APUSH Semester 1

Platt Amendment (1901)

Cuban Constitution (added after pressure by US gov.); said that 1) the US could intervene and restored order in case of anarchy 2) US could trade freedly 3) US could get two bays for naval bases (Guatanamo Bay)

Cuban insurrectos

Cubans who burned cane fields, sugar mills, and even passenger trains under the reasoning that if they did enough damage, either Spain might be willing to move out, or the US might come to their aid

Caleb Cushing

Cushing was sent by President Tyler in 1844 to China with gifts, and he cleverly secured the Treaty of Wanghia.

Tweed Ring

Example of corrupt business in the Gilded Age, headed by "Boss" Tweed, stole much money before being caught in 1871

Specie Circular

Executive order that required payment in gold/silver in order to buy land since paper money was inflating. This signified the growing economic problems which would result in the panic of 1837.

Middle Passage

Experience for which human beings were branded and chained, and which only 80 percent survived

Libel

False publication intended to ruin someone's reputation

Menial work (servitude)

Fit for servants; humble or low. ―But chiefly they performed the sweaty toil of clearing swamps

Pugnacious

Fond of fighting

Francis Drake

From 1577 to 1580, this explorer sailed to the Pacific to raid Spanish ships. He also explored the coast of California, then continued on to be the 2nd man to sail around the world.

Nathaniel Bacon

Frontiersman who led a 1000 man rebellion against William Berkeley; died of disease in the middle of the rebellion

Clermont

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

Gabriel Prosser

Gathered 1000 rebellious slaves in 1800 outside of Richmond; 2 slaves gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stopped the uprising before it could begin; he was executed along with many followers

Pinckey Treaty

Gave America Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Battle of Thames

General William Henry Harrison won a decisive victory over the British here, in a battle that also resulted in the death of Tecumseh.

ambrose burnside

General who replaced McClellan. He resigned his command voluntarily after his failure at the battle of Fredericksburg

George Grenville

George Grenville was the British Prime Minister from 1763-1765. To obtain funds for Britain after the costly 7-Years War, in 1763 he ordered the Navy to enforce the unpopular Navigation Laws, and in 1764 he got Parliament to pass the Sugar Act, which increased duties on sugar imported from the West Indies. He also, in 1765, brought about the Quartering Act, which forced colonists to provide food and shelter to British soldiers, who many colonists believed were only present to keep the colonists in line.

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Pennsylvania Dutch

Germans who migrated from Europe to Pennsylvania fleeing religious persecution, as they were primarily Lutheran. "Dutch" was a corruption of "Deutsch"

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

English Restoration

(1660-1688) Restoration of the monarchy in England, marked the return of Charles II as king after the period of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth, bishops were restored to Parliament, expansion of colonial trade

Battle of the Little Bighorn

(1876): Also called Custer's Last Stand, it was the most famous incident of the Indian Wars. Cheyenne and Sioux indians killed Custer and all of his men.

covenant

(Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return

James Wolfe

He was the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.

James B. Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

10 percent Reconstruction plan

Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Protestant ethic

Mid 1600s. A commitment made by the Puritans in which they seriously dwelled on working and pursuing worldy affairs

Susan B. Anthony

Militant lecturer for women's rights who became a prominent and outstanding supporter of women's rights.

Guantanamo Bay

Military base granted to the US in Cuba

Bunker Hill

Military engagement that led King George III officially to declare the colonist in revolt

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe's presidency was marked by this era of nonpartisanship

Republican Party (1850s)

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers

William Jennings Bryan

Politician who ran for president 1896, 1900 and 1908 under Democrats, was a pro-silverite and Populist leader

James K. Polk

Polk entered the presidency with a four-point plan, and was able to achieve all four by the end of his term in 1849. He provoked the Mexican-American war, and was willing to shed blood for expansion purposes.

Independent treasury

President Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vualts and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in depostits within shaky banks.

Samuel Gompers

President and Founder of the AFL, he combined unions to increase their strength.

Lewis Cass

Presidential nominee of the Democrats in 1848, he is known for creating popular sovereignty.

John Wilkes Booth

Pro-southern actor, slipped between the box and killed lincoln at Ford's theater.

Invincibility

Proclamation of 1763 New France

Fifteenth Amendment

Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the Manufacture & Sale of Alcohol

Theodore Dwight Weld

Prominent White Abolitionist of 1830's; Self-Educated & Very Outspoken; put together a group called the "Land Rebels"; put together a propaganda pamphlet called "American Slavery As It Is"

Navigation Laws

Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America

Samuel de Champlain

Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer who sailed to the West Indies, Mexico, and Panama. He wrote many books telling of his trips to Mexico City and Niagara Falls. His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his latter settlement of Quebec.

Credit Mobilier

Scandalous company created by Union Pacific Railroad insiders, it distributed shares of its stock to Congressmen to avoid detection

Scots Highlanders

Scots from the highlands of Scotland

Walter Raleigh

Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a "lost colony."

Union League

Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

Tom Watson

Recruited black voters to the Populists, Southern opposition of Populism led to even more black vote deprivation in the South

Corrupt bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Old Northwest

Region north and west of the Ohio River, included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, MIchigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

Calvin

Religious Leader / Elaborated Luther's ideas in Institutes of the Christian Religion; God is All Powerful & All Knowing

Mormons

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s. officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion.

The Federalist

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Board of Trade

An English legislative body, based in London, that was instituted for the governing and economic controlling of the American colonies. It lacked many powers, but kept the colonies functioning under the mercantile system while its influence lasted. The height of the Boards' power was in the late 1690's.

Great Compromise

A compromise that proposed two houses of Congress; one where a state's population would determine representation and another where all states were represented equally

Albany Congress

A conference in the United States Colonial history form June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Clement L Vallandingham

A copperhead, pro-southern stance, was run out of his home by the federation but eventually was left alone by Lincoln's orders

John Trumbull

An accomplished American painter, was discouraged from painting in Connecticut because of lack of artistic culture, and moved to London

Molasses Act

An act intended to end American trade with the French West Indies passed by Britain, which was largely overridden by smuggling and bribery.

Act of Toleration

An act passed in Maryland 1649 that granted freedom of worship to all Christians; although it was enacted to protect the Catholic minority in Maryland, it was a benchmark of religious freedom in all the colonies. It did not extend to non-Christians, however.

Gold Standard Act (1900)

An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign.

Cajun

A descendant of French pioneers, chiefly in Louisiana, who in 1755 chose to leave Acadia rather than live under the British Crown.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Battle of Fallen Timbers

An attack made by American General "Mad Anthony Wayne" against invading Indians from the northwest. The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians.

"Cross of Gold" Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Chesapeake incident

An incident that happened on June 22, 1807.a US frigate was boarded by a British ship, the Leopard. The British seized four alleged desertersTh This is the most famous example of impressment, in which the British seized American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. Impressment was one of the major factors leading to the War of 1812.

Speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

Critical Period

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

American Protective Association 1887

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration. Very anti-Roman Catholic. p.608

Charles Sumner

A radical reformer, Sumners made a provocative speech following the Kansas issues in 1856, and was publicly caned by South Carolinian Senator Preston A. Brooks. He was unable to return to office, and was defiantly reelected, his seat left empty, to signify the abolitionist cause.

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad, commissioned by Congress, that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

butternut region

A region located in the Old Northwest and the Border State. Most people in this area complained that Lincoln has gone far enough on the Proclamation.

"Royal Veto"

A royal veto was when legislation passed by the colonial assemblies conflicted with British regulations. It was then declared void by the Privy Council. It was resented by the colonists but was only used 469 times out of 8563 laws.

Jeremiad

A sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance. A sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance

Phillis Wheatley

A slave girl from Boston, became a distinguished poet and was brought to England, where she published a book of her verses

Whiskey Rebellion

A small rebellion, that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 that was a challenge to the National Governments unjust use of an excise tax on an "economic medium of exchange"

Hierarchy

A social group arranged in ranks or classes

Melting Pot

A society with a great diversity of cultures and races

William Walker

A southern expansionist/explorer who declared himself president of Nicaragua in 1856. He immediately made slavery legal, but was quickly overturned by the surrounding nations, and shot in 1860.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Horizontal integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Triangular Trade

A trade between America, the West Indies, and Africa, which some colonists took advantage of after the fall of the Royal African Company, and yielded great profits to its merchants.

Slander

A verbal attack on someone's reputation

Militia

A voluntary, nonprofessional armed force of citizens, usually called to military service only in emergencies

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War

King George III

A wealthy French nobleman, nicknamed "French Gamecock", made major general of colonial army, got commission on part of his family.

George Washington

A wealthy Virginian of great character and leadership abilities who served his country without pay

Yellow-dog Contracts

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist & Feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women

Lincoln-Douglas debates

Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas debated 7 times publicly during the 1858 senatorial race in Illinois. Although Lincoln lost to popular sovereignty Douglas, these debates placed Lincoln in the national limelight.

spot resolutions

Abraham Lincoln championed these arguments against the Mexican-American War by asking what "spot" on American soil was American blood shed?

Mercantilism

According to this doctrine, the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; they should add to its wealth, prosperity, and self-sufficiency. The settlers were regarded more or less as tenants. They were expected to produce tobacco and other products needed in England and not to bother their heads with dangerous experiments in agriculture or self-government.

Treaty with Spain

American gained Guam, Puerto Rico and the independence for Cuba from Spain. Since the armistice was signed a day before the Philippines was taken, the American gov. paid 20 million for it. It ends Spanish rule in West.

Fredrick Jackson Turner

American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History.

Thomas A. Edison

American inventor famous for the light bulb and his inventions which use electricity

John Paul Jones

American naval commander who successfully harassed British shipping

Santiago (July 1898)

American navy entirely destroyed Cervera's Spanish fleet after a chase

John singleton Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution; loyalist

"Remember the Maine" (February 1898)

American reason to fight Spain because they believed the bombed and sunk the Maine who was secretly sent to help Americans out of Cuba should a war break out.

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated the Great Awakening, a period of renewed interest in religion in America

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Loyalists

Americas who fought for King George and earned the contempt of Patriots

Charles Peale

An American painter famous for his portraits of George Washington who dabbled in a variety of other areas, such as taxonomy and dentistry.

John Copley

An American painter who fled to England to avoid the American Revolution, as he was regarded as a Loyalist.

Benjamin West

An American painter, was forced to go overseas to England to complete his training and find subjects to gain a living.

Sons of Liberty

An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements.

Cardinal Gibbons

An urban Catholic leader who was devoted to American unity and was very popular with the Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Horse

Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains

The Impending Crisis of the South

Another antislavery book, written by Hinton R. Helper, filled with statistics trying to prove that the most ill-affected from slavery were the nonslaveholding whites in the South. Although ineffective with his target group, the material was condensed and produced as a campaign pamphlet in the North.

Loyalists

Another name for the American Tories

American Colonization Society

Anti Slavery Society formed in 1817 that thought slavery was bad; it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free blacks to Africa

The Liberator

Anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison; drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed

William Berkeley

British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. He showed that he had favorites in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 , which he ruthlessly suppressed

Jayle Birds

British convicts who were shipped to America involuntarily. They included robbers, rapists, and murderers, but some were simply highly respectable citizens who had simply had been victimized by the strict English penal code

General Howe

British general who chose to enjoy himself in New York and Philadelphia rather than vigorously pursue the American enemy

Whigs (2)

British political party that replaced Lord North's Tories in 1782 and made a generous treaty with the United States

Lexington Massacre

British went to capture rebel ring leaders/seize colonial gunpowder

Henry Ward Beecher

Brother of famous author Harriet Beecher Stowe, he was a preacher who funded the supply of rifles to abolitionist emigrants to Kansas. These weapons were known as "Beecher's Bibles"

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

Brothers born in MA who united with Theodore D. Weld to form the American Anti-Slavery Society; gave financial support to anti-slavery societies & to Oberlin College in Ohio

radical regimes

By 1870 southern states had reorganized their governments and had been accorded full rights. The hated "blue bellies" remained until the new Republican regimes.

Andrew Carnegie

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons". He is the Steel King.

John Jordan Crittenden

Creator of the Crittenden Amendments, this Kentucky Senator filled Henry Clay's role in his effort to compromise and avoid national ruin before the Civil War.

Dingley Tariff Bill (1897)

high protective tariff supported by the Republican Party

Admiralty Courts

horrible british courts in america. juries were not allowed, and the burden of proof was on the defendant. used to strictly enforce taxes.

Strict constitution

idea of following the const. exactly, jefferson

Separation of Church and State

idea that the government and religion should be separate, and not interfere in each other's affairs

Antinomianism

idea that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man

Cult of domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Interchangeable parts

identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring

100th meridian

imaginary line from the Dakotas to Texas dividing the East and the West

Brigham Young

murdered Joseph Smith. an aggressive leader, an expressive preacher and a clever administrator.

Charles II

in 1660 ascended the English throne and created a string of new settlements: The Restoration Colonies; a generous but extravagant man who was always in debt, he rewarded 8 aritocratic supporters with a gift of the Carolinas, an area long claimed by Spain and populated by thousands of Indians.

Fundamental Orders

in Connecticut; established a regime democratically controlled by the "substantial" citizens

enclosure movement

in England in the 1700s, the process of taking over and fencing off public lands

Yeoman Farmer

in former times was free and cultivated his own land

Bible Commonwealth

name for the Massachusetts Bay colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints

"Sodbusters"

name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm

Macon's Bill No. 2

intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France

Joesph F. Gildden

invented barb wire

James Naismith

invented basketball

Alexander Graham Bell

inventor of the telephone

emancipation proclamation

issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free

Neutrality Proclamation

issued by George Washington, established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict

Republican Motherhood

it elevated women as keepers of the national conscience because they were entrusted with the moral education of the young

Grant the Butcher

nickname given to Grant after the attack on Cold Harbor

why was gettysburg a significant battle?

it was the turning point for the civil war, and showed that the Union had won over the confederacy.

Monroe doctorine

james monroe's statement warning european nations not to colonize or interfere in the americas

New York Central

old eastern railway welded to new westward rails, owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt

Jeffersonian Republicans

one of nations first political parties,stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party.were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states' rights.

Slave Codes

laws that controlled the lives of enslaved african americans and denied them basic rights; "borrowed" from Barbados

Smith and Rolfe

leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time".

Philippine Annexation

options: give islands back to Spanish misrule (dishonorable); abandon islands (cowardly); leave Filipinos to govern themselves (possible anarchy seizure by another power); acquire all islands and perhaps grant freedom to all later (popular and accepted decision), caused division of Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists in Congress.

Judiciary Act of 1789

organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice, along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office.

Stock Watering

originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value

Lost Cause

phrase that white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat.

Oklahoma "sooners" (1889)

poised on Oklahoma borders waiting to move in, created 10,000 ppl tent city

Democratic Party

political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824

Democratic Republicans

political party which favored states rights and weaker national government

Pool arrangements

pool is an informal agreement between a group of people or leaders of a company to keep their prices high and to keep competition low. The Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 made railroads publicly publish their prices and it outlawed the pool.

"clay-eaters"

poor slaveless Southern whites who were reduced to eating clay for nutrition; often considered lazy, they were in fact very sick with hookworm and malnutrition

Coin's Financial School (1894)

popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors

Vertical integration

practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products

Dr. Charles W. Eliot

president of Harvard

Federalists

led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution

National Women's Suffrage Association, (NWSA, 1890)

led by Carrie Chapman and Harriet Stanton Blatch; sought the support of working-class women and tied the economic exploitation of women to their lack of political power.

54th massachusettes

led by Robert Glad Shaw, led attack in SC at Fort Wagner, many were killed including Shaw

Terence Powderly

led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

Eugene V. Debs

led the Pullman strike and founded the American Railway Union

General William R. Shafter

led the invasion force from the rear to drive Cervera out of Cuba. (US)

Patronage

like the "spoils system." When an elected official fills appointed positions with friends that helped him/her get elected, it is considered

Transcendentalism

literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

Great Sioux Reservation

located in the Dakota territory; federal governments moved dozens of southern Plains tribes and Indians were forced to give up their ancestral land in the exchange by Washington that they'd be left alone and given food, clothes, and supplies

nationalism

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

Tariff of 1832

lowered the tax from the Tariff of Abomination's tax but the tax was still to high for S. Carolinians

sectionalism

loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Sewing machine

made in 1846 by Elias Howe; made making clothing faster and cheaper

Cornelius Vanderbilt

made millions from steamboat business, and used the money to merge local railroads to the New York Central Railroad.

Thomas Jefferson

made the Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the newly acquired land, the Barbary Pirate threat was silenced, and the Embargo Act was passed. he always put the country ahead of himself. His patriotism and loyalty to the U.S.

The emancipation proclamation had important consequences

made the southerners mad because Lincoln had went against all their morals.

De Lome Letter (February 1898)

private letter written by the Spanish minister in Washington describing President McKinley as an ear-to-the-ground politician who lacked good faith; stolen from the mails and headlined by Hearst; led to an uproar so violent that Dupuy de Lôme was forced to resign

Women's Christian Temperance Union (1874)

prohibition, the largest group pushing for temperance during the Gilded Age

Comstock Lode (1859)

prospectors found a rich lode of silver-bearing ore in Nevada

Morrill Act (1862)

provided a grant of public lands to states for support of education

Victoria Woodhull

radical, publicly proclaimed free love, fought for women's rights, women's suffrage (vote), first female to run for presidency

Great Rapprochement

reconciliation between the US and Britain. the new Anglo-American cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations and foreign policies as the 20th century started

"Gold Bugs"

referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver

Gospel of Wealth

the belief that those entrusted with society's riches had to prove themselves morally responsible, book written by Carnegie

Thanksgiving

the feast held by the Pilgrims to celebrate the bountiful harvest of 1621

Impressment

the forcible enlistment of soldiers. This was a rude form of conscription that the British have employed for over four hundred years.

Annexation

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Social Gospel

the idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

War Democrats

the name given to the faction of Democrats during the Civil War that patriotically supported the Lincoln administration

Mayflower

the ship boarded by the Pilgrims to New England

Nullification

the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

continuous voyage

the term for the justification used by Northern captains for seizing British ships not headed for Southern ports but believed to have the South as their ultimate destination.

blockade

the use of ships or troops to prevent movement into and out of a port or region. North had used

Hawaiian Annexation (July 1898)

the white dominated government campaigned for annexation. Hawaii was given territorial rights.

sumptuary laws

these regulated the dress of different classes forbidding people from wearing clothes of their social superiors, also known as Blue Laws

Homestead Act (1862)

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30, hoax because the land had terrible soil and bad weather

"jeb" Stuart

this leader of the Confederate cavalry was originally given the mission to spy on the Union Army; he gracefully disregards his orders and joyrides for the first 2 days of the battle; he is regarded as a major dissappointment

Northern Pacific Railroad (1883)

this railroad ran from Lake Superior to Puget Sound

Governor John Altgeld

thought pullman strike was fine

Impeachment

to accuse a public official of misconduct in office.

what strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?

total war

Battle of Quebec

turning point of war when Quebec surrendered to the French in 1759

Coxey's Army (1894)

unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched to Washington demanding a government road-building program and currency inflation for the needy

Dwight Lyman Moody

urban revivalist; once a shoe salesman; spoke to audiences about forgiveness

A.G. Richard Olney

urged dispatch of federal troops to subdue Pullman Strike of 1894

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

"The Broadcloth Mob"

was concerned that the New England textile mills would shut down if cotton was no longer available from the South; they dragged William Lloyd Garrison, through the streets of Boston with a rope tied around him & almost killed him but he escaped

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Santa Fe

Served as capitol of the Spanish colonies in North America

Martin Van Buren

Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836

Three-Fifth Compromise

Settled the question of how slave populations would be represented in Congress. Said that each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person.

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who tried to united Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana against encroaching white rule. Failed.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

She was the author of the influential book "Uncle Tom's Cabin", published in 1852. Although she had never experienced slavery firsthand, her book managed to poignantly capture the issue, and convince many people of its inhumanity. She was also an advocate for women's rights in mid nineteenth century.

March to the Sea

Sherman's march to Savannah which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea, destroying everything in their way.

Benjamin Franklin

Shrewed and calculatingly "homespun" American diplomat who forged the alliance with France and later secured a generous peace treaty

Sitting Bull

Sioux chief who led the attack on Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn

Fetterman Massacre (1866)

Sioux war party attempting to block construction of the Bozeman Trail to Montana ambushed Captain Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains

Nat Turner

Slave in VA; Started Slave Rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God; his rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery

Chattel Slavery

Slavery across generations

"A rich man's war but a poor man's fight"

Slogan to describe Civil War (& too many others); rich had the greatest financial interest in the outcome of the war, but the poor did the fighting and dying

Leisler's Rebellion

Small New York revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between landlords and merchants

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

"Peculiar Institution"

Southern Euphemism for Slavery

"Necessary Evil" vs "Positive Good"

Southern slave supporters gave slavery a new euphemism once it came under fire due to abolitionism; pointed out how masters taught their slaves religion, made them civilized, treated them well, and gave them "happy" lives

"Crackers"

Southern whites who raised cattle

War hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

General "Butcher" Weyler

Spanish general who was sent from Spain to cuba to crush rebellion. He herded many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not help the insurrectos.

Admiral Cervera

Spanish naval leader in the Caribbean during the Spanish-American War

swing around the circle

Speaking campaign of US President Andrew Johnson in which he tried to gain support of his mild Reconstruction policies, but it failed miserably as Johnson lost his temper.

gettysburg address

Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy.

Corn or Maize

Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations.

Scabs

Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Stirred growing colonial support for declaring independence from Britain

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

The Act forbade combination in restraint of trade without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts. The law proved ineffective because it contained legal loopholes and it made all large trusts suffer, not just bad ones.

Intolerable Acts

The Acts passed in 1774, following the Boston Tea Party, that were considered unfair because they were designed to chastise Boston in particular, yet effected all the colonies by the Boston Port Act which closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the Constitution,added in 1791 when it was adopted by the necessary number of states. It guarantees such civil liberties as freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion. Written by James Madison.

Barbados Slave Code

The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in barbados and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696

Lynching

The illegal execution of an accused person by mob action, without due process of law

Common Sense

The inflammatory pamphlet that demanded independence and heaped scorn on "the Royal Brute of Great Britain"

militia

The irregular American troops who played a crucial role in swaying the neutral civilian population toward the Patriot cause

Middle Passage

The journey of slaves from Africa to America

New England conscience

The legacy of Puritan religion that inspired idealism and reform among later generations of Americans

fort pillow

The location of a brutal massacre in which confederate troops shot more than 200 black prisoners and some whites.

Gentry

The most powerful members of a society

Order of the Star_Spangled Banner

The noisier American "Nativists" rallied for political action. In 1849 they formed this, which soon developed into the formidable American, or "Know-Nothing," party—a name derived from its secretiveness.

Holland

The other European nation besides France and Spain that supported the American Revolution by declaring war on Britain

Ohio River Valley

The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation.

Haymarket Square episode (1886)

The police storm a meeting of the Knights of Labor where they were planning a protest and a bomb goes off by anarchists.

Rack-renting

The practice of landlords greatly increasing the rent of their tenants, forcing already impoverished tenants to pay more

South

The region that saw some of the Revolution's most bitter fighting, fro 1780 to 1782, between American General Greene and British General Cornwallis

Hudson Valley

The river valley that was the focus of Britain's early military strategy and the scene of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga in 1777

Alabama

This British-made ship was one of many commerce-raiders, which helped the Confederacy to weaken the Union's naval forces. It was finally sunk in 1864 after destroying more than 60 Union ships.

Morrill Tariff Act

This tariff established in 1861 increased the the previous Tariff of 1857 to a moderately protective rate. It was raised throughout the war as the need arose to be a source of revenue for the North.

Walker Tariff

This tariff reduced the protective rates of the Tariff of 1842 to please the southerners, and anger the Clayites. Signed by James Polk in 1846, this tariff proved to be very successful for producing revenue.

Tariff of 1857

This tariff was enacted as a result of a high surplus which embarrassed the government. It reduced the rates to the lowest since the War of 1812. Months later, the surplus was nowhere to be seen amidst the panic of 1857.

nonintervention

This term, associated with the Monroe Doctrine, describes the United States decision regarding their involvement in European affairs.

Treaty of Kanagawa

This treaty, between Japan and the United States, ended the island nation's fierce isolation. Established in 1854, the US was granted consular relations, coaling rights, and proper treatment of shipwrecked soldiers. It marked Japan's entrance into the modern world.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

This treaty, created with the help of secretary of state Nicholas P. Trist, secured all of Texas and California for $15 million in 1848. This was received with varied opposition from land-hungry southerners and antislavery Whigs. This was after the Mexican-American war.

Stephen W. Kearny

This war general from the Mexican-American war is famous for taking Santa Fe with his 1700 troops in 1846.

General Incorporation Law

This was a law created to greatly help in "building" capitalism. It stated that businesspeople could create a corporation if they complied with the terms of the law.

Manifest Destiny

This was a popular and nationalistic idea that promoted the idea of "empire" along with "liberty" and was employed by many southern expansionists before the Civil War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist whose address, "The American Scholar" declared independence. Critic of Slavery and supported the Union cause of the Civil War

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

Harriet Tubman

Tubman was a prominent "conductor" of the Underground railroad, who helped guide over 300 slaves to freedom in her lifetime. She was an iliterate runaway herself.

Jefferson Davis

US Senator (D-MS) / Served as President of the Confederate States of America from 1861 to 1865

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

Gen. Lewis Wallace (Ben Hur, 1880)

Uncle Tom's Cabin for Anti-Darwinists, finds support in the scripture against evolution

george meade

Union General who replaced Hooker and defeated Lee at Gettysburg

David Farragut

Union naval commander who captured New Orleans

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Constitution

United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States

frederick douglass

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North

Montgomery Ward (1872)

United States businessman who in 1872 established a successful mail-order business (1843-1913) first catalogue

Jay Gould

United States financier, worked with Jim Fisk. He caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market by convincing Grant to stop the sale of gold to stop inflation and help farmers. (1836-1892)

Elias Howe/ Isaac Singer

United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers (including Isaac M. Singer) (1819-1867)

"Mother" Jones

United States labor leader who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812

James Fenimore Cooper

United States novelist noted for his stories of indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)

Emily Dickinson

United States poet noted for her mystical and unrhymed poems (1830-1886)

Sam Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

National Labor Union (1866)

United skilled with unskilled workers. Lasted 6 years.

Elizabeth I

Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory.

Minstrel shows

Variety Shows Performed by White Actors in Black-Face

Patroonship

Vast Dutch Feudal Estates fronting the Hudson River in early 1600s. Granted to Promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them. Made NY more Aristocratic than neighboring colonies

Chesapeake

Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements

George Washington

Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

Joseph Smith

Visionary that claimed he received golden plates from an angel; Founder of the Mormon faith

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Vivid Autobiography of the Escaped Slave and Renowned Abolitionist Frederick Douglass

J.P. Morgan

Wall Street financier and business leader was involved in many of the most profitable business ventures during the era of industrialization; he bought Carnegie Steel in 1901 & established the world's first billion-dollar corporation, US Steel. Lent money to the government, and is known as the banker's banker.

Buena Vista, Battle of

War General Zachary Taylor ended up with a famous victory at this battle with 5,000 troops against 25,000 of Santa Anna's.

French and Indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry. Used horizontal integration by creating the Standard Oil Trust.

Planter Aristocracy

Wealthy Plantation Owners with many slaves stood at the head of society determining the political, economical, and social aspects of society; they were the face of the south

Transcontinental Line (1869)

Welded the west coast to the Union

Ringshout

West African religious rite, retained by African-Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher.

Sacagawea

When Lewis & Clark were staying with the Mandans, an Indian woman was there as well. She belonged to the Shoshone people who lived in the Rockies. She and her French Canadian husband agreed to accompany Lewis and Clark as translators.

Lockout

When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached

Redeemers

White Southern Democrats who took over in the South after military Reconstruction ended and reinforced old Southern ways, racism, segregationism, etc.

Sharecropping

White landowners charged blacks for land to live on and farm on their property, but their wages left them in debt to the white landowners, basically continuation of slavery

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

banned rebates, pools, required railroads to openly publish rates & forbade discrimination against shippers, banned charging more for short haul than long one ;set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Massasoit

chieftain of the Wampanoag Indians who signed a treaty w/ the Pilgrims

Baptist Church

church established by Roger Williams

Cohens v. Virginia

cohens selling lottery tickets illegally, VA sues; Marshall says VA is right, establishes supreme courts right to review cases tried by state courts

Rhode Island

colony with complete religious freedom, no compulsory worship attendance, no taxes to support church

New England Confederation

consisting of the two Massachusetts and two Connecticut colonies; 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies

Second Bank of the United States

chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies

Interstate Commerce Commission

created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland;regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers. It stabilized the existing business system

Economic coercion

cut off all trade with England and everyone else. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.

John Winthrop

first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, helped Massachusetts prosper w/ fur, fishing, and ship building

What effect did the battle of bull run have on the north and south?

for the south, victory would bore them with over confidence for the war. for the north, it showed they need to buckle down, for the war wasn't going to be a one punch victory.

Stamp Act Congres

met in New York City with twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies in 1765; had little effect at the time but broke barriers and helped toward colonial unity; the act caused an uprising because there was no one to sell the stamps and the British did not understand why the Americans could not pay for their own defense; the act was repealed in 1766.

National Association of Colored Women (1896)

group formed to pursue equality for blacks.

"Lane Rebels"

group of theology students, led by Theodore Dwight Weld, who were expelled from Lane Theological Seminary for abolitionist activity and later became leading preachers of the antislavery gospel

Pike's Peak Gold Rush (1858)

miners at the Colorado Rockies

Farmers Alliances

groups of farmers of those in sympathy with farming issues, whosent lectures from town to town to educate people about agriculural and rural issues,

Edmund Andros

head of the dominion; open affiliation w/ Church of England; ruthlessly cubed town meetings, the press, and schools; strove to enforce Navigation Laws; forced to flee

Thomas Paine

A radical British immigrant who put an end to American toasts to King George.

French Huguenots

French protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France

Toussaint L'Overture

Led 1803 Slave Rebellion in Haiti; rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.; Southerner strengthened their Slave Codes

Clark's military conquests and Jay's diplomacy

Led to American acquisition of the West up to the Mississippi River

Jay's secret and separate negotiations with Britain

Led to a favorable peace treaty for the United States and the end of French schemes for a smaller, weaker America

The blundering of Burgoyne and Howe and the superb military strategy of Arnold and Washington

Led to the failure of Britain's grand strategy and the crucial American victory at Saratoga

Hiawatha

Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Virgina Statue for religious revolution

Legislature that gave people in Virgina freedom of worship and freedom to speak their opions about religion, Legislature that gave people in Virgina freedom of worship and freedom to speak their opions about religion

Horace Greeley

Liberal Republican presidential candidate 1872, said he would end military Reconstruction, clean out the corrupt government, lost to Grant's second election, supported by Democrats as well

Provincial

Limited in outlook to ones own small corner of the world

Black List

List of strikers made by factories so they would not be hired at other companies.

fort henry

Location of the massacre of British forces, after their surrender, by French and Native American forces.

The Battle of Saratoga

Made France willing to become an ally of the United States

Laird rams

Made in Britain in 1863, these two strong ram ships would increase Southern naval power dramatically. London bought the vessels before they left British ports, after a war threat from the Union.

Civil Rights Act of 1865

Made racial discrimination in public and in courts illegal, largely ignored after the end of Reconstruction

New York City slave revolt of 1712

Major middle-colonies' rebellion that caused thirty-three deaths

Thaddeus Stevens

Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Absolutely opposed to Johnson. Known as a Radical Republican.

"Long Drives" (1866-88)

drove herds over unfenced plains towards railroads, they graze on free government grass

John Wesley Powell

explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of 100th meridian

Hatch Act (1887)

extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

San Juan Hill

famous attack by Rough Riders, RESULT: US takes control of Cuba, Spain surrenders Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines

Self Sufficient Farming

farmers that produced all of the necessary food/sustenance themselves, would go into town about once a year to buy things they could not produce such as iron tools

Booker T. Washington

felt that african americans should accept segregation and the best way to overcome it is to improve you farming and vocational skills (economic equality and stability)

Peter Stuyvesant

governor of New Netherland; leader of Dutch military expedition against Swedish; forced to surrender

James Monroe

sent to Paris in 1803 to buy New Orleans and as much land as possible to the east for a maximum of ten million dollars. Spent $15 million for all of Louisiana. Later became John Adams Sec. of state.

Seven days' battles

series of Civil War battles in which the Confederate army successfully forced the Union army to retreat from Virginia

Convention of 1800

signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.

Mayflower Compact

simple agreement signed by 41 adult male Pilgrims to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority

The Wilderness

site of one of Grant's bloody battles with the Confederates near Richmond in 1864

King Philip

son of Massasoit, also called Metacom; forged an alliance between Indian tribes and mounted attacks on English villages; was captured and beheaded

Neal S. Dow

sponsored the Maine Law of 1851

Carlisle Indian School (1879)

taught Native American children white customs including English

Lone Star

texas declared independence in 1836 and Houston forced signed treaty with Santa Ana in 1836

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Appomattox Courthouse

the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

Nativism

the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners

Indentured Servants

Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World.

Conversion

Receipt of God's free gift of Saving Grace sought for by Calvinists

Elizabeth Blackwell

The first American female physician, she helped to organize the U.S. Sanitary Commission during the Civil War.

Tariff of 1833

a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years

King Philip's War

a conflict between New England conlonists and Native American Groups allied under leadership Wampanoag chief Metacom

Myles Standish

captain of the Mayflower who served later as an Indian fighter and negotiator

joe hooker

"Fighting Joe"; Union General; involved in the Battle of Chancellorsville, losses badly

Phineas T. Barnum/ James A. Bailey

"Greatest Show on Earth" (1881) ;; Wild West shows

Abraham Lincoln

"Honest Abe" was a common man who grew up with little education and hard work. At first a lawyer and then a congressman, he rose to political prominence after the Lincoln-Douglas Debates of the 1858 Illinois Senatorial race. Ultimately, he was the first Republican president elected in 1860, and carried our nation through the Civil War.

Patrick henry

"I know not what courses others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death" From a speech to the Virginia House of Delegates to convince them to support the fight for independence.

privateers

"Legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping

William Mckinley

1897-1901, Republican, supported gold standard, protective tariff, and Hawaiian Islands, against William Bryan (The Great Commoner), assassinated

Zachary Taylor

Elected in 1848, Taylor was new, popular from the Mexican-American War, and without enemies. He was the last Whig president, and died in office in 1850.

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Acadians

French settlers who would not pledge their loyalties to the British and were driven from their homes; cajuns of Louisiana are descendants of these people

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Antoine Cadillac

Frenchman who founded Detroit in 1701 to thwart English settlers making a play for the Ohio Valley.

Gibbons v. Ogden

"steamboat case". interstate commerce & transportation is dealt by Congress.

National Grange (1867)

- a social and educational club for farmers originally designed to help farmers combat loneliness of farm life and learn new farm techniques.

Frances E. Willard

Leader of Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

Alanta

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What factors contrinuted to Lincoln's electoral victory?

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why was the battle of anietam the most decisive of the cicil war?

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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

1 of the Most Popular Poets in America.

Martin Delaney

1 of the few black leaders to take seriously the notion of mass recolonization of Africa; visited West Africa's Niger Valley in 1859 seeking a suitable site for relocation

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898); brought back from exile by US, leader of Philippines

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Charles Town

A city named for King Charles II in (what was then called) the Carolina colony; at the time, it was the busiest seaport in the South. It was a proponent of religious toleration.

James I

1606 chartered the virginia Company w/ authority to colonize N. America

Leisler's Rebellion

1689-1691, an ill-fated bloody insurgency in New York City took place between landholders and merchants

Lord North

1770's-1782 King George III's stout prime minister (governor during Boston Tea Party) in the 1770's. Lord North's rule fell in March of 1782, which therefore ended the rule of George III for a short while.

Empress of China

1784; became the first American ship to trade with China

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

James Madison

1808 and 1812; Democratic-Republican; notable events include the War of 1812, let the charter of the First Bank of the United States expire, but realized it was difficult to finance a war without the bank, so he chartered the 2nd Bank of the United States

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882, almost completely ended Chinese immigration, effective for 60 years

Immigration restrictive laws, 1882 and 1885

1882- no paupers, criminals and convicts or chinese 1885- no foreign workers under contract

Florida Purchase Treaty

1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain

Pendleton Act

1883, said that federal employees cannot help with presidential campaigns and established a group to appoint federal jobs to avoid the spoils system, caused candidates to turn to business leaders for campaign money

Penal Code

A code governing crimes and punishment

Wabash Case

1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896, Supreme Court case stating that segregation was ok as long as facilities were "separate but equal" (train cars, bathrooms, schools, etc.), overturned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education

New Netherland

A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York; quick profit fur trade

Deism

18th Century Religious Doctrine; Emphasized reasoned moral behavior & the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Took a more scientific / rational interpretation of the Bible

Commodore George Dewey

A commodore during the Spanish-American War who captured the Philippines and Guam.

James Fenimore Cooper

1st American novelist. Explored America's republic and civilization.

House of Burgesses

1st Elected Legislative assembly in the New World est. in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

John Jay

1st chief justice, First chief justice of the Supreme Court

Jamestown

1st successful settlement in the VA colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. Settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. Population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Grew prosperous w/ shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export & cash crop

pickett's charge

3rd day of Gettysburg, Lee asked Pickett to lead troops on a mile and a half run where they were then killed by the union army

James Monroe

5th president, begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings

John C. Calhoun

7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century; was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification

Franklin Pierce

A "dark horse" candidate of the Democrats, Franklin Pierce won the election of 1852. He was an advocate for southern expansion, and supported the unsuccessful bribe for Cuba.

John Adams

A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace w/ France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation".

Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur

A French settler who posed the classic question on the racial identity of an "American"

Robert E. Lee

A General for the confederates. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run.

Pony Express

A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days.

Anti-Saloon League (1893)

A National organization that worked to prohibit the sale of alcohol. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan church policy; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution

Handsome Lake

A Seneca, who led the most important revivalism among Native Americans, had a miraculous rebirth after years of alcoholism helped give him a special stature with his tribe. His message, which mostly spread to the remaining Iroquois, said that Native Americans should give up the nasty customs they developed from white culture, and restore the quality of the Indian world.

Shays Rebellion

A Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans.

Poor Richard's Almanac

A bestselling book written by Benjamin Franklin that was a compilation of many different sayings

Divorce Bill

A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

Cabinet

A body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the President. Formed during the first years of Washington's Presidency, the original members of included the Sec. of State, of the Tres. and of War. extremely important to the presidency, because these people influence the most powerful man in the nation.

Presbyterian Church

A branch of Protestantism which was influenced greatly by Calvinism

Helen Hunt Jackson (Ramona, 1884)

A century of donor, recorded government cruelty towards Indians

Baptists Church

A church founded by Roger Williams, which was largely based on Calvinism

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

The Association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered.

Natchez

A group of Native American farmers located on the lower Mississippi River; wiped out by the French; their ruler, the Great Sun, lived on a ceremonial mound in their capital; stratified society with a small nobility; engaged in public torture & human sacrifice

Paxton Boys

A group of Scots-Irish from the outskirts of Philadelphia, protested the Quakers' leniency toward the Indians. Their actions sparked the Regulator Movement in North Carolina

copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Scots-Irish

A group of people from the Scottish lowlands, who migrated restlessly, moving to Ireland, and ending up in North America. They were very separate from other cultures, and were largely very poor

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Charles Beard

A historian who argued that the Founders were largely motivated by the economic advantage of their class in writing the Constitution

Speculation

A hypothesis

John Brown

A known black abolitionist, he first became known for a funded raid in Lawrence Kansas following the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Later, he lead an attack at Harpers Ferry (1859), and was hung after the consecutive trial. His greatest contribution to the abolitionist cause was his martyred death. Despite his questionable past, people supported the cause because of him.

Bicameral Legislature

A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Anti-Imperialist League

A league containing anti-imperialist groups; Isolationists. They fought against the McKinley administration's expansionist moves. Fought against Philippine annexation.

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the work force.

Revival Meeting

A meeting meant to revive interest in a religion

Regulator Movement

A movement in North Carolina where dissenters, mostly Scots-Irish, believed that tax money was being dealt unfairly

John Peter Zenger

A newspaper printer from New York, was arrested and tried for seditious libel for attacking the royal governor. He was acquitted with the help of his lawyer, Alexander Hamilton. This was a huge step for the freedom of the press.

Robert Fulton

A painter/ engineer who got financial backing to build a powerful steam engine (Clermont). Skeptics called it ''Fulton's Folly''. But in 1807 the boat made the 150 mile run from New York City up the Hudson River to Albany in 32 hours.

Great Awakening

A period of huge religious revival throughout the colonies, sparked by a few strong religious speakers, called the "new lights."

Antifederalists

A person who opposed the adoption of the United States Constitution.

Zebulon Pike

A pioneer who explored the Louisiana territory between 1805 - 1807. He explored Colorado, New Mexico, & Mississippi. He was a leader of the new land.

Boss Tweed

A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, and cheated the city out of more than $100 million

Whig Party

A political party that lasted from 1834 to 1860, formed to oppose the policies of President Andrew Jackson, The creation of the party signified the end of one party rule.

Corporation

A private group or institution to which the government grants legal rights to carry on certain specified activities

Chautauqua movement

Adult education through public lectures nationwide and home study

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

ring-shout

African American religious celebration where they gathered in a circle and praised God by singing, dancing, and shouting; origin of jazz

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Gullah

African-American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa

Quebec Act

After the French and Indian War, the English had claim the Quebec Region, a French speaking colony. Because of the cultural difference, English had a dilemma on what to do with the region. The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allow the French Colonist to go back freely to their own customs. The colonists have the right to have access to the Catholic religion freely. Also, it extended to Quebec Region north and south into the Ohio River Valley. This act created more tension between the colonists and the British which lead to the American Revolution.

Tariff of 1842

After two proposed protective tariffs, John Tyler approved this tariff which ended at a mildly-protective rate.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Hudson River school

American Artistic Movement that Produced Romantic Renditions of Local Landscapes

Clipper ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

Cyrus Field

American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.

Rhode Island

American colony that was home to the Newport slave market and many slave traders

John Marshall

Appointed by John Adams (1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians. (Served 30 days under Federalist administration and 34 years under the Jeffersonians and their successors) The Federalists died out but Marshall continued to hand down Federalist decisions. IMPORTANT ACT- Although he dismissed the Marbury suit ( 1801) to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England; he tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer; he was later executed by Parliament

"Black Belt"

Area of the south where most slaves were held, stretching from South Carolina across to Louisiana

panic of 1857

Aroused by inflation from the California Gold Rush, a reduced tariff, and distorted growth from the Crimean War in Europe, this panic produced more passion than economic crisis. The south was largely unaffected, thus further inflating their superior "Cotton Kingdom" feelings, and dividing the country.

Ostend Manifesto

As a resurgence of Manifest Destiny emerged, President Franklin Pierce supported this effort to gain Cuba. Created by three US ministers of Spain, France, and England, this manifesto declared fighting with Spain if it did not sell Cuba to the US for $120 million. It was a hated scheme in the North, and was promptly neglected.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

As part of the right of transit over the isthmus between Nicaragua and Panama, this treaty agreed that the United States and Britain would not monopolize the use of any waterways near the isthmus. It was signed in 1850.

Free Soil party

As the issue of slavery was largely ignored by both the Whigs and the Democrats in the 1848 presidential race, this party emerged with "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men" especially championing antislavery.

John Tyler

Ascending to presidency after William Henry Harrison's death, Tyler is famous for not having a political party, as he was removed from the Whigs after denying their proposal for another BUS.

Theodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of Navy, Rough Rider (helped him gain fame after San Juan Hill), instructed Commodore Dewey to attack Philippines becomes president

Wendell Phillips

Associate of William Lloyd Garrison, this man founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833

Joseph Pulizter

Author of Yellow Press. Wanted circulation aganist Hearst, yellow journalism

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Author of a novel about the early New England practice of requiring adulterers to wear the letter "A"

Thomas Jefferson

Author of an explanatory indictment, signed on July 4, 1776, that accused George III of establishing a military dictatorship

J.P. Morgan (1895)

Banker who bailed out the government during the Panic of 1893

Battle of Plattsburgh

Battle where Thomas McDonough defeated the British in the North

George II

Became king of England in 1727, the 13th colony (Georgia) was named after him

Industrial revolution

Began in the 1750's in Britain with a group of inventors perfecting textile machines. These British developments eventually found their way into American Industry. Factories were made to work with the South's raw textiles Industrialization started in the North because of its dense population, reliance of shipping, and its number of seaports The rapid rivers of the North also provided power for turning the cogs of machines The majority of the industrialization occurred between the 1790's and the 1860's

Twelfth Amendment

Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President

Visible Saints

Belief that only these should be admitted to church membership, but the Church of England enrolled all the king's subjects

Black Legend

Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good

Unitarians

Believe in a Unitary Deity, reject the Divinity of Christ, Emphasize the Inherent Goodness of All Mankind / Emphasized Free Will and the chance of salvation through good works.

Navigation Acts

Between late 1600s and the early 1700s, the British passed a series of laws to put pressure on the colonists (mostly tax laws). These laws are known as the Navigation Acts. Example: 1651- All goods must be shipped in colonial or English ships, and all imports to colonies must be on colonial or English ships or the ships of the producer. 1660- incorporation of law of 1651. it also enumerated articles, such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton, can only be exported to England from the colonies. 1663- a.k.a. the staple act of 1663- all imports to the colonies must go through England.

Bloody/Force Bill

Bill that says Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states. Is nullified by South Carolina.

David Walker

Black Abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves; wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World"; it called for a bloody end to white supremacy; believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt

General Burgoyne

Blundering British general whose sloe progress south from Canada ended in disaster at Saratoga

Freedom Dues

Bonus given to indentured servants at the end of their term: corn, clothes, and a little land sometimes

Cyrus McCormick

Born in Rockbridge County, Virginia on 1809, he was very interested in helping out the fellow farmer. In 1831, he revolutionized the farming industry by inventing the mechanical reaper. He later improved upon it and patented it in 1834.

Peninsula Campaign

Botched Union attempt to capture the capital Richmond by circumventing the Confederate army by sea.

US Steel Corporation (1901)

Bought from Carnegie by J.P morgan for 400 million, turned into the first billion dollar corp.

Benedict Arnold

Brilliant American general who invaded Canada, foiled Burgoyne's invasion, and then betrayed his country in 1780

Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass)

Captured in one long poem the exuberant and optimistic spirit of popular American democracy

Carnegie Libraries

Carnegie used his wealth to help found multiple libraries and educational advances (Library of Congress) public libraries

Lord Baltimore

Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers.

The Battle of Bunker Hill

Caused King George to proclaim the colonies in revolt and import Hessian troops to crush them

Panic of 1873

Caused by overindustrializaton, lack of investment in railroads, banks, etc., led to some Americans wanting cash money, but instead it was taken away

The trapping of Cornwallis between Washington's army and de Grasse's navy

Caused the British defeat at Yorktown and the collapse of North's Troy government

The collapse of the North ministry and the Whig takeover of the British Government

Caused the British to began peace negotiations in Paris

Charles Townshend

Charles Townshend was control of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonist were greatly against and was a near start for rebellions to take place.

Louis Sullivan

Chicago architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

Nez Perce/Chief Joseph (1877)

Chief Joseph led the Nez Perce on a three month trek across the Continental Divide toward Canada after U.S. authorities tried to herd them onto a reservation.

John Jay

Chief Justice of the United States; in 1794 George Washington sent him to negotiate a treaty with England

Powahatan

Chief of the Powhatan Indians- father of Pocahantas

Established Churches

Churches funded by taxes, such as the Anglican and Congregational churches

Ex parte Milligan

Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.

Orthodox

Classic or accepted

New Lights

Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion

Buffalo Bill Cody

Cody earned the nickname by killing 4,860 buffalo in eight months

Governor Berkeley

Colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge

Roanoke Island, NC

Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's.

South Carolina

Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations.

North Carolina

Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit".

Colonel Leonard Wood

Commander of the "Rough Riders"

General Nelson A. Miles

Commanding General of US Army in Spanish-American War, led invasion of Puerto Rico

New Harmony

Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana, by Robert Owen.

Ohio Fever

European immigrants bought large amounts of cheap west American land.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy.

Foraker Act (1900)

Congress gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and, in 1917, granted them U.S. citizenship

Cortes

Conqueror of the Aztecs.

Pizarro

Conqueror of the Incas.

Old Lights

Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening

Fourteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited States from taking away such rights without due process.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Alien and Sedition Acts

Contains four parts: 1. Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2. gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3. permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. 4. key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.

Constitutional Union party

Created as part of the separation of the Democratic Party, this group was made up of moderates and "graybeards" primarily concerned with preserving the Union - much like Clay, Webster, and Calhoun were. They put forth John Bell as their candidate in the election of 1860, but altogether failed, and allowed the Republicans to take office through their division.

Lecompton Constitution

Created in 1857 by the proslavery government in Kansas, this constitution was controversial because it provided for slavery no matter which way the people voted. It went against the popular sovereignty doctrine, and Stephen Douglas with many Democrats despised it, but President James Buchanan was for it.

Crittenden ammendments

Created in late 1860 by Kentucky Senator John Jordan Crittenden, these amendments were a last attempt at union after states began to secede. The main resolution of these amendments was to create a permanent N/S slavery line at the 36°30', but allowing for slavery through popular sovereignty in the North.

Samuel F. B. Morse

Created morse code for the use of the telegraph

James J. Hill

Created the great northern railroad. probably the greatest railroad builder of all, he saw his railroad building as a public duty. also did the southern pacific railroad, completed in 1884.

Freedmen's Bureau

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Created with help from Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, this commission trained nurses and provided medical supplies to the Union army.

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Daughters of a Prominent SC Slaveholder that were Antislavery; controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences; Womens' rights advocates as well

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Jefferson Davis

Declared President of the Confederacy, this experienced politician could not lead his states' righters with the same popularity and acute judgement as his counterpart, Abraham Lincoln.

Dominion of Canada

Declared by the British Parliament in 1867, this dominion was designed to unite Canada, and recognized it as its own nation on paper.

William Jennings Bryan

Democrat who supported silver money, Grant's oppostion to him split the Democratic party

Grover Cleveland

Democratic presidential candidate 1884, won election, laissez-faire, people should support the government, civil service reform withered under Democratic administration (Pendleton, etc.), planned to either lower high Civil War tariffs or use them for veterans, etc, which industry opposed

scalawags

Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.

William James

Developed modern psychology principles

Manila Harbor (May 1898)

Dewey defeated the ten Spanish ships guarding the Philippines; no American casualties; led to Dewey's prompt promotion to Admiral

Birching

Disciplining a child by being hit with a branch of a birch tree

Peter Cartwright

Dominant Preacher; Called sinners to repent / Converted Thousands

Powhatan's Confederacy

Dominate native people James River area when English came 1607, saw English as allies at first to extend power over Indian rivals

State Constitution

During the war, most states had their own const. to spell out the rights of citizens and set limits on the gvns. power.

American Temperance Society

Effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Royal African Company

First slave trade company; established 1672

Panic of 1837

Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Edwin L. Godkin (the Nation, 1865)

Editor of Nation; very influential and was read by intellectuals; civil reform

Edward Ballamy (Looking Backward, 1888)

Edward Bellamy, tells the story of a young man who wakes in 2000, how to solve a problem of rampant industrialization without control, utopian novel

Edward Braddock

Edward Braddock was a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Cause: Columbus's first encounter with the New World

Effect: A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases.

Cause: The slave codes of England's Barbados colony

Effect: Became the legal basis for slavery in North America.

Cause: Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl

Effect: Cortes' relatively easy conquest of the Aztecs.

Cause: Native Americans' lack of immunity to various diseases

Effect: Decline of 90% in the New World Indian population

Cause: The English victory over the Spanish Armada

Effect: Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes.

Cause: Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment

Effect: Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico

Cause: New sailing technology and desire for spices

Effect: European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia.

Cause: The Great Ice Age

Effect: Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America.

Cause: The enclosing of English pastures and crop land

Effect: Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere.

Cause: Franciscan friars' desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism

Effect: Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California.

Cause: Cultivation of Maize (corn)

Effect: Formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America

Cause: Gorgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks

Effect: Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time.

Cause: The English government's persecution of Roman Catholics

Effect: Led Lord Baltimore to establish Maryland.

Cause: The English law of primogeniture

Effect: Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization.

Cause: The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter run Virginia

Effect: Led to the founding of independent minded North Carolina.

Cause: Spanish conquest of larger quantities of New World gold and silver

Effect: Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing.

Cause: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands

Effect: Rapid expansion of the African slave trade

Cause: John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia

Effect: Whipped gold-hungry, nonworking colonists into line.

Cause: The introduction of tobacco

Effect: created the economic foundation for most of England's southern colonies.

Cause: Lord DeLa Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia

Effect: led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population.

Raleigh and Gilbert

Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies.

Dominion of New England

Embraced all of New England, New York, and Jersey; aimed at bolstering colonial defense in the event of an Indian War; designed to promote efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws

Royal African Company

English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Sea Dogs

English sea captains authorized to raid Spanish ships and towns.

William Pitt

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

Oliver Cromwell

Englishman; led the army to overthrow King Charles I and was successful in 1646. Cromwell ruled England in an almost democratic style until his death. His uprising drew English attention away from Jamestown and the other American colonies.

Treaty of Wanghia

Established in 1844, this treaty between the US and China gave the United States the "most favored nation" status, and increased trade greatly between the two nations. Although the original trade implications were not met, this treaty swung open the doors for American missionaries.

National Banking System

Established in 1863, this federal bank system allowed for a standard currency and further distribution of government bonds.

radical Republicans

Favored a harsher treatment of the South after the war, pushed for absolute equality for blacks.

moderate Republicans

Favored letting the south back slowly into the Union under Congress's rules.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states.

American Federation of Labor (1886)

Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor

Louisa May Alcott

Female Poet & Author / Wrote "Little Women".

Emily Dickinson

Female Poet whose poems included themes of Love, Nature, Death and Immortality.

Richard Henry Lee

Fiery Virginian and author of July 2, 1776, formally authorizing the colonies' independence

Millard Fillmore

Fillmore is the Vice President who became president in 1850 after Taylor's Death. He is known for signing the Compromise of 1850 promptly after entering office.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery.

Portugal

First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa.

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

House of Burgesses

First representative government in New World.

Joint-stock

Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures.

Non-Intercourse Act

Formally reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. A replacement of the Embargo Act. Made by the Republican Congress in an attempt to make England and France stop harassing the American ships and recognize the neutrality of America.

Republic of Liberia

Formed by the American Colonization Society in 1822 by Former Slaves on the West African coast; its population eventually comprised fifteen thousand freed blacks; its capital was named Monrovia, after President Monroe

peace democrats

Formed during the division of Democrats. They were against Lincoln.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1848; dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory

James Buchanan Duke

Formed the American Tabacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market

Ulyssess S. Grant

Former Union General, Republican presidential candidate 1868, supported by freedmen, for peace rather than Republican military Reconstruction, campaigned by waving the bloody shirt: Remind of Civil War to get votes

The Half-Way Covenant

Formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion

fort donnelson

Fort Donnellson was on the Cumberland River near Fort Henry. This was also part of Grant's first success as a commander. When asked for terms after the battle here, he said immediate and unconditional surrender.

Amelia Bloomer

Fought against the "Street Sweeping" female attire by wearing a short skirt with Turkish trousers.

Maryland

Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics.

Georgia

Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists.

St. Augustine

Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory

Mary Baker Eddy

Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

Robert Owen

Founder New Harmony colony

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.

XYZ affair

France and England start to seize American ships; starts an "unofficial war" btwn America and France; Causes the creation of 33 ships for a navy and ends long treaty with France

Denmark Vesey

Freed Slave & Insurrectionist in SC; Led an Uprising of Slaves; Captured and was Hanged; Slave Codes Strengthened

Napoleon Bonaparte

French Leader from 1799 to 1815. Was ambitious: wanted to dominate Europe and own US. Led France into Napoleonic Wars.

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)

Napoleon III

French leader during the Civil war, he captured Mexico City in 1863 as the US looked away, even placing Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor. The US was later able to defend its Monroe Doctrine, and remove the French from their Mexican hold.

Washington's Farewell Address

Given in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but was printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

Governor Berkeley

Governor whose refusal to respond to First American attacks led to Bacon's Rebellion

Cold Harbor

Grant ordered a frontal assault on this area. Several thousands of Union troops were wounded in several minutes

vicksburg

Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union

Shakers

Group that emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy

Richard Olney

Grover Cleveland's Secretary of State who blasted the British with a note on how they violated the Monroe Doctrine.

Lyman Beecher

Had 13 kids; thought alcohol was the biggest threat to society; early temperance group Connecticut Society for the Reformation of Morals 1825; inspired temperance movement not just against drunkenness

Election of 1876

Hayes(Republican) vs. Tilden(Democrat), Louisiana, FL, and SC send in Republican and Democrat votes to tie the election so the outcome would depend on the counter's party, resolved by the Compromise of 1877 with Hayes winning the election which also resulted in less racial equality under the Republicans

Preston S. Brooks

He publicly caned Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner in 1856 for his offensive and provocative speech about Kansas/slavery/South Carolina. Never receiving punishment, many people who supported his ideals gave him new canes to replace the one he broke. This man was a South Carolinian Senator.

McKinley's War Message (April 1898)

He urged that America use armed intervention to free the oppressed Cubans from Spanish misrule; essentially a declaration of war

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

George McClellan

He was a Union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. He defeated Lee, at Antietam, securing a much needed Union victory. Fired by Lincoln, overly cautious.

Eli Whitney

He was a mechanical genius that graduated from Yale.While in Georgia he was told that the South would make a lot of money if someone could invent a machine to separate the seed from cotton. In 1793, within ten days of being told this, Whitney had constructed a rough machine fifty times more effective than the handpicking process.

Citizen Genet

He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution.

Lucretia Mott

Leader of the women's rights movement. Quaker whose anger emerged when she and her female delegates were not recognized at the London antislavery convention.

James Buchanan

He was the president after Bleeding Kansas, and was elected as an unstained politician from the Democratic Party in 1856. Insignificant overall, the most offensive thing he did was support the Lecompton Constitution of 1857, which prevented him from receiving the Democratic nomination in 1860.

Alexander Stephens

He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.

Oliver O. Howard

Head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency for free blacks. Later founded and served as President of Howard University in Washington D.C.

Pacific Railroad Act

Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds.

Henry George (Progress and Poverty, 1879)

Henry George; critical appraisal of American society in 1880s and beyond, jolted traditional thought; land formed basis of wealth

Henry Hudson

Hired by the Dutch East India co., ventured into Delaware/NY Bay; filed a Dutch claim to a wooded/watered area

Walt Whitman

His Poems were Very Romantic & Emotional. wrote "Leaves of Grass" / Poet of the Civil War

Almshouses

Houses designated to aid the widows and orphans of Philadelphia and New York

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor. A laborer bound to unpaid service to a master for a fixed term, in exchange for benefits such as transportation, tools, and clothes

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, Bacon, a young planter led a rebellion against people who were friendly to the Indians. In the process he torched Jamestown, Virginia and was murdered by Indians

Savannah Indians

In 1707 ended their alliance with the Carolinians and would have migrated to the backcountry of Maryland and Pennsylvania, but before they could leave were annihilated by the Indian tribes of coastal Carolina

Stamp Act

In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, requiring the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on many of the documents essential to their lives. These documents included deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs. The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed the Stamp Act Congress, and boycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, a major victory for colonists.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader of the women's rights movement. shocked feminists by supporting suffrage for women.

Declaratory Act

In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It is important in history because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act.

Townshend Acts

In 1767 "Champagne Charley" Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts. These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Louisiana Purchase Treaty

In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the to Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

In Colorado, gold miners and Indians got in each others' way and they fought. Chivington killed over 400 Indians that surrendered.

Freeport Doctrine

In answer to the Freeport question, Stephen A. Douglas said that slavery would stop spreading, and stay out of territories if the people voted that way - no matter what the Courts said.

Seventh of March speech

In the Congressional debates leading up to the Compromise of 1850, Daniel Webster delivered this famous speech. He emphasized compromise and preservation of the Union in an effective way supported by the North and the South. More 100,000 copies were distributed to further the support.

Pontiac

Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763; the Proclamation angered the colonists.

Pocahontas

Indian princess, daughter of Powhatan; friend to Jamestown settlers, because of her influence, helped save the colony of Jamestown; married John Rolfe which led to a time of peace between the English and the Indians

2nd Anglo-Powhatan War

Indians last effort to dislodge Virginians, they were defeated. Peace treaty of 1646 stopped any hope of creating native peoples into Virginia society or peace with coexisting.

Cotton Mather

Influential New England Puritan minister, notable for his role in the Salem witch trials. He believed witchcraft existed, and it was affiliated with abominations.

Jefferson's Declaration of Independence

Inspired universal awareness of the American Revolution as a fight for the belief that "all men are created equal"

Fervid

Intensely emotional

Deganawidah and Hiawatha

Iroquois leaders who told warring Iroquois groups to stop fighting; co-founders of Iroquois Confederacy

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

It gave Russian claims on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America south of parallel 54°40′ north over what Americans know as the Oregon Country to the United States.

John Cabot

Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498

Columbus

Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent.

Interlocking directorates

J.P Morgan placed his own men on boards of directors of rival competitors

Revolution of 1828

Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828)

George Rogers Clark

Leader whose small force conquered key British forts in the west

William Lloyd Garrison

January 1st, 1831, he published the first edition of "The Liberator" triggering a 30-year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the Civil War

Judicial review

Jefferson tried to give the rights to the states in the Kentucky resolutions, but his cousin, John Marshall of the Supreme Court, proposed which gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional. accepted as a result of the famous case of Marbury v. Madison

Abigail Adams

John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women

Harpers Ferry

John Brown lead this secretive assault on a US arsenal in Virginia. His plan was to arm the slaves and create a black free state, but this never happened because the slaves were not informed. He ended up killing 7 people, and injuring others, and was later hung for his crime, and made a martyr for the abolitionist cause.

Standard Oil Trust

John D Rockefeller's corporation that controled over 90% of the nation's oil and bribed politicians for favors.

John Smith

John Smith took over the leadership role of the English Jamestown settlement in 1608. Most people in the settlement at the time were only there for personal gain and did not want to help strengthen the settlement. Smith therefore told the people, "people who do not work do not eat." His leadership saved the Jamestown settlement from collapsing.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Gilded Age

Joke name for the 30 years after the Civil War when dominating political parties shifted a lot, highest ever numbers of voters

Yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Crispus Attucks

Killed in Boston Massacre, black laborer, only African-American person killed in Boston Massacre

Henry VIII

King of England that broke his ties with the RCC and became head of the English Church

James I

King of England, Head of State & Church, Threatened to Harass Separatists

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Roger B. Taney

Known for the Dred Scott v. Stanford trial of 1857, this chief justice was a Democrat who was fiercely proslavery, and made sweeping decisions about the issue.

Dred Scott

Known for the Dred Scott v. Stanford trial, this slave sued his master for freedom after he had been living in captivity in a free territory for over 5 years.

Indentured Servant

Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America

gettysburg

Last chance for confederacy. The union won and Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address which said that all men were created equal (turning point in war)

Salem Witch Trials

Late seventeenth century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige

Fundamental Law

Laws of such basic and lasting importance that they shouldn't be as easily changed as normal laws can be

Black Codes

Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.

Jim Crow

Laws segregating blacks in the South brought in by the Redeemers, literacy tests for voting, etc.

Slave Codes

Laws that defined the harsh treatment of slaves

Headright System

Maryland and Virginia's system of gaining land to anyone who would pay transatlantic passage for laborers. A way to attract immigrants; gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid their way and/or any plantation owner that paid an immigrant,s way; mainly a system in the southern colonies of a laborer

Act of Toleration

Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists.

Great Puritan Migration

Mass flight by religious dissidents from the persecutions of Archbishop Laud and Charles I

George Whitefield

Masterful orator, rekindled the religiousness of the colonies during the Great Awakening. He was a leader of the "new lights"

Naval Stores

Materials used to build and maintain ships, such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine

Mark Hanna

Mckinley's campaign manager

Agrarian

Means having to do with agriculture.the farmers and plantation owners of the south. This was the society that Jefferson wanted to see become the future of America. He appreciated the many virtuous and beneficial characteristics.

The Gag Resolution

Meant that Congress refused to hear petitions related to slavery and the slave trade, and all such petitions were tabled for about a decade; Americans revolted against this, claiming they had the right to petition Congress and that the law attacked their fundamental constitutional rights

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Pilgrims

Most famous group of Separatists who wanted to leave Holland because they feared "Dutchification" of their children; left on the Mayflower and settled on Plymouth Bay

William T. Johnson

Mulatto free slave who owned slaves himself; known as the "Barber of Natchez"

"Cottonocracy"

Name for Wealthy Planters who made their money from cotton in the mid-1800s

Bleeding Kansas

Named for the miniature popular sovereignty civil war within this state that occurred before thoughts of a national civil war were conceived.

Dred Scott v. Stanford

Named for the slave who sued, this Supreme Court case ruled that all slaves are property and can therefore be taken into any state or territory - slave or free - based on the 5th amendment. The Missouri Compromise in 1820 was also ruled unconstitutional by Roger B. Taney (Chief Justice) and the court.

NAACP (1910)

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Yellowstone (1872) and Yosemite (1890)

National Parks

Squanto

Native American kidnapped by European explorer at a young age, comes back to American and finds Jamestown settlers; helped with relations between Indians and English

Sioux

Native American tribe of the northern plains (Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana) who resisted white expansion

John J. Audubon

Naturalist whose "Birds of America" gained popularity. Audubon Society was named after him.

John D. Long

Navy secretary whose absence resulted in the descent of American troops on the Philippines.

William Penn

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Walter Rauschenbusch

New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania; fertile soil; many rivers; fur trade and lumber industry; also known as "Bread" Colonies

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

Buffalo Soldiers

Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s

John Hancock

Nicknamed "King of the Smugglers" ; He was a wealthy Massachusetts merchant in 1776 who was important in persuading the American colonies to declare their independence from England. He was the ring leader in the plot to store gunpowder which resulted in the battles in Lexington and Concord. These battles began the American Revolution.

Dey of Algiers

North African leader who took advantage of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation to attack American shipping.

Northern "Wage Slaves"

Northern factory workers whose livelihood depended on wages; worked in sweatshops; low social status and under the threat of starvation and poverty

The "New South"

Not all white southerners revered the lost cause. Many looked to the future rather tha the past. They attempted to modernize the South's economy and to disversify southern agriculture. They encouraged northern investment and the building of new railroads to tie the south into national and internaltional markets. Rather than a lost cause, these southerners looked to a new south

Secular

Not church-affiliated

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross

Blue Blood

Of noble or upper-class descent

Samuel Adams

Often called the "Penman of the Revolution" He was a Master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion. Though very weak and feeble in appearance, he was a strong politician and leader that was very aware and sensitive to the rights of the colonists. He organized the local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts, starting with Boston in 1772. These committees were designed to oppose British policy forced on the colonists by spreading propaganda.

Tippecanoe

Ohio village invaded by William Henry Harrison.Found British gunpowder in village. Warhawks now have an excuse to declare war. War of 1812 is declared.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

One of Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell

Benjamin Franklin

One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He was also the author of Poor Richard's Almanac.

Oneida Community

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love", birth control, and eugenics.

Pro Bono Publico

One of the pseudonyms used by newspaper columnists on the eve of the Revolution, meaning "For the Public Good"

Lord Cornbury

One of the worst colonial governors, was a cousin of Queen Anne, who made him governor of New York and New Jersey.

Padrone System

Or labor boss, met immigrants upon arrival and secured jobs for them in New York, Chicago, or wherever there was an immediate demand for industrial labor.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Organization started by William Lloyd Garrison whose members wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for African Americans.

Royal African Company

Organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to free-enterprise expansion of the business

Labor unions

Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

Force Acts

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

Wade-Davis Bill

Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent plan", it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.

Quarter Act

Passed by George Grenville, to ensure that soldiers, if needed, are cared for and quartered in the colonists homes. This angered colonists.

Reconstruction Act

Passed by the newly-elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.

Civil Rights Bill

Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.

carpetbaggers

Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

Glorious Revolution

People of old England dethroned James II and enthroned William and Mary; caused Dominion of New England collapsed

Non Conformists

People who wanted to have a different church than the Church of England, but stayed to fight for their religion rather than leave like the Separatists

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church, from the Church of England, and left to solve this issue

Matthew C. Perry

Perry was sent to Japan in 1854 and secured the Treaty of Kanagawa.

Mestizos

Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry.

Nathaniel Bacon

Person who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersman on a rampage against Indians and colonial government

Squatter

Person who settles on land without title or right: Early settlers in NC became squatters when they put their small farms on the new land. Raised tobacco on the land that they claimed & Tobacco later became a major cash crop for NC

Anthony Comstock

Persuaded Congress in 1873 to pass the "Comstock Law" which prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material and photographs.

Salem Witch Trials

Phenomena started by accusations of adolescent girls that ended in deaths of 20 people

"Sold Down River"

Phrase used to describe a slave that was sold away from their plantation and family - usually to the deep south

Bradford

Pilgrim leader; self-taught scholar; chosen governor thirty times in the annual elections

"Pittsburgh Plus" Pricing

Pittsburgh steel lords forced railroad to give same fee to Birmingham, AL even though Birmingham would be shipping a shorter distance.

Nonimportation Agreement

Pledges to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad.

Henry David Thoreau

Poet & Transcendentalist that refused to pay his Massachusetts poll tax. His writings encouraged Mahatma Gandhi to resist British rule in India / Later MLK, Jr.

Patronage

Policy of giving people federal jobs in exchange for a vote, big in both political parties

Liberty Party

Political Party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's; party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means; party split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade

People's Party (1890s)

Political party created by farmers' organizations (Grange, other alliances). 8 hour work day/goverment regulation of utilities/direct election of senators/and bi-metallic monetary system/supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads.

Greenback Labor Party (1878)

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Populists

Political party for inflation, federally controlled railroads, phones, etc, direct Senator elections, 1-term presidencies, immigration restrictions, frustrated workers/farmers, opposed by Southerners, never had enough votes to win the presidency

Squatters

Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work, juvenile fiction

Seward's Folly

Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War.

Homestead Strike

Populist, steelworkers who were mad about pay cuts, violent, broken up by military

Dias and DaGama

Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery.

Montezuma

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

John Wesley

Powerful evangelists of the Great Awakening. The helped spread the message of the revival and founded Methodism. With George Whitefield, he visited Georgia and other colonies in the 1730s.

Charles Grandison Finney

Preacher that attracted huge crowds who were attentive to his chapels. Condemned Alcohol & Slavery.

William Marbury

President Adams named him a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. sued James Madison when he learned his appointment would never take place.

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe's statement in 1823 forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility

Dawes Severality Act (1887)

Property divided their land and sold their land to Native Americans. No longer communal and private property couldn't be sold for 25 years. Native Americans owned less land Education was funded. Took children away from family. Took Native Americans children away from family to make them civilized. This Act impoverished them and destroyed culture. Attacked tribal organization

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice & organization

Lyceum

Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy.

Doctrine of a Calling

Puritan belief that they are Responsible to do God's Work on Earth

John Cotton

Puritan educated at Cambridge; went to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England; devoted himself to defending the government's duty to enforce religious rules

General Court

Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

Elizabeth I

Queen in the 1570s when Britain began interest in New World. She never made a major commitment to colonization. Full scale attempts at colonies didn't happen until after her death in 1603. Private enterprise more important than royal support.

Charles Sumner

Radical Republican, favored total equality for blacks (also got caned earlier).

Time Zones (1883)

Railroad companies set 'time zones' for more efficiency. Previously, towns set their own clocks- usually 1 clock tower in town, but nearly all towns adopted new time zones. S: Demonstrated the Power railroads had over society at the time

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Railroad company bribed Congressmen to ignore their corrupt ways, caught

Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad

Railroads that connected the Southwest deserts to California

Freeport question

Raised during the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, this question asks whether the people or the government will prevail on the issue of slavery in the territories (this was referencing the recent Dred Scott decision). Douglas, a believer in popular sovereignty, declared that the people would win.

The American Scholar

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

Great Northern Railroad (1893)

Ran from Duluth to Seattle and was the creation of James J. Hill, probably the greatest railroad builder of all.

Southern Pacific Railroad (1884)

Ran from New Orleans to San Francisco

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican presidential candidate 1876

James A. Garfield+Chester A. Arthur

Republican presidential+vice presidential candidates 1880, president was assassinated Sept. 19, 1881 so people in VP's faction could get federal jobs, revived spoils system

Benjamin Harrison

Republican who won presidential election of 1888, he and Thomas B. Reed, the Republican Speaker of the House, raised taxes and used the money to pay Civil War veterans

Tenure of Office Act

Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.

Compromise of 1877

Resolved deadlock election of 1876, gave Hayes(Republican) the presidency in exchange for ending military Reconstruction, no military reconstruction resulted in almost no civil rights in the South

Schisms

Rifts in belief between two opposing parties

Jamestown

Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony.

Robert de La Salle

Robert de La Salle was responsible for naming Louisiana. He was the first European to float down the Mississippi river to the tip from Canada and upon seeing the beautiful river valley named Louisiana after his king Louis XIV in 1682.

John Rolfe

Rolfe was an Englishman who became a colonist in the early settlement of Virginia. He is best known as the man who married the Native American, Pocahontas and took her to his homeland of England. Rolfe was also the savior of the Virginia colony by perfecting the tobacco industry in North America. Rolfe died in 1622, during one of many Indian attacks on the colony.

Royal Charter

Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens

Charter

Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens.

Grandfather Clause

Said blacks in the South could only vote if their ancestors voted in the election of 1860, which deprived blacks of all suffrage since blacks were all slaves in 1860 and none voted

Roger Williams

Salem minister who challenged the legality of the Bay Colony's charter, condemned for not compensating the Indians; denied civil authority to regulate religious behavior; built a Baptist church and complete religious freedom

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one. This is another example of the colonies breaking away from Europe to become Americans.

Marbury v. Madison

Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review.

Knights of Labor (1869)

Secret society and labor union open to all workers-skilled, unskilled, men, women, blacks. Wanted to change society but was not involved in politics so they didn't allow any bankers or lawyers

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Elihu Root

Secretary of war, founded the War college

Frederick Douglass

Self-Educated Slave; Escaped in 1838; Became best-known Abolitionist Speaker; Edited "the North Star"

Stephen A. Douglas

Senator of Illinois, he created the popular sovereignty doctrine, and stuck with it through the rocky Kansas-Nebraska Act, and beyond. This ultimately made him a less desirable presidential candidate for the Democrats as a whole, and was the figure for disunity and dissolving of the party.

Daniel WEbster

Senator who, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency

Philip II

Supporter of Catholic Church, increased power for Spain with riches from the Americas, Absolute Monarchy, Divine Right.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Ct. ruled that a private corporation could not be altered by the state.

sharecropping

System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farm workers in return for a portion of their crops, fate for many freed slaves.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Baron von Stueben

Taught Americans how to use their muskets properly at valley forge

"normal" schools

Teacher training school

armed neutrality

Term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain.

"Black Ivory"

Term used for Slaves because they were so valuable

Middle Passage

That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas

Popery

The fear that the pope would send representatives and bring Catholicism back to the colonies, leading to the eradication of "Catholic" holidays, such as Christmas.

Pequot War

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Canada

The British colony that Americans invaded in hopes of adding it to the rebellious thirteen

Yorktown

The British defeat that led to the fall of North's government and the end of the war

Opium War

The British fought this war with China to win the right to sell opium in their country. At the conclusion of this war in 1842, Britain also gained access to 5 treaty ports, and full control over Hong Kong. This threatened the already prosperous trade between the US and China.

Sally Tompkins

The Confederate counterpart of Clara Barton, she ran a hospital in Richmond during the Civil War, and was even given the title of Captain by Jefferson Davis for her work.

Apache/Geronimo

The Fierce Apache Tribes of Arizona and New Mexico were lead by Geronimo, they were pursued into Mexico by Federal troops scattered remnants of the warriors were finally persuaded to surrender after Apache women had been exiled to Florida; the Apaches ultimately became successful farmers in Oklahoma

Roosevelt's Rough Riders"

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Huguenots

The Huguenots were a groups of French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629. Protestantism was introduced into France between 1520 and 1523, and the principles were accepted by many members of the nobility, the intellectual classes, and the middle class. At first the new religious group was royally protected, but toward the end of the reign of King Francis I they were persecuted. Nevertheless, they continued to grow.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allowed for popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska above the previous 36° 30' line. This aroused fierce antislavery sentiment, which created the hodgepodge, purely sectional Republican Party.

Aroostook War

The Maine boundary dispute brought about this small lumberjack war in northern Maine. This issue was later resolved with a treaty in 1842.

Sugar Act

The Sugar Act was the first law ever passed by Parliament. The act was put in place for raising revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duties on foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies. After protests from the colonists, the duties were lowered.

Charles Frances Adams

The US minister to Britain during the Civil War, he helped to prevent the Laird rams of 1863 from reaching America, along with other commerce-raiders.

Chesapeake

The VA / MD Bay area that was the site of the earliest colonial settlement.

John C. Breckenridge

The Vice President of the United States under James Buchanan, he became the Southern Democrat's nominee in the 1860 election, and represented the sectional divide in the party.

greenbacks

The Washington Treasury first issued this green-backed paper money during the Civil War. This currency was victim to inflation, and decreased in value as the war wore on.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Stratification

The arrangement of classes in social structure

Meetinghouse

The basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs

Social Structure

The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society

Continental Congress

The body that chose George Washington commander of the Continental Army

Richmond

The capital of the Confederacy

The "Big Four"

The chief financial backers of the enterprise, The Central Pacific Railroad, including ex-governor Stanford who got money but was clean by refusing bribes from Congressmen

Anglican

The church body most closely linked with Tory sentiment, except in Virginia

Seditious Libel

The crime of openly criticizing a public official

Saratoga

The decisive early battle of the American Revolution that led to the alliance with France

Declaration of Independence

The document that provided a lengthy explanation and justification of Richard Henry Lee's resolution that was passed by Congress on July 2, 1776

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Whigs (1)

The term by which the Americans Patriots were commonly known, to distinguish them from the American "Tories"

Trail of Tears

The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their home land to indian territory between 1838 and 1839, thousands of cherokees died.

Strikes

The unions' method for having their demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It is a very effective form of attack.

Mississippi River

The western boundary of the United States established in the Treaty of Paris

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Lewis and Clark

Their exploring lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration.

"American Slavery As It Is"

Theodore Dwight Weld's powerful antislavery book

Calvinism

Theology of John Calvin & his followers emphasizing Omnipotence of God and Salvation by Grace Alone

Predestination

Theory introduced by Calvin stating that some are chosen for heaven and some for hell before they are born

Virtual Representation

Theory that claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament.

Conscience Whigs

These fierce antislavery Whigs denounced the Mexican-American war on moral grounds and delayed the approval for the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

New York draft riots

These riots arose after official Federal conscription in 1863. Mainly poor antiblack Irish Americans were involved; they lynched and killed many people in New York.

Border States

These states include Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware, who all remained part of the Union throughout the Civil War, despite them being slave states.

why were african americans critical in the civil war

They accounted for many of the troops during the war.

Seminole Indians

They lived in Florida as runaways from other tribes. They waged a seven years war against the Americans to try and remain in the east instead of being forcibly removed to the west.

Boston Associates

They were a group of Boston families who joined to form one of the earliest and most powerful joint-capital ventures. They eventually came to dominate the textile industry, the railroad, insurance, and banking business' in all of Massachusetts.

What was questionable about the Blockade practices of the north?

They were going in to the technically succeeded south and messing with their supplies.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

This Act reversed previous Indian policy by guaranteeing religious freedom and tribal self-government and providing economic assistance.

Maximilian

This Austrian archduke was crowned emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III of France in 1863. He later cowered before a firing squad and freely surrendered his power to the Mexicans.

William Jennings Bryan

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s

Caroline

This US ship was attacked on the Niagara River by Britain in 1837 because it carried supplies meant for rebels in Canada. It brought about more serious tension than the travel magazines and "word wars" at the time.

Creole

This US ship was captured by Virginia slaves who were later given refuge by Britain in 1841 to the Bahamas. This also heightened tensions in the US - especially with the slave south.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

This abolitionist organization funded over 2,000 people entering Kansas to make it a free territory. The people were given weapons ("Beecher's Bibles") along with the money.

Trent affair

This affair involved a Union ship taking two confederates as prisoners from the British vessel Trent, off the coast of Cuba in 1861. London threatened to insert themselves in the war after this, and Lincoln shrewdly returned the two confederates.

Liberty Party

This antislavery party, obsessed with preventing the annexation with Texas, is known for absorbing 16,000 votes in New York that would have swayed the election in Henry Clay's favor in 1844.

Compromise of 1850

This compromise preserved the Union by giving the North and South things they wanted for/against slavery. The South gained the Fugitive Slave Law, popular sovereignty in the ceded territory, and $10 million for Texas. The North got a free California, the disputed land for New Mexico, and abolition of the slave trade in DC.

California gold rush

This describes the influx of tens of thousands of people to California after the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848. Dubbed the "forty-niners" these people were hoping to strike it rich and gain incredible wealth.

John C. Fremont

This explorer and captain helped to overthrow the Mexican government in California in 1846.

Wilmot Proviso

This famous proposal, by congressmen David Wilmot, declared that slavery should never enter the territory that would be acquired from Mexico after the War. Although this was never a law, it defined the slavery issue at the time and was hotly debated and referenced until the Civil War.

Fort Sumter

This federal fort near Charleston, South Carolina hosted the beginning of the Civil War. When the North was "provisioning" the fort, the Southern troops shot at and captured it in April of 1861. This aroused the North, who then drafted fresh troops. The South responded to the draft with more secession - 11 states in total.

California Bear Flag Republic

This flag was briefly flown before the overthrow of Mexican rule in California in 1846.

Winfield Scott

This general was brought in after Zachary Taylor to

popular sovreignty

This idea was employed with the territory of Mexican Cession. It says that the people in a territory decide the status of slavery.

"No taxation without representation"

This is a theory of popular government that developed in England. This doctrine was used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act of 1765. The colonists declared that they had no one representing them in Parliament, so Parliament had no right to tax them. England continued to tax the colonists causing them to deny Parliament's authority completely. Thus, the colonists began to consider their own political independence. This eventually led to revolutionary consequences.

Fugitive Slave Law

This law accompanied the Compromise of 1850. It was widely ignored by the North, and served to increase the abolitionist sentiment, contrary to what the South had wanted.

writ of habeas corpus

This legality demands that a court will see the arrested person and determine whether they will remain in custody or be released. It was suspended by Abraham Lincoln at the beginning of the Civil War in order to quickly suppress Anti-Unionists.

Homestead Act

This legislation created in 1862 brought over 300,000 to the West during the Civil War. It provided free land to citizens who had never militarily acted against the government.

Underground Railroad

This network of informal "stations" (antislavery homes) running from North to South, aided in freeing many "passengers" (runaway slaves) during its existence. Although most freed slaves did so based on buying their way out, this network was significant and angered the South because of the refusal to obey the Fugitive Slave law from the Compromise of 1850.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Gadsden Purchase

This purchase gained land from Mexico on a $10 million offer, in hopes that the transcontinental railroad would be built in the South. The purchase was made in 1853.

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

This slogan represents the expansionist claims that desired all of the Oregon Territory up to 54° 40' line below Alaska. It was coined after the presidential race where it was significant for James Polk's election.

West Virginia

This state of "mountain whites" split from Virginia in 1863 to become their own free state and join the Union.

Proclamation of 1763

This was an English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. This caused the first major revolt against the British.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Shiloh

This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.

Boston Port Act

This was one of the Coercive Acts, which shut down Boston Harbor until Boston repaid the East India Company for the lost tea.

Confederate States of America

This was the nation comprised of all states that seceded from the Union after 1860. At its peak, the Confederacy contained 11 states' membership.

War of Spanish Succession

This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V

Clara Barton

This woman, a passionate supervisor of nurses for the Union army, helped to create a respected profession out of nursing, along with Dorothea Dix. This opened up another career for women postwar.

Gustavus Swift/ Philip Armour

Titans of the meat industry

Boycott

To abstain from using, buying, or dealing with; happens all of the time everywhere all over the world; labor unions, consumer groups, countries boycott products to force a company or government to change its politics.

Mobocracy

To be ruled by a mob. An example of people who used this method would be the American colonists. When England would impose taxes and acts, such as the Stamp Act, the colonists would become angered and protest it by forming mobs and doing such things as ransacking houses and stealing the money of stamp agents. The Stamp Act was eventually nullified because all the stamp agents had been forced to resign leaving no one to uphold it. This is an example of Mobocracy.

Veto

To reject

Disfranchise

To take away the right to vote

Describe the Grand Strategy of the north for winning the war

Total war, and devastating the south by burning down city's and cutting off supplies. Also by having a superior economy and government.

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal.

Ku Klux Klan

White paramilitary organization whose members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.

Convention at Seneca Falls

Women met to discuss Women's Rights in 1848

Lucy Stone

Women's Rights Crusader; Kept her Maiden Name after Marriage/ Early Feminist / Supporters were "Stoners"

Gibson Girl

Women's magazine promoting an independent and athletic woman.

Woman's Loyal League

Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment to prohibiting slavery.

Carrie Chapman Cat

Women's suffrage leader (NAWSA) linked traditional women's role to lack of vote

The Patriot militia's political education and recruitment

Won neutral or pathetic Americans over to the Patriot cause

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of Calvinism

Pullman Strike (1894)

Workers rebelled because the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages by 1/3 and the American Federation of Labor refused to support the strikers. Military action was needed in order to keep mail delivery on track.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, this novel embodied the moral wrongness of slavery, and was sold in millions of copy in the United States and worldwide. This book, which was published in 1852, was said to be "the book that made this great war".

Age of Reason

Written by Thomas Paine. Declared that all churches "were set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit".

Herman Melville

Wrote "Moby Dick".

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Wrote "The Scarlet Letter" & "The Marble Faun".

Gordon Wood

Wrote 'Creation of the American Republic' (1969); saw the ratification controversy as a struggle to define the true essence of republicanism.

Theodore Dreiser (Sister Carrie, 1900)

Wrote Sister Carrie which traces the downward journey of an innocent country girl who is corrupted by urban pleasures and becomes a prostitute. United States novelist (1871-1945), wrote novels depicting workers as being brutalized by greedy business owners

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852; it persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery

Boston Tea Party

a 1773 protest in which colonists dressed as Indians dumped British tea into Boston harbor

Anti-Masonic Party

a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party

First Continental Congress

a convention and a consultative body that met for seven weeks, from September 5 to October 26, 1774, in Philadelphia; it was the American's response to the Intolerable Acts; considered ways of redressing colonial grievances; all colonies except Georgia sent 55 distinguished men in all; John Adams persuaded his colleagues toward revolution; they wrote a Declaration of Rights and appeals to British American colonies, the king, and British people; created the Association which called for a complete boycott of English goods; the Association was the closet thing to a written constitution until the

deflation

a decrease in the general level of prices

Succotash

a dish served at the first Thanksgiving made of lima beans and corn

Dr. Walter Reed

a doctor who made an outstanding contribution to the health of people in tropical climates around the world (such as Cuba and the Philippines which the US now occupy) by proving that yellow fever was carried by Mosquitoes, leading to the effective control of tropical diseases

George McClellan

a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Tariff

a government tax on imports or exports

Embargo Act

a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men.

Orders in Council

a law passed by the English Parliament in 1793.The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies. American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy. This lead to the War of 1812.

Cotton gin

a machine that would separate the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber that was fifty times more effective than the handpicking process. It was constructed by Eli Whitney. It was developed in 1793 in Georgia.

Bank of the United States

a national bank funded by the federal government and wealthy investors

"Dumbbell" tenements

a new form of housing that was developed in the early 1900's it was designed as a dumbbell and had more apartments for more families and shared restrooms <these tenements were fire hazards, waste and disease>

"Midnight judges"

a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms

Nativism

a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones, the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners

Isolationism

a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Daniel Shays

a radical veteran of the Revolution. He led a rebellion. He felt he was fighting against a tyranny. He was sentenced to death but was later pardoned.

Carrie Nation

a radical,violent temperance supporter whose husband died from heavy drinking

"cash" crops

a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)

Aaron Burr

a running mate with Thomas Jefferson. They tied for the presidency. Jefferson won the run off. killed Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel. He was tried and acquitted for treason involving a plan to separate the US and combine with Spain

"Molly Maguires"

a society fo irish miners who engaged in a violent confrontation with pennsylvania mining companies in the 19th century

How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?

destroyed everything in his way and cut off supplies making many starve.

Samuel Chase

a strong supporter of the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. A lawyer by profession, in 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials.

protective tariff

a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition

Excise tax

a tax on the manufacturing of an item. Helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers (Whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.

Jay's Treaty

a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians.was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.

Vaudeville

a variety show with songs and comic acts etc.

The Elect

according to Calvin, those who are destined for eternal bliss

Freemen

adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations

Judiciary Act of 1801

allowed the president, then President Adams, would stay up until midnight signing in new federal judges across the nation. It allowed the Federalists to still maintain power in the nation after they were a minority party in congress.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States. He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Humphrey Gilbert

an English courtier whose interest in a Northwest Passage through North America to the Orient led him to an unsuccessful attempt to found an English colony in Newfoundland in the early 1580s. He was lost at sea on the return voyage.

Ancient Order of Hiberians

an Irish-Catholic fraternal organization, original purpose in the United States was to assist Irish Catholic immigrants, especially those who faced discrimination or harsh coal mining working conditions. Many members had a Molly Maguire background.

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

monitor

an iron-clad vessel built by Federal forces to do battle with the Merrimac

merrimac

an iron-clad vessel built by the Confederate forces in the hope of breaking the blockade imposed by the North

Proprieter

an owner or owner-manage of land granted by the king used to refer to one of the lords propieter, who were granted carolina by king charles II

Trust

any large-scale business combination

Iroquois

any member of the warlike North American Indian peoples formerly living in New York state

Fletcher v. Peck

arose with a GA legistlatire was swayed by bribary granted 35 million acres in the yazoo river country to private speculators, legislature cancelled it, said constitution forbid state laws imparing contracts

Columbian Exposition (Chicago 1893)

art show

Describe general grant as a man and a general?

as a general he was ruthless, creating a new war strategy that killed everything in his way.

McCulloch v. Maryland

attempt by maryland to destory a brach of the bank of the US by imposing a tax on its notes, most famous marshall decison..no national bank, upheld bank rights to exist and be free from taxes

Land Act of 1820

authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money

French Revolution

began in 1789 with some nonviolent restrictions on the king, but became more hostile in 1792 when France declared war on Austria. Seeking help from America, the French pointed to the Franco-American alliance of 1778. Not wanting to get involved for fear of damage to the trade business, Washington gave the Neutrality Proclamation, which made America neutral.

WEB Du Bois

believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; (social equality) founder of NAACP

Ignatius Donnelley and Mary Lease

big populist supporters

Robert Livingston

bought New Orleans and all the French territory west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon for 15 million dollars. He was only supposed to negotiate for a small part of New Orleans for 10 million so Jefferson was upset when he heard about Livingston's deal.

"Gentleman Jim" Corbett

boxer

Horace Mann

campaigned for better schools, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers and an enlarged curriculum.

Dorothea Dix

did reports on insanity and asylums. treated the mentally ill.

1st Anglo-Powhatan War

declared by Lord De La Warr when he took over Jamestown; marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe (first interracial union in Virginia) ended war in 1614

Virginia Plan

delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

Bank of the United States

either of the two National Banks, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816

Bull Run

either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)

Law of Primogeniture

eldest son receives all of the inheritance; forced younger sibling to look for wealth elsewhere (America)

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862)

Town Hall Democracy

eligible citizens who attend meetings act as the legislative body

Talleyrand

foreign minister; In 1797, Adams sent a diplomatic commission to France to settle matters about the upset of the Jay Treaty of 1794. The French thought that America was siding with the English violating the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. The commission was sent to talk to Talleyrand about the seizing of American ships by the French. Communication between the commission and Talleyrand existed between three go betweeners (XYZ) because talking to Talleyrand in person would cost a quarter of a million dollars. Americans soon negotiated and this act subtly started an undeclared war with France.

Massachusetts Bay Company

formed by a group of non-separatist Puritans who feared for their faith and for England's future; secured a royal charter

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

Lillian Wald

founded the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service which provided nursing and social services and organized educational and cultural activities. She is considered the founder of public health nursing

Stonewall Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

William T. Sherman

general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south

Implied powers

refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms. Although some situations, such as the creation of the National Bank, are not specifically referred to in the constitution through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional.Eventually this became an issue contributing to the formation of political parties.

Florence Kelley

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

Quakers

religious group that refused to support the Church of England w/ taxes; had simple meetinghouses; believed they were all children in the sight of God; pacifists; established themselves in Pennsylvania

Surplus Population

remarkably mobile population in England due to footloose farmers from enclosure; went to New World to work and gain money

Hawaiian Planter "Revolt" (1893)

revolt against Hawaii rulers lead by American farmers (minority) assisted by unauthorized American troops, overthrew Queen Liliuokalani

Franchise

right or privilege granted by authority; right to vote

Insular Cases (1901)

ruled that people in our territories were not U.S. citizens and therefore didn't have equal rights; constitution didn't apply. "flag outrun constitution"

Compact theory

was supported by Jefferson and Madison. meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798.

Henry Knox

was the first secretary of war; came to power in 1789; was the first to be entrusted with the infant army and navy.

Ford's theater

washington site where lincoln was assassinated by booth on april 14, 1865

Plymouth Bay

where the Pilgrims settled

Stephen C. Foster

white Pennsylvanian that wrote songs about the spirit of the slaves.

Anne Hutchinson

woman who claimed that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man; said she had received her ideas in a direct confrontation with God; banished from the colony

Bonus Bill of 1817

would have parceled out $1.5 M to the states for internal improvements

South Carolina Exposition

written in secret by Calhoun who borrowed heavily from KY and VA resolutions, making then valid; widens rift btwn Calhoun and Jackson by a lot