APUSH semester 2 study guide

Which decade saw the initial introduction of commercial radio broadcasts in the United States and is considered the "Golden Age" of radio?

1920-1929

Which of the following does NOT describe the results of American participation in WWII?

A higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation.

Who championed the growth of the U.S. navy to gain greater control of foreign markets and natural resources in the late 19th century?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Questions 43-45 refer to the following quotation. "That Americans were increasingly fearful of the Germans and Japanese is shown by their willingness to accept the Roosevelt administration's bold support of Britain. Neither public opinion nor Congress prevented the President from doing what he thought was demanded by Britain's plight, even when it involved using the Navy to patrol the North Atlantic in league with the British Navy....Roosevelt's meeting in August, 1941, with Churchill...to write the Atlantic Charter and to agree on postwar aims was undoubtedly the most unneutral act ever committed by a professed neutral. Yet the Atlantic meeting aroused surprisingly little hostile sentiment except among a small group....The country, in short, was accepting the idea of support of Britain short of war...." Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 1984 Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 3rd ed., (New York: HarperPerennial, 1984). Which of the following most likely resulted from the policy described in the passage above?

America played a dominant role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements.

Questions 48-50 refer to the following quotation. "All through the night I heard people getting up, dragging cots around. I stared at our little window, unable to sleep. I was glad Mother had put up a makeshift curtain on the window for I noticed a powerful beam of light sweeping across it every few seconds. The lights came from high towers placed around the camp....I remembered the wire fence encircling us, and a knot of anger tightened in my breast. What was I doing behind a fence like a criminal? Of one thing I was sure. The wire fence was real. I no longer had the right to walk out of it. It was because I had Japanese ancestors. It was also because some people had little faith in the ideas and ideals of democracy...." Monica Itoi Stone, Nisei Daughter, 1953 Monica Itoi Sone, Nisei Daughter (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953), 176-178. Which group faced comparable levels of intrusion on their rights as those described in Stone's passage above?

American Indians in the latter half of the 19th century

The classic 19th-century essay "The Gospel of Wealth" was authored by

Andrew Carnegie

This question refers to the following quotation. "Labor organizations are to-day the greatest menace to this Government that exists inside or outside the pale of our national domain. Their influence for disruption and disorganization of society is far more dangerous to the perpetuation of our Government in its purity and power than would be the hostile array on our borders of the army of the entire world combined....No one questions the right of labor to organize for any legitimate purpose, but when labor organizations degenerate into agencies of evil, inculcating theories dangerous to society and claiming rights and powers destructive to government, there should be no hesitancy in any quarter to check these evil tendencies even if the organizations themselves have to be placed under the ban of law." N. F. Thompson, Testimony before the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, 1900 Report of the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901). The passage above was a reaction to which challenge?

Big business and their government allies' inability to create a unified industrial nation

Which African American leader championed vocational training for blacks, raised funds from white philanthropists, and sought new career opportunities for blacks to improve their status in the late 19th century?

Booker T. Washington

Which of the following was LEAST associated with the "Gilded Age"?

Conservation of natural resources

Questions 32-33 refer to the following 1932 photograph. nar007-1.jpg Hooverville Photograph Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum Which of the following factors was most responsible for creating the conditions depicted in the photograph above?

Episodes of credit and market instability

Which labor leader was arrested and convicted during World War I for violating the Espionage Act of 1917?

Eugene Debs

Questions 26-27 refer to the following quotation. "We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves." Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," 1926 Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," The Nation, June 23, 1926. The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are best understood in the context of the

Harlem Renaissance movement.

Who was President Wilson's strongest opponent during the debates over ratification of the Treaty of Versailles?

Henry Cabot Lodge

Which of the following BEST exemplified a government subsidy to promote western migration?

Homestead Act

Who promoted the Share Our Wealth concept and was considered a threat to President Franklin Roosevelt's reelection until he was assassinated in 1935?

Huey Long

By the end of the 1920s, where did a majority of the American population reside?

In towns and cities

In which of the following areas did the United States make the greatest contribution among all of its allies during WWII?

Industrial production

Questions 43-45 refer to the following quotation. "That Americans were increasingly fearful of the Germans and Japanese is shown by their willingness to accept the Roosevelt administration's bold support of Britain. Neither public opinion nor Congress prevented the President from doing what he thought was demanded by Britain's plight, even when it involved using the Navy to patrol the North Atlantic in league with the British Navy....Roosevelt's meeting in August, 1941, with Churchill...to write the Atlantic Charter and to agree on postwar aims was undoubtedly the most unneutral act ever committed by a professed neutral. Yet the Atlantic meeting aroused surprisingly little hostile sentiment except among a small group....The country, in short, was accepting the idea of support of Britain short of war...." Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 1984 Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 3rd ed., (New York: HarperPerennial, 1984). Which of the following groups most opposed the actions of President Roosevelt described above?

Isolationists

Which of the following was true about the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II?

It was the result of a Presidential executive order.

Who pioneered the use of holding companies to control markets?

John Rockefeller

Questions 23-25 refer to the 1919 political cartoon below by James P. Alley. nar006-1.jpg Anarchist Political Cartoon Which of the following events most directly contributed to the attitudes expressed in the cartoon above?

Labor strikes which disrupted society following World War I

The completion of the transcontinental railroads through the American West contributed most to the

Migration of settlers to the West

Questions 27 and 28 refer to the following 1917 U.S. government poster. nar003-1.jpg Government Poster Library of Congress Which of the following early 20th-century cultural conflicts most directly contradicted the scene portrayed in the image above?

Native-born versus new immigrants

Which ideology resulted from antipathy toward foreign-born and new migrants?

Nativism

Questions 29 and 30 refer to the following quotation. "With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty, I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to be in fact nothing less than war against the...United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it....Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments...not by the will of their people. We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship...towards the millions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy, who live amongst us...and we shall be proud to prove it towards all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the Government....They are, most of them, as true and loyal Americans as if they had never known any other...allegiance. If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with a firm hand of stern repression...." Woodrow Wilson, Address to Congress's War, April 2, 1917 Woodrow Wilson, War Messages, 65th Cong., 1st Sess. Senate Doc. No. 5, Serial No. 7264, Washington, D.C., 1917. In the excerpt above, President Wilson signaled a willingness to abandon which long-held American policy?

Noninvolvement in European affairs

This question is based on the following map of the American West, 1860-1900. nar004-1.jpg Nancy A. Hewitt and Steven F. Lawson, Exploring American Histories, Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 461. Reprinted by permission. Which of the following groups or movements most opposed the process illustrated above?

Populists

This question is based on the quotation below. "Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago? Answer:...Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now....In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another...." Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883 Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. Which of the following groups was most sympathetic to the concerns expressed in the testimony above?

Populists

Questions 23 and 24 refer to the following quotation. "Wilson's arrival in the White House in 1913 was a perfect instance of Victor Hugo's saying, 'Nothing is more powerful than an idea whose time has come.' Since the Civil War, the United States had become by far the world's richest country, with an industrial economy which made all others on earth seem small, and it had done so very largely through the uncoordinated efforts of thousands of individual entrepreneurs. The feeling had grown that it was time for the community as a whole, using the resources of the United States Constitution, to impose a little order on this new giant and to dress him in suitable clothes, labeled 'The Public Interest.' Theodore Roosevelt had already laid out some of these clothes, and Wilson was happy to steal them." Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, 1997 Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), 634. In the early 1900s, which of the following groups most supported the political changes described in the excerpt above?

Progressive

Many 19th-century industrialists chose to blunt criticism regarding their wealth by

Pursuing philanthropy

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer is best known for his association with the

Red Scare

Questions 27 and 28 refer to the following 1917 U.S. government poster. nar003-1.jpg Government Poster Library of Congress Which of the following federal actions during World War I most directly undercut the message of the poster above?

Restrictions on freedom of speech

Which of the following illustrated the limitations of the "New South" economic revitalization plan?

Sharecropping

This question is based on the quotation below. "Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity today, it is probable that nine hundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent....The best means of benefiting the community is to place within its reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise—free libraries, parks, and means of recreation, by which men are helped in body and mind....The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor....The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows, save by using it year by year for the general good." Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889 Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (New York: Century, 1901), 16-19. The view of the poor in the quote above is most consistent with the ideology of

Social Darwinism

Which of the following represented a direct challenge to the practices typical of the Gilded Age?

Socialism

Which late 19th-century labor union emphasized "bread and butter" unionism that focused on higher wages and better working conditions, not larger social reforms?

The American Federation of Labor

Which 19th-century government action aimed to break up Indian lands and force assimilation in order to end tribal identities?

The Dawes Severalty Act

Which of the following agencies was created during the Great Depression to regulate the banking industry?

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Which of the following represented a strong challenge to the 19th-century corporate ethic?

The Gospel of Wealth

Questions 46-47 refer to the following 1942 poster for Westinghouse. nar003-1.jpg World War II Factory Worker National Archives The painting above best supports which of the following assertions?

The Great Depression had been brought to an end by full employment.

Which organization experienced dramatic growth in the early 1920s as many conservative Americans resisted cultural and social changes?

The KKK

Which of the following New Deal programs had the most impact long term on U.S. life?

The Social Security Administration

Questions 37-39 refer to the following quotation. "In our efforts for recovery we have avoided, on the one hand, the theory that business should and must be taken over into an all-embracing Government. We have avoided, on the other hand, the equally untenable theory that it is an interference with liberty to offer reasonable help when private enterprise is in need of help. The course we have followed fits the American practice of Government, a practice of taking action step by step, of regulating only to meet concrete needs, a practice of courageous recognition of change." Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Greater Security for the Average Man", 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt, "On Moving Forward to Greater Freedom and Greater Security," Fireside Chats, September 30, 1934. At the time of this speech in 1934, which of the following groups most opposed Roosevelt's New Deal reforms?

The Supreme Court

Which region saw an influx of internal migrants due to both the Dust Bowl during the Great Depression and industrial development during World War II?

The West

Questions 25 and 26 refer to the following quotation. "The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing with the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war." Howard Zinn, "A People's History of the United States, 1492-Present," 1995 Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 290. Which of the following events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted from the idea described in the passage above?

The acquisition of island territories by the United States

Which event was considered the "spark" of WWI in 1914?

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Questions 28-29 refer to the following 1929 magazine advertisement. nar009-1.jpg Lucky Strike Advertisement Picture Research Consultants & Archives Which of the following historical developments was most likely responsible for increasing the effectiveness of the advertisement above?

The continued development of the mass media

Questions 29 and 30 refer to the following quotation. "With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty, I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to be in fact nothing less than war against the...United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it....Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments...not by the will of their people. We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship...towards the millions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy, who live amongst us...and we shall be proud to prove it towards all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the Government....They are, most of them, as true and loyal Americans as if they had never known any other...allegiance. If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with a firm hand of stern repression...." Woodrow Wilson, Address to Congress's War, April 2, 1917 Woodrow Wilson, War Messages, 65th Cong., 1st Sess. Senate Doc. No. 5, Serial No. 7264, Washington, D.C., 1917. Which foreign policy approach is most consistent with the sentiments expressed by Wilson in the excerpt above?

The defense of humanitarian and democratic principles

Questions 40-42 refer to the following quotation. "In the field of national policy, the fundamental trouble with America has been, and is, that whereas their nation became in the twentieth century the most powerful and most vital nation in the world, nevertheless Americans were unable to accommodate themselves spiritually and practically to that fact. Hence they have failed to play their part as a world power—a failure which has had disastrous consequences for themselves and for all mankind. And the cure is this: to accept wholeheartedly our duty and our opportunity as the most powerful and vital nation in the world and in consequence to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit." Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life, February 1941. Which of the following factors most strongly contributed to the realization of the goals outlined in the excerpt above?

The dominant American role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements following World War II

Questions 28-29 refer to the following 1929 magazine advertisement. nar009-1.jpg Lucky Strike Advertisement Picture Research Consultants & Archives The advertisement pictured above best demonstrates which of the following changes in the early decades of the 20th century?

The increasing focus on producing consumer goods

Progressive reformers attempted to ease corruption in state governments by adding which of the following to a number of state constitutions?

The initiative process

Questions 48-50 refer to the following quotation. "All through the night I heard people getting up, dragging cots around. I stared at our little window, unable to sleep. I was glad Mother had put up a makeshift curtain on the window for I noticed a powerful beam of light sweeping across it every few seconds. The lights came from high towers placed around the camp....I remembered the wire fence encircling us, and a knot of anger tightened in my breast. What was I doing behind a fence like a criminal? Of one thing I was sure. The wire fence was real. I no longer had the right to walk out of it. It was because I had Japanese ancestors. It was also because some people had little faith in the ideas and ideals of democracy...." Monica Itoi Stone, Nisei Daughter, 1953 Monica Itoi Sone, Nisei Daughter (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953), 176-178. Which of the following U.S. government efforts was most undermined by the federal policy that resulted in the events described above?

The mass mobilization of American society for the war effort

Questions 46-47 refer to the following 1942 poster for Westinghouse. nar003-1.jpg World War II Factory Worker National Archives Which aspect of America's involvement in World War II is best illustrated by this painting?

The mass mobilization of American society to the war effort

Which of the following was NOT part of the Populist platform?

The preservation of wilderness areas

Which of the following best describes the home-front experience of many Americans during World War II?

The production of some consumer goods was limited or actually stopped.

Which of the following was NOT among the factors propelling America towards overseas expansion in the 1890s?

The sinking of the Lusitania

Questions 25 and 26 refer to the following quotation. "The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing with the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war." Howard Zinn, "A People's History of the United States, 1492-Present," 1995 Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 290. What factor most influenced "the tendency for expansion" noted in Zinn's passage above?

The transition of the United States from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one

Which of the following was LEAST controversial during the Gilded Age?

Western expansion

Questions 40-42 refer to the following quotation. "In the field of national policy, the fundamental trouble with America has been, and is, that whereas their nation became in the twentieth century the most powerful and most vital nation in the world, nevertheless Americans were unable to accommodate themselves spiritually and practically to that fact. Hence they have failed to play their part as a world power—a failure which has had disastrous consequences for themselves and for all mankind. And the cure is this: to accept wholeheartedly our duty and our opportunity as the most powerful and vital nation in the world and in consequence to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit." Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life, February 1941. Which of the following American actions prior to Luce's comments most closely aligns with his position?

Wilson's support of the League of Nations

Franklin Roosevelt had a strong personal relationship with which foreign leader during World War II?

Winston Churchill

In 1920, which group had their right to vote expanded?

Women

"He Kept Us Out of War" was a slogan during the presidential reelection campaign of

Woodrow Wilson

One major impact of prohibition was

a rise in criminal organizations that supplied illegal liquor.

Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by

accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

The most resented form of 19th-century government corruption was in

big business

Some segments of society during the Gilded Age enjoyed previously unimaginable wealth,

but many more Americans lived in poverty.

This question refers to the following quotation. "Labor organizations are to-day the greatest menace to this Government that exists inside or outside the pale of our national domain. Their influence for disruption and disorganization of society is far more dangerous to the perpetuation of our Government in its purity and power than would be the hostile array on our borders of the army of the entire world combined....No one questions the right of labor to organize for any legitimate purpose, but when labor organizations degenerate into agencies of evil, inculcating theories dangerous to society and claiming rights and powers destructive to government, there should be no hesitancy in any quarter to check these evil tendencies even if the organizations themselves have to be placed under the ban of law." N. F. Thompson, Testimony before the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, 1900 Report of the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901). Critics of the arguments expressed in the excerpt above

challenged the dominant corporate ethic in the United States.

The Granger movement was most dedicated to

challenging railroad monopolies

During the late 19th century, the primary conflict among white settlers, Indians, and Mexican Americans was primarily due to

competition for land

One significant economic effect of World War I on the United States was that it

conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.

This question is based on the quotation below. "To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded....To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know." Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1885 Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (1900), 218-225. The speech above attempts to

convince blacks to make the best of their prescribed place in society.

President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by

declaring it a crusade to "make the world safe for democracy.

This question is based on the undated photograph below. nar007-1.jpg Horse-Drawn Harvester The Granger Collection, New York The Populist Party developed as a reaction to the growth of corporate power in agriculture and

economic instability in the farming sector.

Questions 26-27 refer to the following quotation. "We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves." Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," 1926 Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," The Nation, June 23, 1926. The "Great Migration" out of the South by many African Americans during World War I was most immediately the result of

economic opportunities created by the demands of World War I.

The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American War was largely due to

effective use of the new steel navy

The Tennessee Valley Authority led to an expansion of

electrical power in rural areas.

This question is based on the excerpt below. "The President of the United States...hereby is authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof...is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes...to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: To each head of family, one-quarter of a section; To each single person over eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section; To each single orphan child under eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section... Every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made...who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted that habits of civilized life, is hereby declared a citizen of the United States." The Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 United States, Statutes at Large, 24:388 ff. The primary goal of the government policy cited above was to

end tribal identities

Questions 34-36 refer to the following quotation. "[Franklin] Roosevelt locked one group out of his honeymoon suite. The bankers and financiers, the rhetorical devils of his presidential campaign, were now resented or hated by millions of Americans. Even Hoover placed much of the blame for the stock market crash on speculation and poor banking ethics....The Emergency Banking Act...provided for the inspection of banks and certification of soundness before reopening. It may have saved the private banking system. The subsequent Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 provided for Federal Reserve regulation of bank investments...and created a Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation to insure small depositors, all of which strengthened banks and gave protection to the most innocent depositors." Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal, 1992 Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992), 46-47. The reforms described in the excerpt above were most directly a response to

episodes of market and credit instability.

During the late 19th century, the American industrial workforce

expanded through migration across national borders and internal migration.

The violent conflict during the second half of the 19th century between the United States and American Indians was most influenced by the

failure of the United States to adhere to previously signed treaties.

This question is based on the following map of the American West, 1860-1900. Nancy A. Hewitt and Steven F. Lawson, Exploring American Histories, Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 461. Reprinted by permission. Between 1860 and 1900, railroads in the United States were

given government subsidies to open new markets

As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following EXCEPT

guaranteed recognition of labor unions and an end to all trusts

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included all of the following EXCEPT

imperialism

Questions 30-31 refer the following photograph. nar005-1.jpg Highland Park Ford Assembly Plant, c. 1908 Courtesy: CSU Archives / Everett Collection While industries such as the one in the photograph above led to increasing conflicts between management and labor from 1890 to 1930, they also contributed to

improved standards of living.

Questions 48-50 refer to the following quotation. "All through the night I heard people getting up, dragging cots around. I stared at our little window, unable to sleep. I was glad Mother had put up a makeshift curtain on the window for I noticed a powerful beam of light sweeping across it every few seconds. The lights came from high towers placed around the camp....I remembered the wire fence encircling us, and a knot of anger tightened in my breast. What was I doing behind a fence like a criminal? Of one thing I was sure. The wire fence was real. I no longer had the right to walk out of it. It was because I had Japanese ancestors. It was also because some people had little faith in the ideas and ideals of democracy...." Monica Itoi Stone, Nisei Daughter, 1953 Monica Itoi Sone, Nisei Daughter (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953), 176-178. The experience described in the excerpt above was an example of

internment.

Following a series of raids on American towns and citizens led by Pancho Villa's forces, the United States

invaded northern Mexico.

Questions 40-42 refer to the following quotation. "In the field of national policy, the fundamental trouble with America has been, and is, that whereas their nation became in the twentieth century the most powerful and most vital nation in the world, nevertheless Americans were unable to accommodate themselves spiritually and practically to that fact. Hence they have failed to play their part as a world power—a failure which has had disastrous consequences for themselves and for all mankind. And the cure is this: to accept wholeheartedly our duty and our opportunity as the most powerful and vital nation in the world and in consequence to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit." Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life, February 1941. Luce's remarks were most clearly an attack on America's

isolationism in the 1930s.

As 19th-century American cities grew in both size and number, the greatest attention to the stark contrast between urban wealth and working-class poverty resulted from

journalists and the print media.

The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was specifically designed to

justify U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries.

This question is based on the quotation below. "Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago? Answer:...Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now....In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another...." Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883 Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. The quote above illustrates growing unrest between

labor management

Questions 34-36 refer to the following quotation. "[Franklin] Roosevelt locked one group out of his honeymoon suite. The bankers and financiers, the rhetorical devils of his presidential campaign, were now resented or hated by millions of Americans. Even Hoover placed much of the blame for the stock market crash on speculation and poor banking ethics....The Emergency Banking Act...provided for the inspection of banks and certification of soundness before reopening. It may have saved the private banking system. The subsequent Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 provided for Federal Reserve regulation of bank investments...and created a Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation to insure small depositors, all of which strengthened banks and gave protection to the most innocent depositors." Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal, 1992 Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992), 46-47. The policies illustrated in excerpt above were most clearly contrary to

laissez-faire capitalism.

Questions 37-39 refer to the following quotation. "In our efforts for recovery we have avoided, on the one hand, the theory that business should and must be taken over into an all-embracing Government. We have avoided, on the other hand, the equally untenable theory that it is an interference with liberty to offer reasonable help when private enterprise is in need of help. The course we have followed fits the American practice of Government, a practice of taking action step by step, of regulating only to meet concrete needs, a practice of courageous recognition of change." Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Greater Security for the Average Man", 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt, "On Moving Forward to Greater Freedom and Greater Security," Fireside Chats, September 30, 1934. The principles championed by President Roosevelt in the speech above directly challenged the

laissez-faire economic policies of the Gilded Age.

Compared to the Spanish-American War, the Philippine Insurrection was

longer and more deadly.

Questions 34-36 refer to the following quotation. "[Franklin] Roosevelt locked one group out of his honeymoon suite. The bankers and financiers, the rhetorical devils of his presidential campaign, were now resented or hated by millions of Americans. Even Hoover placed much of the blame for the stock market crash on speculation and poor banking ethics....The Emergency Banking Act...provided for the inspection of banks and certification of soundness before reopening. It may have saved the private banking system. The subsequent Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 provided for Federal Reserve regulation of bank investments...and created a Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation to insure small depositors, all of which strengthened banks and gave protection to the most innocent depositors." Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal, 1992 Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992), 46-47. The primary goal of the legislation described in the excerpt above was to

make society and individuals more secure

The majority of late 19th-century women's clubs and self-help groups demanding social and political reform tended to be

middle class

Questions 32-33 refer to the following 1932 photograph. nar007-1.jpg Hooverville Photograph Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum In response to the conditions depicted in the photograph above, many American families

migrated within the United States.

This question is based on the quotation below. "Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago? Answer:...Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now....In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another...." Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883 Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. The changes described in the excerpt above most clearly demonstrate an evolution in

national identity

A major factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late 19th century was the

need for overseas markets due to increased industrial and agricultural production.

Questions 30-31 refer the following photograph. nar005-1.jpg Highland Park Ford Assembly Plant, c. 1908 Courtesy: CSU Archives / Everett Collection The scene depicted in the photograph above was made possible by

new technologies and manufacturing techniques.

This question is based on the following map of the American West, 1860-1900. nar004-1.jpg Nancy A. Hewitt and Steven F. Lawson, Exploring American Histories, Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 461. Reprinted by permission. The greatest priority of western railroad development as illustrated above was to

open new markets

This question is based on the quotation below. "To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded....To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know." Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1885 Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (1900), 218-225. The author of the quote above was most likely motivated by the

opportunities in the "New South"

This question is based on the excerpt below. "The President of the United States...hereby is authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof...is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes...to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: To each head of family, one-quarter of a section; To each single person over eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section; To each single orphan child under eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section... Every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made...who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted that habits of civilized life, is hereby declared a citizen of the United States." The Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 United States, Statutes at Large, 24:388 ff. During the late 19th century, western Native American life was most affected by

post-Civil War migrations of whites.

Henry Ford's most distinctive contribution to the automobile industry was

production of a standardized, relatively inexpensive automobile.

President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following EXCEPT

providing direct aid to the people.

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal was most notable for

providing immediate economic relief and moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism.

This question is based on the undated photograph below. nar007-1.jpg Horse-Drawn Harvester The Granger Collection, New York In the late 19th century, farmers had to adapt to new realities, as illustrated in the photograph above, requiring a greater dependence on

railroads

Questions 23-25 refer to the 1919 political cartoon below by James P. Alley. nar006-1.jpg Anarchist Political Cartoon The concern illustrated in the cartoon above was most consistent with support for

restrictive immigration quotas.

Senate opponents of the League of Nations, as proposed in the Treaty of Versailles, argued that it

robbed Congress of its war-declaring powers, and morally obligated the U.S. to defend member countries victimized by aggression.

Questions 23 and 24 refer to the following quotation. "Wilson's arrival in the White House in 1913 was a perfect instance of Victor Hugo's saying, 'Nothing is more powerful than an idea whose time has come.' Since the Civil War, the United States had become by far the world's richest country, with an industrial economy which made all others on earth seem small, and it had done so very largely through the uncoordinated efforts of thousands of individual entrepreneurs. The feeling had grown that it was time for the community as a whole, using the resources of the United States Constitution, to impose a little order on this new giant and to dress him in suitable clothes, labeled 'The Public Interest.' Theodore Roosevelt had already laid out some of these clothes, and Wilson was happy to steal them." Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, 1997 Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), 634. Many of those who supported Wilson's efforts to "impose a little order on this new giant" were also eager to

see an expansion of democratic principles throughout the government.

From 1870 to 1890, new migration from Asia and Southern and Eastern Europe led to

segregated ethnic communities and distinct migrant enclaves in cities.

Jane Addams was instrumental in improving the conditions of immigrants and advancing urban reform primarily through the use of

settlement homes

This question is based on the quotation below. "Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity today, it is probable that nine hundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent....The best means of benefiting the community is to place within its reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise—free libraries, parks, and means of recreation, by which men are helped in body and mind....The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor....The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows, save by using it year by year for the general good." Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889 Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (New York: Century, 1901), 16-19. Late 19th-century critics of the ideology expressed in the quote above would most likely argue that

societal good could be advanced through the Social Gospel.

The Immigration Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924 were designed to restrict migrants from

southeastern Europe

Between 1880 and 1900, the largest group of immigrants to the United States came from

southern and eastern Europe

This question is based on the excerpt below. "The President of the United States...hereby is authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof...is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes...to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: To each head of family, one-quarter of a section; To each single person over eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section; To each single orphan child under eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section... Every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made...who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted that habits of civilized life, is hereby declared a citizen of the United States." The Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 United States, Statutes at Large, 24:388 ff. Historically, struggles between American Indian tribes and the federal government have stemmed from

the Constitution's failure to precisely define the relationship between American Indian tribes and the national government.

Questions 37-39 refer to the following quotation. "In our efforts for recovery we have avoided, on the one hand, the theory that business should and must be taken over into an all-embracing Government. We have avoided, on the other hand, the equally untenable theory that it is an interference with liberty to offer reasonable help when private enterprise is in need of help. The course we have followed fits the American practice of Government, a practice of taking action step by step, of regulating only to meet concrete needs, a practice of courageous recognition of change." Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Greater Security for the Average Man", 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt, "On Moving Forward to Greater Freedom and Greater Security," Fireside Chats, September 30, 1934. The approach Franklin Roosevelt outlines in the speech above is most consistent with the previous efforts of

the Progressives in the early 20th century.

Questions 23-25 refer to the 1919 political cartoon below by James P. Alley. nar006-1.jpg Anarchist Political Cartoon The cartoon above is best understood in the context of

the Red Scare.

This question is based on the quotation below. "To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded....To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know." Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1885 Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (1900), 218-225. A decade after the speech above, segregation polices were reinforced by

the Supreme Court

At the time, the greatest controversy emerging from the Spanish-American War was over

the U.S. colonial acquisition of the Philippines.

All of the following resulted from the attack on Pearl Harbor EXCEPT

the US immediately dropped atomic bombs on Japan.

The movie The Jazz Singer was most notable because it was

the first movie to include speaking roles

The "Great Migration" of African Americans out of the South during World War I was spurred primarily by

the growth of industrial jobs in the North.

All of the following were "causes" of the Great Depression EXCEPT

the lack of production from American farms and factories

Questions 43-45 refer to the following quotation. "That Americans were increasingly fearful of the Germans and Japanese is shown by their willingness to accept the Roosevelt administration's bold support of Britain. Neither public opinion nor Congress prevented the President from doing what he thought was demanded by Britain's plight, even when it involved using the Navy to patrol the North Atlantic in league with the British Navy....Roosevelt's meeting in August, 1941, with Churchill...to write the Atlantic Charter and to agree on postwar aims was undoubtedly the most unneutral act ever committed by a professed neutral. Yet the Atlantic meeting aroused surprisingly little hostile sentiment except among a small group....The country, in short, was accepting the idea of support of Britain short of war...." Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 1984 Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 3rd ed., (New York: HarperPerennial, 1984). One consequence of the change in Americans' attitudes toward Germany and Japan described in the excerpt above was

the mass mobilization of American society for war.

The real heart of the progressive movement was the effort by reformers to

use the government as an agency of human welfare to address various urban problems.

This question is based on the quotation below. "Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago? Answer:...Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now....In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another...." Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883 Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. Large-scale production assisted by the strategies outlined in the quote above

were supported by financial and management structures.