APUSH Test- Period 3- 1754- 1787

John Dickinson

"Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania"- "NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!!" -protested Townshend acts, wrote Articles of Confederation

Quartering Act

-required colonists to provide food/housing for British soldiers

Declaration of Independence

-1776: 5 delegates formed committee to write statement declaring independence and listed specific grievances against king George's government -Jefferson wrote first draft of the DOI and pulled ideas from other colonies and countries -Audience: foreign countries -France: (b/c France= Britain's enemy): telling France why they should help the USA and lays groundwork -motivation for fighting- colonists- read it/reminded it to militia before fighting

Annapolis Convention

-1786 -12 representatives from 5 states -goal: address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states -states= putting tariffs on other states -not enough states represented to make any real progress -sent repot to congress to call meeting of all states to meet in fully to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce

3 wars before the Seven years war

-Britain vs France -King Williams War- Britain tried to get Quebec -Queen Anne's war- got Nova Scotia from France, trading rights from Spain - King George's War- colonies under attack from France/Spain

How'd revolution go at the beginning? At the end?

-Britain= winning and Washington's army wasn't trained and didnt have enough supplies? -France entered war= bad for G.B. -G.B. created new strategy: consolidate forces in America-- went to South to try and get control - G.B. lost

Effects of the French and Indian War- colonist and British

-British and colonists= viewed each other differently British view- colonists had bad military, were poorly trained, some didnt contribute troops/money to war, unable/unwilling to defend colonies. NECESSARY FOR BRITISH TROOPS TO BE IN COLONIES Colonies view: they proved themselves, showed they could protect their land, not impressed by British military

How'd the revolution affect slaves?

-Continental congress abolished importation of slaves -some got freedom- ones that fought for GB -North: gradual emancipation -alot of ppl realized slavery was bad but they wanted to preserve unity in colonies- didn't do anything about it

Causes of the 7 years war

-French building forts on the Ohio River Valley which had been claimed by many colonists. This caused land disputes as the French wanted to halt British growth west. -Decades of conflict between England and France -lots of colonists= invested in Ohio company- want land -both France and England wanted control of Ohio River Valley -Washington- sent to Ohio to warn French to leave and then kills one of France's ambassadors

African Americans role in the Revolution?

-G.B. promised freedom for slaves if they joined their side and Washington made same offer- 5000 AA fought as Patriots

How'd the French and Indian War go?

-at first France= winning the war -Natives supported French because they saw they were winning -England conquered Canada and was able to win the War- Battle of Quebec= turning point in the war

Social Development- revolution (changes)

-home: republican motherhood- mothers need more edu to teach kids -religion: time of more secularism, anglican church loses power, shift from state sponsored religion to separation of church and state -attitudes: ideas about edu, civic duties - slavery-north moved to gradual emancipation, south still had slaves

economic developments- revolution (what happened/changed)

-inpact of nonimportation agreements -speculators- look at land balue -loyalists property= confiscated -availability of land- tons of available land -British connection= broken off, Americans trade with new ppl= china, trade in Mediterranean= more difficult without British navy protection because of pirated -new industries- don't rely on GB so new industries at home -runaway inflation- prices skyrocket, states in charge of debt- some do good job others dont

Significance of American Revolution

-legally created USA -infused into our culture almost everything we believe as Americans -created institutions of govt -revolution= transformative -most democratic society

Enlightenment

-many enlightenment thinkers- deists believed God had established natural laws in creating universe, role of divine intervention in human affairs= minimal -rationalism -reason, science, respect for humanity -INFLUENCED AMERICAN REV

Sugar Act

-places tax on foreign sugar/certain luxuries -goal: raise money for the crown, provided stricter enforcement for Navigation Acts

State Constitutions

-republicanism -most had strong govenor with veto powere -most had bicameral legislature- 2 legislative bodies -property required for voting -some had universal male sufferage -most had bill of rights -most had state religions

What did the Intolerable Acts drive the colonies to do?

-send delegares to a convention in Philly (1st continental congress) -response to Britain's threats to colonies liberty- wanted relationship they had with Britain before 7 years war

Reaction to Boston Tea Party

-some colonists saw it as a justifiable defense of liberty, others saw it as destruction of private property/too radical -British passed intolerable acts

Political Developments- Revolution (what happened/changed)

-states constitutions -articles of confederation -capitals move westward- show some political power= moving to lower class -Questions on how to deal with new territories- do certain states keep it or does it become part of the USA

Articles of Confederation

-states have very light say on each other -states focused on foreign policy together -states= have most of control -weak central government: trying to avoid tyranny -states start to regulate other states as if they were different countries: tariffs

Patrick Henry

-stood up in House of Burgesses to demand that king's government recognize the rights of all citizens

Native's role in American Revolution?

-tried to stay out of it at first but then attacks from colonists and Britian's promises to limit colonial settlement in West- made them fight for British

Common Sense

-turning point -makes colonists realize they don't wanna be a part of England -Pain argues that Britain is a tiny island and America is really big so England is benefiting from USA not the other way around -planets circle the sun metaphor: England (planet) should orbit the USA (sun) but USA orbits England

How'd the revolution affect women?

-women= cooks, nurses, sometimes even fought in war, ran farms and businesses while husband was away -important during protests -after war still 2nd class citizens change: -republican motherhood: role of women talked about in a different way. more emphasis on women's education because women= responsible for sons educations so they needed to be educated to teach their kids republican vitues -emphasis on educating women in a formal setting

2nd Continental Congress

1)Sent the "Olive Branch Petition" 2)Created a continental army with George Washington as the leader. 3)Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England.

Treaty of Paris 1783

1. Britain recognized existence of USA as independent nation 2. Mississippi River= western boundary of USA 3. Americans= have fishing rights off the coast of Canada 4. Americans= pay debts owed to British merchants- allowed loyalists to keep property

What did the delegates decide at the 1st continental congress?

1. Suffolk Resolves-called for immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts and for the colonies to resist them by making military preparations and boycotting British goods 2. Declaration and Resolves- urged king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights and recognized parliaments authority to regulate commerce 3. Continental Associations- created network of committees to enforce economic sanctions of Suffolk resolves 4. Declared that if colonial rights= not recognized delegates would meet again in May 1775

Northwest ordinance- how'd land become a state

1. congress appointed 3 judges and govenor to govern territory 2. when population reached 5,000 adult male landowners- elect territorial legislature 3.when population reached 60,000- elect delegates to a state constitutional convention

3 branch govt in constitution

1.legislative 2.executive 3.judicial

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. -revenue stamps= placed on printed paper in the colonies -first direct tac collected from those who used goods -made colonists really angry- sons and daughters of liberty, secret society organized to intimidate tax agents and they destroyed revenue stamps, tarred/feathered revenue offices

Boston Massacre

1770- crowd of colonists harassed British guards near customs house- guards fired and killed 5 people- at trial they were found not guilty

Revolutionary War

1775-1783 -Americans forged New National Identity -long and bitter struggle -Patriots come out on top

Pontiac's Rebellion

A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of colonists in Native's land -Natives lost but this led to proclamation line

Fort Necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender. French circled Washington and he was captured- he had to sign paper confessing to murder of ambassador

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. -resolved that only their own elected representatives has the legal authority to approve taxes

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

advantages and disadvantages of Colonists and British in the American revolution

American: advantages: home turf camp followers france cause leadership-GW disadvantages -loyalists -economy -lack of organization Great Britain advantage: -Native Americans -more organized army -African American slaves -loyalists disadvantages: -underestimate the colonists -political division

What was a turning point in the American Revolution?

Battle of Saratoga: American victory that convinced France to come into war -saw that Colonists= winning, maybe they could actually win this thing -widened war and forced British to divert military resources away from the USA

What was the tipping point for the colonists?

Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party- alot of ppl didnt like that the colonists destroyed property but they also felt like Britain's punishment= unfair because the ports were closed down in Massachusetts and that affected everyone- even the ppl that disagreed with the Boston Tea Party

Gaspee

British customs ship that caught several smugglers. In 1772 it was in Rhode Island and some colonists dressed up as natives, forced British to get off the ship, and burned it

What was the replacement of the Articles of confederation?

Constitution

How'd French and Indian War represent a turning point- territory

Did: England got Ohio River Valley, Florida and Canada -French= out of North America -Mississippi River split- 1/2 went to Spain, other 1/2 to England Did not -England still has control over 13 colonies

How'd French and Indian War represent a turning point- Native Americans

Did: French= no longer in colonies- Natives lost an ally -Proclamation Line Did not: -Natives still lost their land and had to fight to protect their land- ex: Pontiac's Rebellion -British and Natives have bad relations

How'd French and Indian War represent a turning point- relations between colonists and England

Did: animosity between British military and American militia -both sides felt disrespected -bitter feeling on both sides -end of Britain's salutary neglect Did not: -Americans see themselves as Britain at beginning and end of war -13 colonies- still British before and after war -no talk about Americans wanting freedom

How'd French and Indian War represent a turning point- American Identity (Albany Plan)?

Did: first plan to unite the colonies -would have created a sense of unity in the colonies Did not: - did not happen- rejected by both the colonist and the king

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War England: got French Canada and Spanish Florida, Ohio River Valley, 1/2 of Mississippi River France: gave Spain Louisiana and Mississippi River France= out of North America

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights- life, liberty, and property

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Letter which urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. British officials ordered it retracted and threatened to do away with the Massachusetts legislative government and increase the number of troops in Boston -written by James Otis and Samuel Adams

Britain and France before the 7 years war?

Life: -Britain along eastern seaboard, tobacco, cash crops, ships -France= Great Lakes, fur traders, good relations with native colonial setup: colonies- more relaxed, don't play that big of role in economy France- very organized, ordered chain of command religion England= Protestant France= catholic -BOTH WANT MORE TRADING AREA

Patriots vs. Loyalists (Tories)

Loyalists (~20% of the Americans): Richer, more conservative ppl. Older people. The king's officers and other beneficiaries of the crown. Anglican church followers (taught fidelity towards the king), except Virginians (who were mostly patriots). Patriots: Younger, lower class people. 40% of the population. Washington never had more than 20,000 troops at a time b/c Patriots would serve in local militia units for short periods of time.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. -

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, farmers= angry they had to pay taxes when they were already crushed by debt. highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Secret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors, destroyed revenue stamps

Why'd colonists make the 1st continental congress?

wanted British to revise the laws

Proclamation line of 1763

Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset b/c they fought for this land -British= trying to avoid Native attacks and it was easier for them to control taxes if colonies were on the coast

Successes of Articles? Issues with Articles? Weaknesses?

Success 1. winning war- treaty of Paris 2. Land Ordinance of 1785- policy for surveying and selling western land (saved plot of land for public schools) 3. Northwestern ordinance of 1787- rules for creating new states Issues 1. Financial- couldn't tax: most war debts= unpaid 2. foreign- European nations had little respect for USA because they couldn't pay debt or take effective/united action in a crisis 3.Domestic- Shay's Rebellion: govt isn't strong enough to stop it Weaknesses -unicameral congress- each state has 1 vote, 1 legislative body and 9/13 votes to pass law -13 out of 13 had to vote to amend -very restricted to pass laws/amendments -representatives= frequently absent - focused on state govt -couldn't tax or raise armies -no executive or judicial branches -inability to regulate interstate commerce

Albany Plan of union

The British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, New York in 1754, to provide for an inter-colonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan. Never ended up taking effect but it was important because it set a precedent for more revolutionary congresses -lays ground work for plans they'll use in the revolution -new proposal to unite 13 colonies

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Jumonville Affair

Washington found out the French were mobilizing. He was sent on a diplomatic mission and stumbled upon the French sleeping. He opened fire and killed the French ambassador. The French were furious and these were the first shots of the war

When did Washington get his initial fame?

after the French and Indian war and then he lead the Patriots to victory in the American Revolution

why is there an economic depression after war?

b/c colonists lost trade with England -hyperinflation, massive trade dislocations, DEBT!!- can't pay off debt, money= almost worthless

How did Great Britain's interactions change with the colonies?

began to assert their power, collect taxes, and enforce trade laws

Boston Tea Party

colonists refused to buy tea because of tea tax. Tea Act made British tea with tax cheaper than the Dutch tea the colonists smuggled. the colonists still refused to buy tea. A shipment came and no one bought it but before the royal governor arranged for the the tea to be brought ashore, a group of Bostonians dressed as Natives dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor

Voting Rights- after revolution

doesnt change dramatically -some states replaced property qualifications with tax paying requirements -other states allowed anyone who served in army and militia to vite -PROPERTY QUALIFICATIONS= lowered= more ppl could vote

Townshend Acts

duties collected on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper -revenues raised paid crown officials in colonies -allowed for search of private homes for smuggled goods without warrant -suspended new york assembly for defiance on quartering act

repeal of the Townshend Acts

ended colonial boycott except for Boston massacre -repealed because it damaged trade and only generated a small revenue

Lexington and Concord

first battles of the Revolutionary War. General Gage sent large force to seize colonial military supplies in concord. Paul Revere and William Dances warned Lexington militia. americans went to face British but they retreated and 8 ppl died. Then the British went to concord and destroyed military supplies. On their way back they were attacked by 100s of militia men firing at them behind stone walls- 250 British casualties- humiliating loss for British

Yorktown

in 1781 during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops. -British= trapped by Americans and French

New British policy after French and Indian War?

made the colonists pay for war by increasing colonist taxes

Title of Nobility Clause

no distinctions based on birth status, no nobles, work your way up in life, status doesn't depend on your parents

Committees of Correspondence

organized by Samuel Adams- organized committees that would exchange letters about suspicious/dangerous British activities

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

republicanism

popular election and control in their composition -no divine right Jefferson: believed was better if the masses had a vote because even if they choose the wrong thing its better than having a tyranny -Hamilton= believed ppl shouldn't have control because they didnt understand certain things in the govt= debt

delegates?

ranged from radicals to conservatives

What type of government did the USA have before and after the war?

representative government

Olive Branch Petition

sent to King George III- 2nd continental congress -pledged loyalty and asked him to intercede with parliament to secure peace and protection of colonial rights- king George refused and instead declared that the colonies= rebellion and forbade trade/shipping between colonies and GB

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts and Quebec Act)? Colonists reaction?

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party Coercive Acts 1. Port Act- closed port of Boston- stopped trade until tea was paid for 2. Massachusetts government act- reduced power of Massachusetts legislature, rise in power of royal governor 3. Administration of Justice Act- allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain instead of the colonies 4. expanded Quartering Act- allowed troop to live in private home Quebec Act -established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec, set up government with representative assembly, extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River Colonists on Quebec Act 1. saw Quebec Act as a direct attack on American colonies because it took away the lands they claimed along Ohio river 2. colonists= afraid that the British would enact similar laws in America to take away representative government 3. resented recognition given to Catholicism

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

What happens to loyalists?

the Americans= don't respect their opinions, human rights, property rights -loyalists go to Canada to seek in asylum

Bunker Hill

the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) -British won, but Americans still kept going b/c they did do damage to the British army