supported isolationism, individualism, free enterprise, and small government

"The Jungle" directly contributed to the passage of the a. National Labor Act b. Meat Inspection Act c. Eight-Hour Day d. Federal Trade Commission

Meat Inspection Act

"Worst of any, however, were the fertilizer men, and those who served in the cooking rooms. These people could not be shown to the visitor-- for the odor of a fertilizer man would scare any ordinary visitor at a hundred yards, and as for other men, who worked in tank rooms full of steam, their peculiar trouble was that they fell into the vats; and when they were fished out, there was never enough of them left to be worth exhibiting-- sometimes they would be overlooked for days, till all but the bones of them has gone out to the world as Durham's Pure Leaf Lard!" Upton Sinclair, "The Jungle," 1906 5. The above excerpt is most closely associated with which sector of the Progressive movement? a. Muckrackers b. Trust-busters c. Wisconsin Idea d. Square Deal

Muckrackers

Government Poster Library of Congres Captionless Image 3. Which of the following early 20th-century cultural conflicts most directly contradicted the scene portrayed in the image above? a. Idealism versus disillusionment b. Native-born versus new immigrants c. Urban versus rural d. Fundamentalism versus modernism

Native-born versus new immigrants

FDR 1933-1945

New Deal, Great depression

"With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty, I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to be in fact nothing less than war against the...United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it....Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments...not by the will of their people. We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship...towards the millions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy, who live amongst us...and we shall be proud to prove it towards all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the Government....They are, most of them, as true and loyal Americans as if they had never known any other...allegiance. If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with a firm hand of stern repression...." Woodrow Wilson, War Messages, 65th Cong., 1st Sess. Senate Doc. No. 5, Serial No. 7264, Washington, D.C., 1917. 3. In the excerpt above, President Wilson signaled a willingness to abandon which long-held American policy? a. The expansion of American culture and norms to other nations b. Overseas expansionism c. Advancing democratic ideals d. Noninvolvement in European affairs

Overseas expansionism

"We are all in it together. This is a war. We take a few shots and it will be over. We will give them a few shots and it will be over. Don't worry. I wouldn't want to be on the other side right now....I want the most comprehensive notes on all those who tried to do us in. They didn't have to do it. If we had had a very close election and they were playing the other side I would understand this. No—they were doing this quite deliberately and they are asking for it and they are going to get it....We have not used the Bureau, and we have not used the Justice Department, but things are going to change now....And who the hell are they after? They are after us. It is absolutely ridiculous. It is not going to be that way anymore." Transcript of President Nixon speaking to John Dean in the Oval Office, September 5,1972 U.S. Congress, House. National Archives. 1. The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above are most consistent with which of the following political challenges? a. Growing public opposition to and protests against the Vietnam War b. Political attacks by conservative movements against liberal principles c. Political scandals and clashes over the power of the presidency d. Groups on the left claiming U.S. foreign policy was immoral

Political scandals and clashes over the power of the presidency

"Wilson's arrival in the White House in 1913 was a perfect instance of Victor Hugo's saying, 'Nothing is more powerful than an idea whose time has come.' Since the Civil War, the United States had become by far the world's richest country, with an industrial economy which made all others on earth seem small, and it had done so very largely through the uncoordinated efforts of thousands of individual entrepreneurs. The feeling had grown that it was time for the community as a whole, using the resources of the United States Constitution, to impose a little order on this new giant and to dress him in suitable clothes, labeled 'The Public Interest.' Theodore Roosevelt had already laid out some of these clothes, and Wilson was happy to steal them." Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), 634. In the early 1900s, which of the following groups most supported the political changes described in the excerpt above? a. Large corporations b. Imperialists c. Progressives d. Recent migrants from southern and eastern Europe

Progressives

How did Progressive reformers attempt to better the lives of workers such as those in the photograph above? a. Progressives pushed for a transition from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one. b. Progressives called for less government intervention in the economy. c. Progressives focused their reform efforts exclusively at the local level in order to assist workers more directly. d. Progressives urged the creation of new organizations aimed at addressing social problems associated with an industrial society.

Progressives urged the creation of new organizations aimed at addressing social problems associated with an industrial society.

Which of the following federal actions during World War I most directly undercut the message of the poster above? a. Restrictions on freedom of speech b. A ban on all immigration to the United State c. Limiting African American migration to northern cities d. Outlawing labor union activities such as strikes

Restrictions on freedom of speech

"With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty, I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to be in fact nothing less than war against the...United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it....Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments...not by the will of their people. We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship...towards the millions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy, who live amongst us...and we shall be proud to prove it towards all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the Government....They are, most of them, as true and loyal Americans as if they had never known any other...allegiance. If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with a firm hand of stern repression...." Woodrow Wilson, Address to Congress's War, April 2, 1917 Woodrow Wilson, War Messages, 65th Cong., 1st Sess. Senate Doc. No. 5, Serial No. 7264, Washington, D.C., 1917. 8. Which of the following took place during World War I in response to Wilson's assurance made at the end of the excerpt above? a. Restrictions on freedom of speech b. The first Red Scare c. Restrictions on immigration from nations in the Western Hemisphere d. The internment of Japanese Americans

Restrictions on immigration from nations in the Western Hemisphere

"This convention has shown to all America a party united, with positive programs for solving the nation's problems; a party ready to build a new consensus with all those across the land who share a community of values embodied in these words: family, work, neighborhood, peace and freedom....Never before in our history have Americans been called upon to face three grave threats to our very existence, any one of which could destroy us. We face a disintegrating economy, a weakened defense, and an energy policy based on the sharing of scarcity....I pledge to restore to the federal government the capacity to do the people's work without dominating their lives...a government that will not only work well but wisely, its ability to act tempered by prudence..." Ronald Reagan, Acceptance Speech, Republican National Convention, Detroit, Michigan, July 17, 1980. 10. Which of the following is most consistent with the sentiments articulated in the above speech? a. Social conservatism b. Environmentalism c. Technological innovation d. Liberalism

Social conservatism

"The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing with the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war." Howard Zinn, "A People's History of the United States, 1492-Present," 1995 Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 290. 1.Which of the following events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted from the idea described in the passage above? a.The creation of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs b. America's initial neutrality in World War I c. President Wilson's support for the League of Nations d. The acquisition of island territories by the United States

The acquisition of island territories by the United States

Which of the following events most directly contributed to the attitudes expressed in the cartoon above? a. The debate over the League of Nations in the United States following World War I b. The expansion of freedom of speech during World War I c. Labor strikes which disrupted society following World War I d. The shortage of an inexpensive supply of labor

The debate over the League of Nations in the United States following World War I

New York Journal, February 17, 1898 Captionless Image 7. Newspaper headlines such as those above mot directly contributed to which of the following? a. The capture of the terrorists by American authorities b. The selection of Theodore Roosevelt as a vice-presidential candidate c. The declaration of war against Spain by the U.S. Congress d. The attack by the U.S. Navy on Manila Bay

The declaration of war against Spain by the U.S. Congress

Which of the following factors most strongly contributed to the realization of the goals outlined in the excerpt above? a. Improved socioeconomic positions for American women and minorities b. The dominant American role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements following World War II c. The end of the Great Depression d. America's popular commitment to advancing democratic ideals

The dominant American role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements following World War II

1942 poster for Westinghouse. Captionless Image 1. Which aspect of America's involvement in World War II is best illustrated by this painting? a. Technological and scientific contributions b. The popular commitment to advancing democratic ideals c. Questions about American values d. The mass mobilization of American society to the war effort

The mass mobilization of American society to the war effort

Which foreign policy approach is most consistent with the sentiments expressed by Wilson in the excerpt above? a. The pursuit of a unilateral foreign policy b. The United States taking a leading military role in the war c. The maintaining of isolationism by the United States d. The defense of humanitarian and democratic principles

The pursuit of a unilateral foreign policy

What factor most influenced "the tendency for expansion" noted in Zinn's passage above? a. The extension of public control over natural resources b. The migration of large numbers of European immigrants to the United States throughout the 19th century c. The rise of Populism in the late 19th century d. The transition of the United States from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one

The transition of the United States from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one

"The segregated South was defeated by a social protest movement from below—the African American Civil Rights Movement—and by judicial and legislative intervention from outside—the federal government....Southern African Americans, during the years between 1955 and 1965, won the culture wars with southern whites. Civil rights protesters were nonviolent; they were peaceful and studious; and they affirmed American constitutional, democratic, and religious goals...The Civil Rights Movement not only out-sang and out-prayed its opponents, it out-thought them....After 1965, white southerners increasingly won the culture wars in the nation at large. They targeted the enemy not crudely and overtly as black, but as violent, criminal, and immoral, and as leeches on the welfare state at the expense of taxpaying, responsible citizens." Anthony J. Badger, "Different Perspectives on the Civil Rights Movement" Reprinted by permission 5. Which of the following most directly contradicts the arguments in the excerpt above? a. The Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education b. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 c. The increased philosophical and tactical divisions within the civil rights movement in the late 1960s d. The widespread white acceptance of desegregation efforts in the South in the 1960s and 1970s

The widespread white acceptance of desegregation efforts in the South in the 1960s and 1970s

Which of the following groups would most likely support the arguments in the passage above? a. American political leaders opposed to the ratification of the Constitution b. Revivalist preachers during the Second Great Awakening c. States' rights advocates during the antebellum era d. Urban social reformers during the Gilded Age

Urban social reformers during the Gilded Age

Arkansas Arts Center Library Collection of George Fisher Cartoons. ©The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Captionless Image 8. The effects depicted in the political cartoon above can best be ascribed to a. the domestic impact of the world economy. b. a large U.S. military buildup. c. the creation of a multilateral economic framework. d. the effects of economic deregulation.

a large U.S. military buildup.

William Howard Taft 1909-1913

antitrust,

"The Declaration of Independence, signed in 1776, stated that 'all Men are created equal' and that governments derive their powers 'from the Consent of the Governed.' Women were not included in either concept. The original American Constitution of 1787 was founded on English common law, which did not recognize women as citizens or as individuals with legal rights....It has been argued that the ERA is not necessary because the Fourteenth Amendment...guarantees that no state shall deny to 'any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.'...Aside from the fact that women have been subjected to varying, inconsistent, and often unfavorable decisions under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Equal Rights Amendment is a more immediate and effective remedy to sex discrimination in Federal and State laws than case-by-case interpretation under the Fourteenth Amendment could ever be." Caroline Bird, What Women Want (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 120-121. 3. The excerpt above was most likely a response to a. groups on the left assailing the status quo in American society. b. the divisive impact of the 14th Amendment on the women's rights movement. c. conservatives and liberals clashing over the women's rights movement. d. Supreme Court decisions expanding individual freedoms.

conservatives and liberals clashing over the women's rights movement.

9. The above cartoon is consistent with all of the following 1980s political trends except the a. continued growth of the size of the federal government. b. political victories conservatives achieved at the federal level. c. creation of a national energy policy. d. inability of Republicans to significantly cut popular spending programs.

continued growth of the size of the federal government.

"I want to speak to you first tonight about a subject even more serious than energy or inflation. I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American democracy. I do not mean our political and civil liberties. They will endure. And I do not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose of our nation. The erosion of our confidence in the future is threatening to destroy the social and political fabric of America." President Jimmy Carter, "Energy and National Goals," televised address to the nation, July 1979 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. 7. The passage above was most likely a response to a. growing debates over national identity. b. declining public trust in the government. c. continued Cold War fears. d. ongoing debates about the protections of civil liberties.

declining public trust in the government.

The "Great Migration" out of the South by many African Americans during World War I was most immediately the result of a. the first Red Scare. b. their economic displacement due to the rising number of migrants from Mexico moving into the South. c. the influence of the mass media. d. economic opportunities created by the demands of World War I.

economic opportunities created by the demands of World War I

2. The "Great Migration" out of the South by many African Americans during World War I was most immediately the result of a. the first Red Scare. b. their economic displacement due to the rising number of migrants from Mexico moving into the South c. the influence of the mass media. d. economic opportunities created by the demands of World War I.

economic opportunities created by the demands of World War I.

"The President of the United States...hereby is authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof...is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes...to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: To each head of family, one-quarter of a section; To each single person over eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section; To each single orphan child under eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section... Every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made...who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted that habits of civilized life, is hereby declared a citizen of the United States." The primary goal of the government policy cited above was to

end tribal identities.

"[Franklin] Roosevelt locked one group out of his honeymoon suite. The bankers and financiers, the rhetorical devils of his presidential campaign, were now resented or hated by millions of Americans. Even Hoover placed much of the blame for the stock market crash on speculation and poor banking ethics....The Emergency Banking Act...provided for the inspection of banks and certification of soundness before reopening. It may have saved the private banking system. The subsequent Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 provided for Federal Reserve regulation of bank investments...and created a Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation to insure small depositors, all of which strengthened banks and gave protection to the most innocent depositors." Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992), 46-47. 7. The reforms described in the excerpt above were most directly a response to a. the decline of America's rural, agricultural society. b. internal U.S. migration during first two decades of the 20th century. c. episodes of market and credit instability. d. the decline of large corporations during the 1920s.

episodes of market and credit instability.

mckinley 1897-1901

for imperialism and gold standard, antitrust, progressive

"All through the night I heard people getting up, dragging cots around. I stared at our little window, unable to sleep. I was glad Mother had put up a makeshift curtain on the window for I noticed a powerful beam of light sweeping across it every few seconds. The lights came from high towers placed around the camp....I remembered the wire fence encircling us, and a knot of anger tightened in my breast. What was I doing behind a fence like a criminal? Of one thing I was sure. The wire fence was real. I no longer had the right to walk out of it. It was because I had Japanese ancestors. It was also because some people had little faith in the ideas and ideals of democracy...." Monica Itoi Stone, Nisei Daughter, (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953), 176-178. Your answer 5. The experience described in the excerpt above was an example of a. internment. b. segregation. c. isolationism. d. opportunities for women.

internment.

"In the field of national policy, the fundamental trouble with America has been, and is, that whereas their nation became in the twentieth century the most powerful and most vital nation in the world, nevertheless Americans were unable to accommodate themselves spiritually and practically to that fact. Hence they have failed to play their part as a world power—a failure which has had disastrous consequences for themselves and for all mankind. And the cure is this: to accept wholeheartedly our duty and our opportunity as the most powerful and vital nation in the world and in consequence to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit." Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life, February 1941. Your answer 3. Luce's remarks were most clearly an attack on America's a. initial neutrality in World War I. b. highly restrictive immigration quotas in the early 20th century. c. isolationism in the 1930s. d. policies dealing with race and segregation during World War II.

isolationism in the 1930s.

The policies illustrated in excerpt above were most clearly contrary to a. laissez-faire capitalism. b. Progressive reforms to regulate abuses of the economy. c. transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state. d. the goals of the Populist movement

laissez-faire capitalism

The principles championed by President Roosevelt in the speech above directly challenged the a. view that the United States should remain a nation based largely on agriculture. b. laissez-faire economic policies of the Gilded Age. c. the efforts by Progressives to institute social reforms at all levels of society. d. idea that large corporations had come to dominate the American economy.

laissez-faire economic policies of the Gilded Age.

In response to the conditions depicted in the photograph above, many American families a. advocated for overseas expansion. b. disrupted society with racial strife. c. migrated within the United States. d. resented President Roosevelt's unwillingness to use government power to provide them with relief.

migrated within the United States.

6. The post-1965 white Southern attitude described in the excerpt above was most similar to a. nativist views of European immigrants in the mid-1800s. b. Radical Republicans' views of free blacks during Reconstruction. c. Social Darwinists' view of the poor during the late 1800s. d. imperialists' views of indigenous peoples in Latin America and the Pacific in the early 1900s.

nativist views of European immigrants in the mid-1800s.

Highland Park Ford Assembly Plant, c. 1908 Courtesy: CSU Archives / Everett Collection Captionless Image 3. The scene depicted in the photograph above was made possible by a. new technologies and manufacturing techniques. b. new economic opportunities for women. c. greater market and credit stability. d. a decline in the domination of the United States economy by large corporations.

new technologies and manufacturing techniques.

During the late 19th century, western Native American life was most affected by

post-Civil War migrations of whites.

TR 1901-1909

progressive

Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921

reformist, antitrust laws, banking reform, and tariff reductions, for a war to end war, League of Nations, suffrage,

1919 political cartoon below by James P. Alley Captionless Image 5. The concern illustrated in the cartoon above was most consistent with support for a. restrictive immigration quotas. b. Progressive reforms. c. U.S. entry into World War I. d. labor unions.

restrictive immigration quotas.

Many of those who supported Wilson's efforts to "impose a little order on this new giant" were also eager to a. preserve the social dominance of rural America. b. strengthen the power of the states in the face of growing federal power. c.keep all levels of government from getting involved in any social problems facing Americans. d. see an expansion of democratic principles throughout the government.

see an expansion of democratic principles throughout the government

progressives

social reform, for a strong government: Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-09 (left), William Howard Taft, 1909-13 (center), and Woodrow Wilson, 1913-21

"In our efforts for recovery we have avoided, on the one hand, the theory that business should and must be taken over into an all-embracing Government. We have avoided, on the other hand, the equally untenable theory that it is an interference with liberty to offer reasonable help when private enterprise is in need of help. The course we have followed fits the American practice of Government, a practice of taking action step by step, of regulating only to meet concrete needs, a practice of courageous recognition of change." Franklin D. Roosevelt, "On Moving Forward to Greater Freedom and Greater Security," Fireside Chats, September 30, 1934. 1. The approach Franklin Roosevelt outlines in the speech above is most consistent with the previous efforts of a. Radical Republicans during Reconstruction. b. Populist farmer organizations during the late 19th century. c. the women's rights movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. d. the Progressives in the early 20th century.

the Progressives in the early 20th century.

The cartoon above is best understood in the context of a. the Great Migration. b. the Red Scare. c. American imperialism. d. the Treaty of Versailles

the Red Scare

"That Americans were increasingly fearful of the Germans and Japanese is shown by their willingness to accept the Roosevelt administration's bold support of Britain. Neither public opinion nor Congress prevented the President from doing what he thought was demanded by Britain's plight, even when it involved using the Navy to patrol the North Atlantic in league with the British Navy....Roosevelt's meeting in August, 1941, with Churchill...to write the Atlantic Charter and to agree on postwar aims was undoubtedly the most unneutral act ever committed by a professed neutral. Yet the Atlantic meeting aroused surprisingly little hostile sentiment except among a small group....The country, in short, was accepting the idea of support of Britain short of war...." Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 3rd ed., (New York: Harper Perennial, 1984). Your answer 7. One consequence of the change in Americans' attitudes toward Germany and Japan described in the excerpt above was a. the questioning of American values. b. the mass mobilization of American society for war. c. an unnecessary extension of the Great Depression. d. a decline in allied political cooperation.

the mass mobilization of American society for war.

2. The excerpt above most directly contributed to renewed debates about a. the proper degree of government activism. b. the power of the presidency and the federal government. c. official restrictions on freedom of speech. d. the proper balance between liberty and order.

the power of the presidency and the federal government.