APUSH Timeline Review
1941-1973 (The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle) This was a time of controversy in the United States as we moved past the Cuban Crisis and into the Civil Rights Movement that brought division and murder
- **World War II - The Beginnings of Civil Rights:** Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1941), Philip Randolph, Congress of Racial Equality (1942), AA using GI Bill, AA migration awakens North to social issues, Involvement of NAACP in issues - **Civil Rights in the Cold War:** Presidential Committee on Civil Rights "To Secure These Rights" (1947), State's Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats) (1948), Race & Anticommunism Struggle, Banning of NAACP in Southern States as 'anti-American' - **Mexican American Civil Rights:** Influx of migration created conditions for declining work conditions/wages, American GI Forum (protested poor treatment of Hispanic workers) (1948), Caesar Chavez & United Farm Workers (1962) - **Equality under Law:** AA increasingly looked towards Northern state and judicial legislatures for change, Thurgood Marshall (1st black supreme court justice under Johnson in 1960s), Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Reverberation and resurgence of KKK (1954), "Southern Manifesto" (1956) - **Forging a Protest Movement:** Turmoil in Little Rock proved unwillingness of local officials would curb legal authority; AA needed to take to the streets, Rosa Parks incident (1955), Nonviolent Protest, Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956), Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (1957), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (1960), Freedom Rides (Klan violence retaliates against, national troops sent in) (1961) - **Legislating Civil Rights:** Battle for Birmingham (1963), March on Washington featuring "I Have a Dream" Speech (1963), Assassination of Kennedy (1963), Johnson's Civil Rights Act of 1964 - **Securing Universal Suffrage:** Freedom Summer (1964), Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (unrecognized by democratic national convention) (1964), Violence in Selma (1965), Voting Rights Act of 1965: - **Developments in Black Culture:** black nationalism (1960s-1970s), Malcom X, Nation of Islam (low participation, major clout in big cities) (1960s), Black Power (exclusive), Black Panther Party (militant, armed self-defense) (Late 1960s), Young Lords Organization (Puerto Ricans, women participation) (1960s), widespread election of black mayors throughout remaining half of 20th century - **MLK Legacy:** Democratic party splitting, MLK tackles other AA hardships such as economic disparity, Poor People's Campaign to Fight Injustice, MLK assassination causes mass riots - **Native American Unity:** Mass unemployment (10 times the nation avg.), poor housing, high disease rates, low educational attainment, American Indian Movement (AIM) (1968-1970s)
1963-1980 (The Search for Order in an Era of Limits) Virtually all the verities and touchstones of the postwar decades — Cold War liberalism, rising living standards, and the nuclear family — had come under question, and most agreed on the urgency to act. For some, this search demanded new forms of liberal experimentation. For others, it led instead to the conservatism of the emerging New Right.
- *Contextualization*: Every major indicator (employment, productivity, growth) turned negative by inflation, Middle East embargo cut oil supplies, presidents failed to take action, major cities verged on bankruptcy - Persian Gulf States previously supervised by Britain and France now liberated, US intervenes in Israeli-Arab conflict (1973), Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (1973), fuel conservation, auto industry weakened - Energy crisis drives home environmentalism (1960s-1970s), Silent Spring (1962) analyzes pesticide's toxic impact, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (bipartisan support) (1970), Earth Day Started (1970) - Nuclear power praise, Three Mile Island Incident (1979) - US global trade declines, transformation from industrial-manufacturing economy to a postindustrial-service one, stagflation (inflation + unemployment) (decline in purchasing power, Nixon was the only president to respond by taking us off the gold standard, others relied on grassroots movements) - Deindustrialization (1940s-Present), Rust Belt, decline of organized labor, move to suburbs weakens cities, tax revolt, Proposition 13 (widespread support in California; benefited middle class at the expense of less-well-off-citizens) (1978), wealth inequality starts to grow again - Watergate scandal (1972), Nixon resignation (1974) (used by conservatives to shift party beliefs further right) (used by liberals as a way to regain controll over Congress), Freedom of Information Act (1974), Ethics in Government Act (1978), Watergate Babies (extent: attempts to decentralize government actually made politics more partisan and more like a bureaucracy) - Jimmy Carter elected (1976), Deregulation, Oil crisis worsens economic situation on the home-front - AA sought to challenge long held standards of black's role in economy after Civil Rights Act, Affirmative action (1960s-1970s), resistance from conservative groups claiming "reverse discrimination", Bakke v. University of California (1978) - Women's and gay liberation movements flourished in the 1970s where it reached its historic peak, prestigious colleges open up to women, Equal Rights Amendment proposed (1972), resistance based on fear of unnatural "unisex" society, STOP ERA (1972), amendment never ratified - States gradually ratified abortion privacy laws over the 60s, women's rights activities sought to expand this movement in the 70s, Roe v. Wade (1973) (extent: conservative push back continues to this day) - Billy Graham, Televangelism arose as a counter response to societal instability, feminism/counterculture/sexual freedom/homosexuality stood as indications of moral decay
1865-1877 (Reconstruction) The Reconstruction era was a time for the North and South to reunite and find peace. The South needed to be rebuilt and the emancipated slaves faced decades of racism
- 10 percent plan (1863), Veto of Wade-Davis Bill (1864) - Freedmen's Bureau established (1865), Civil Rights Bill (1866), 14th Amendment (1866) - Black codes, poll taxes, literacy tests, Scalawags & carpetbaggers, Sharecropping, Crop Lien System - Ku Klux Klan Founded (1866) - Radical Republicans, Military Reconstruction Act (1867) , President Andrew Johnson's Impeachment (1868) - Homestead Act (1862) - Tenure of Office Act (1867) - 15th amendment (1870) - Election of Hayes, Compromise of 1877
1890-1915 (Empire and World Stage) This era was a time of growing military power and influence
- American exceptionalism (1880s-1890s) - Yellow journalism, muckrakers (1880s-1890s) - Social Darwinism (19th century), "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889), eugenics, natural selection, American Protective Association (1887) - Cross of Gold Speech (1896) - Anti-Imperialist League (1898) - "Remember the Maine" (1898), Alfred Mahan "Influence of Sea Power upon History", Spanish American War (1898), Teller Amendment (1898), Annexation of Hawaii (1898), Insular Cases (1901), Platt Amendment (1902) - "Open Door" Trade Policy (1899), Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) - "Big Stick" Diplomacy, Roosevelt Corollary (1904), Panama Canal (1914)
1770s (The Revolution & Early Government) During this time period an army mostly made up of the common man, accomplished the miraculous feat of expelling a professional army from America's borders. America then lived through the beginnings of two forms of government
- Colonial unity, Sons of Liberty Founded (1765), Stamp Act Congress (1765), Committees of Correspondence (1772) - First Continental Congress (1774) - Boston Massacre (1770), Tea Act (1773), Boston Tea Party (1773) - Olive Branch Petition (1775), Thomas Paine: Common Sense (1776) - Revolutionary War Begins (1775), Declaration of Independence (1776) - French Alliance (1777) - Articles of Confederation (1781), Northwest Ordinance (1784, 1785, 1787), Shays Rebellion (1786) - Treaty of Paris (1783) - Constitutional Convention (1787), Constitution (1788), Checks and Balances, Great Compromise (Bicameral Legislature), 3/5 Clause, The Federalist Papers, Whiskey Rebellion (1794) - Election of George Washington (1789), Washington's Farewell Address - Judiciary Act (1789) - Capitol established on Potomac River (1790), Bill of Rights (1791) - Citizen Genet (1793), Jay's Treaty (1795), Neutrality Proclamation, XYZ Affair (1798), Undeclared War with France (1798) - Pinckney's Treaty (1795) - John Adams Elected (1796), Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions (1798) - Federalists vs. Anti-federalists, National Bank, Tariff, Loose vs. Strict Interpretation (1790s)
1854-1865 (Disunity and Civil War) Since the first colonial days the differences between the north and the south had been evident. As time passed the differences began to cause conflicts that by 1854 had split the nation in half. A bloody war of idealism ensued leaving nearly 600,000 Americans dead
- Compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Law (1850) - Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) - Ostend Manifesto (1854) - William Lloyd Garrison "The Liberator", Frederick Douglass, Nat Turner's Insurrection (1831), Underground Railroad, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1840) - Sectionalism (1830s-1860s), Sumner-Brooks Affair (1856), Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), Bleeding Kansas (1856-1860), Formation of Republican Party (1854), Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858), Popular Sovereignty (1854-1860) - Tariff of 1857, Panic of 1857, - Dred Scott Decision (1857), John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry (1859) - Lecompton Constitution Rejected (1857) - Crittenden Compromise Fails (1860) - Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860) - Civil War (1861-1865) - Invention of the Telegraph (1861) - LIncoln Suspends Writ of Habeas Corpus (1861), Union & Confederate Conscription (1862-1863), Draft Riots in New York (1863) - Emancipation Proclamation (1863) - Surrender at Appomattox (1865) - 13th Amendment Adopted (1865)
1600-1750 (Contact & Settlement) With Columbus' "discovery" of America in 1492 came the beginning of an era filled with exploration and settlement. Many groups came to the Americas seeking God, gold and glory but ended up finding only harsh environments and even death
- Encomienda System - Jamestown founded (1607), Tobacco made profitable by John Rolfe (1612), Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) - Slavery begins in Colonial America (1619) - Mayflower Compact (1620) - Maryland Act of Toleration (1649) - Mercantilism (1500s-1700s) - Indentured Servitude (1600s-1680) - Columbian Exchange (Pre-1650-1808) - Navigation Acts (1650, 1663, 1696) - The Half-way Covenant (1662) - King Philip's War (1675) - Bacon's Rebellion (1675) - Salem Witch Trials (1692)
1700-1750 (Colonial Time) By 1700 colonists had established their presence in America. In this time period early American cities begin to develop and the immigrants began to acquire an American identity. By 1775 colonials banded together to fight what they saw as English tyranny
- Great Awakening (1739-1744), Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741) - The Enlightenment, Deism (1700s) - Salutary Neglect (1700-1763), Currency Act (1751) - French & Indian War (1756-1763) - Albany Plan of Union (1754) - End of salutary neglect, Treaty of Paris (1763), Proclamation of 1763, virtual representation - Sugar Act (1764), Currency Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Quartering Act (1765), Declaratory Act (1766), Townshend Revenue Acts (1767), Intolerable Acts (1774) - Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1764)
1920-1929 (The "Roaring" Twenties) Economic boom of post WWI. People stopped worrying about the war and started living again. Excess everything: social events, alcohol, sex, and jazz
- Growth of American Federation of Labor, Welfare Capitalism - The Red Scare, Palmer Raids - "Return to Normalcy", Associated state, Teapot Dome Scandal - Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act, Proposal and Rejection of Equal Rights Amendment, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom - Dollar Diplomacy, Involvement in Nicaragua & Dominican Republic & Haiti (1912-1934) - Guilty Verdict in Scopes "Monkey" Trial - "New" Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, Gentlemen's Agreement, Emergency Immigration Act (1924), National Origins Act (1924) - "Birth of a Nation" (1915), Resurgence of KKK - Loss of First Catholic Nominated for President (1928), Fear Over "Pope Controlling Presidency" - Harlem Renaissance (Post-WW1 - 1930s), Jazz, Marcus Garvey & the United Negro Improvement Association, Black separatism, Pan-Africanism - The Lost Generation, "Flapper" Archetype, New Consumer Culture, Rise of Advertisement
1945-1963 (Triumph of the Middle Class) With the end of a war that engulfed the globe America busied itself with defining its position in the post war world. Two worlds, one of democracy and one of communism emerged as nemesis and began to scuffle for the upper hand
- Kitchen debate, Bretton Woods Conference (1944), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Sputnik (1957), National Defense Education Act (1958), Military-Industrial Complex (1961) - The Affluent Society (1958), The Other America (1962), segregated and infra-structurally regressed cityscape, Kerner Commission "two separate societies- black and white- unequal" (1968), Cuban immigration in Miami (1960s) - Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) (1944), Veterans Administration (VA), Federal Housing Administration (FHA) - Collective bargaining, "labor-management accord" - Teenager, Beats, baby boom (1946-1964), declining sense of masculinity - Levittown, Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (1956), fast food, shopping malls, Sunbelt (1940-1970)
1840-1853 (Manifest Destiny) Between 1841 and 1853 Americans spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific displacing hundreds of native peoples in their wake. They felt that as the people who had inherited a firm belief in God and the means to conquer a continent, they had the right to the new lands they had acquired
- Oregon Trail (1840-1860), James K. Polk "54-40 or fight" (1846), Squatter Sovereignty (1848) - Manifest Destiny (1845), Wilmot Proviso (1846) - Texas War for Independence (1836), Mexican-American War, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexican Cession (1848), Gadsden Purchase (1853) - Conscience Whigs (1846-1848), Abolitionism, Free-Soil Movement (1848), Free Soil Party (1848) - Seneca Falls Convention (1848), Oneida Community (1848)
1961-1972 (Uncivil Wars: Liberal Crisis & Conservative Rebirth) This was a time of turmoil for the American people and the growing distrust of the government lead many people away from the political world
- Presidency of JFK, Glamorous aura, Any progressiveness (such as with Civil Rights) was stymied by resistance in Congress - Lyndon B. Johnson Takes Office (1964), More of a continuation of FDR than Kennedy **Great Society Program (1965):** -------------------------------------------------------- Civil Rights: Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965), Immigration Act of 1865 (Repealed National Origins Quota Act) - Social Welfare: Economic Opportunity Act (1964), Medicare and Medicaid (1965), Minimum Wage Act (1966) - Education: Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), Higher Education Act (1965) - Economy & Environment: Wilderness Preservation Act (1964), Tax Reduction Act (1964) - Extent: Bottom 20% remained as far behind as ever -------------------------------------------------------- - **Rebirth of Women's Rights**: Liberal reform inspired Labor Feminists, Equal Pay Act (1963), "The Feminine Mystique" criticizes women's double day (1963), Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1963) gives feminists executive backing, National Organization for Women (NOW) instills grassroots change (1966) - New Deal Coalition began to fray as strain was placed by new liberalism, Vietnam war begins to divide country - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964), Operation Rolling Thunder (1965) (extent: ended up hardening will of North Vietnamese), war for attrition not annihilation, television broadcasted war's carnage and generated supposed 'credibility-gap' - Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) (1960) (radicalized by civil rights movement), Port Huron Statement (1962) (criticized: consumer culture, wealth inequality, Cold War foreign policy), New Left (1960s) (distinguished from Old Left made up of communists and socialists who focused on economic + labor rather than cultural issues), draft protest groups (small numbered, but vocal) - Black power takes stand on Vietnam War, Chicano Moratorium Committee (1970) (felt as though drafts were biased towards poor people) - women's liberation (1960s) (loosely organized; took stand on denigration of women; college-educated; New Left, antiwar) (extent: did not unite all women, AA + Latinas formed own organizations), Title IX (1972) (expansion of women enrollment in colleges) - Stonewall Inn (1969) (rise of gay rights movement) - Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) (conservative, vested faith in god-given free will, supported Vietnam, largest political organization in country), Sharon Statement (1960) - Emergence of counterculture (1960s) (challenged conformity, advocated extreme liberalism in sociopolitical stances), multiple notable assassinations (Kennedy's + MLK) jeopardized faith in government and left people w/o leadership - Johnson's "quick victory" stance turned into escalation, Tet Offensive (1968) (exposed credibility gap between official statements and reality, shook confidence) - Assassination radicalized protests, 1968 Democratic National Convention (violence with tear gas), Nixon (appealed to the "quiet voice" of working-class Americans & white segregationists; his election marked end to New Deal Democracy and propelled electoral realignment; civil rights movement alienated certain factions of Democratic party leading to splits in the coalition), silent majority - **Nixon Domestic & Foreign Policy**: "Peace with honor", Vietnamization, My Lai Massacre (1969), Vietnam Veterans Against the War (1971), Henry Kissinger, détente, SALT Agreement, Retreat of South Vietnamese Troops - Warren Court (1953-1969) (championed liberal positions, modified court's view on civil rights) (extent: crime rate rose substantially during this time period), bus segregation remained contentious Supreme Court issue (enforcement was lackluster)
1930-1940 (The Great Depression) With the stock market crash of 1929, America found itself in a state of a depression. The unemployment rate sky rocketed and many families were in poverty
- Rampant deflation, crop overproduction, Stock Market Crash of 1929 - *Hoover's response (1929-1932):* believed voluntarism would alleviate problem; did not replace gold standard, Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930), Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (1932) - Hoovervilles (Early 1930s), Bonus Army Conflict (1932) - Election of FDR (1933), First 100 days, Fireside chats, "Brains Trust", New Deal: 3 R's - Relief, Recovery, and Reform - *Agriculture*: Dust Bowl, "The Grapes of Wrath", Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA, cut production, did not help sharecroppers; ruled unconstiutional) (1933) - *Finance & Industry:* Mass bank failure, Bank Holiday, Emergency Banking Act (only financially stable banks could reopen) (1933), Glass-Steagall Act (regulated how banks could invest deposits) (1933), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC, regulated stock market) (1934) - *Conservation and the Environment:* Efforts to provide labor relief: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA, developed infrastructure in poor regions), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC, a public relief program hiring men to work outside) - *Labor & Social Welfare:* National Recovery Act (NRA, set production limits, fair wages/hours, helped unions; ruled unconstitutional), Wagner Act (1935, guaranteed the rights of organized labor, first time unions are protected), Social Security Act (guaranteed retirement payments, principle of federal responsibility for federal welfare) (1935) - *Relief and Reconstruction*: Welfare state (created jobs to provide relief to unemployed), New Deal Liberalism, Federal Housing Administration (FHA) (1933), 21st Amendment (1933, repealed 18th amendment) - *Criticism against FDR:* Conservatives disliked Keynesian Economics, Liberals criticised lack of assistance towards minority communities, "Share our wealth" program, Rejection of "court packing plan", Schechter v. United States (1935, struck down NRA) - 1st New Deal: economic recovery with some success, 2nd New Deal: social justice and safety net going further with reform and relief - *Second New Deal*: Works Progress Administration (WPA, employing jobless) (1935), Resettlement Administration (RA, loans to farmers and sharecroppers) (1935) - *Women and the New Deal*: Eleanor Roosevelt transforming image of first lady, CCC did not allow women to join - *African Americans and the New Deal*: African Americans began to overwhelmingly vote Democratic, CCC segregated blacks, lynching persisted, Scottsboro Boys - *Legacies of the New Deal*: New Deal Democratic Coalition including farmers & women & African Americans & immigrants & union members, Established federal responsibility for society (safety net), Did not end Great Depression (WW2 does), Keynesian Economics: government spending helps promote economic growth
1933-1945 (WWII Europe and Pacific) This was the start of World War II right after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and Americans wanted revenge for all of the lost American lives. Soon after the Battle of the Bulge Germany surrenders and the US drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Japan surrenders ending WWII
- Rise of fascism (1930s), Panay Incident, National Socialist Party, Munich Conference (1938), Appeasement, Soviet-Nazi Non Aggression Pact (1939) - Interventionism, Collective Security, Committee to Defend America (1940), Popular Front, Four Freedoms, Wilsonianism, Business Interests - Isolationism, Nye Committee, America First Committee (1940), Nativism, Neutrality Act (1935), Stimson Doctrine - Lend-Lease Act (1941), Atlantic Charter (1941) - Pearl Harbor (1941), US Pledged to Fight in WW2 - Native American "Code Talkers", Executive Order 8802 (1941, prohibited racial discrimination in defense industry), "Zoot suit" riots, Executive Order 9066 (1942, moved Japanese Americans to relocation camps), Korematsu v. United States (1944) - War Powers Act (1941), The Imperial Presidency, Revenue Act (1942), Servicemen's Readjustment Act (1944), Manhattan Project
1912-1920 (Wilson & WW1) The European war broke out in 1914. Initially the USA claimed neutrality but found them selves involved in the war in 1917.The war provided job opportunities for women and a large migration of Southern blacks to Northern big cities where wartime manufacturing was creating jobs. The war ended in 1919. Weary of war, America was receding into a period of isolationism
- Sinking of the Lusitania (1915), Zimmermann telegram (1917) - US Involvement in WW1 (1917-1918), Selective Service Act, War Industries Board (1917), National War Labor Board (1918), Food Administration - Conscription, Committee on Public Information (1917), Four-Minute Men, Sedition Act of 1918, Espionage Act (1917) - Great Migration, National Women's Party (1916), National American Woman Suffrage Association, 19th amendment (1920) - Fourteen Points (1918), League of Nations, Treaty of Versailles, "Big Four", "Irreconciliables", Rejection of Treaty - Seattle race riots (1919), Red Summer of 1919 - Anti-German sentiment, Prohibition, 18th amendment, growth of organized crime (1920)
1824-1840 (Jacksonian Democracy) After nearly 35 years of government run by the upper crust of society America was ready for a government for the common man. If nothing else, the time period occupied Jacksonian democracy was a time by and for the common man
- The Second Great Awakening (1801-1835), Transcendentalist Movement (1830s), Thoreau "On Civil Disobedience" (1849), "The Burned-Over District", Brook Farm (1841-1847), Mormons (1847), Dorothea Dix & treatment of insane, Horace Mann & public education - Common man vs. notables (1820-1830s) - Enfranchisement (Universal Manhood Suffrage), Rotation in Office, & Spoils System (1830s), Caucus System (Pre-1824), King Caucus (1824) - Corrupt Bargain (1824) - Tariff of Abominations (1824), Nullification crisis, Vice-President Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition and protest (1828) - Anti-Masonic Party (1828) - Maysville Road Veto (1830), Bank War, Removal of Funds from National Bank, Bank Recharter Bill (1836), Pet Banks (1830s) -Indian Removal Act (1830), Cherokee v. Georgia (1831), Worcester v. Georgia (1832), "Trail of Tears" (1838-1839), Force Bill (1833), Roger Taney (1836-1864) - Formation of Whig Party (1834) - Specie Circular (1836), Panic of 1837 - Gag Rule (1836), Benevolent Empire (1820s-1830s), Moral Free Agency (1820s-1830s) - American Temperance Society (1832)
1869-1900 (Gilded Age & Populists) This post-Civil War era was a time when everything looked coated in chocolate and gold, but underneath it was just a piece of rotten banana. It was also the beginning of more radical political groups
- Transcontinental Railroad Completed (1869) - Management Revolution (Late 1800s) - Horizontal & Vertical Integration, Scientific Management, Trusts, Deskilling, Mass Production, Bessemer Process (Late 1800s) - Knights of Labor (1869-1890s) - Standard Oil Company Incorporated (1870), Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872) - Greenback-Labor Party, Producerism, Granger Laws (1870s), Farmers Alliance, Populist Party, Omaha Platform, free silver - Panic of 1873, Tariff Act of 1875 - Battle of Little Bighorn (1876), Dawes Severalty Act (1887), Wounded Knee (1890) - Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Interstate Commerce Act, Interstate Commerce Commision (1887), Munn v. Illinois (1877) - Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) - Haymarket Square Riot, Anarchism (1886) - American Federation of Labor Organized, Trade Unions, Closed Shop (1886) - Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), McKinley Tariff Act (1890) - Homestead Steel Strike (1892), Panic of 1893, The Pullman Strike (1894) - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Jim Crow Laws (1877-1950)
1800-1824 (Jeffersonian Democracy) In this time period a raging debate between the federalists and antifederalists over how the constitution should be interpreted dominated national politics as America began to establish its place in the world
- Treaty of Paris (1800) - Revolution of 1800 - Supreme Justice John Marshall (1800), Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges (1801) - Federalist control over Supreme Court (1801-1835), Marbury v. Madison (1803), Fletcher v. Peck (1810), Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819), McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Cohens v. Virginia (1821), Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) - Haitian Revolution, Toussaint L'Ouverture (Early 1800s), Louisiana Purchase (1803), Lewis & Clark (1804-1806) - Impressment (1800-1810), Embargo Act (1807), Non-intercourse Act Replaces Embargo Act (1809), Macon's Bill No.2 (1810) - Market Revolution (1820s-1850s), National Road (1806), Invention of Steamboat (1807), Erie Canal (1825) - War Hawks (Calhoun, Webster) (1812), War of 1812 (1812-1814), Essex Junto (1812), Tecumseh (1763-1813), Treaty of Ghent (1814) - Hartford Convention (1814), Death of Federalist Party - Start of the Growth of Industry in Textiles (1812-1860s), American System Proposed (1814), Second Bank of the United States (1816), Protective Tariff of 1816) - Era of Good Feelings Begins (1817-1823) - Rush Bagot Treaty (1817), Adams-Onis Treaty (1819), Russo-American Treaty (1824) - Panic of 1819, Unions (1820s) - Tallmadge Amendment (1819), Missouri Compromise (1820) - Industrial Revolution (1790-1860), Mineral Based Economy (1820s), Commonwealth System (1820s), Waltham-Lowell System (1823), Machine tools (1820s), Artisan Republicanism (1820s), Labor theory of value (1820s) - Romanticism (1820s) - Monroe Doctrine (1823)
1945-1962 (The Cold War) Americans were still getting over WWII and now they were having difficulties with their ally the Soviet Union. This lead to the Cold War, which was based on fear of nuclear warfare
- Yalta Conference (1945), Formation of United Nations (1945), Potsdam Conference (1945) - Containment, Truman Doctrine (1947) Marshall Plan (1948), NSC-68 (1950) - Stalin blockades West Berlin (1948), Berlin Airlift Begins (1948), Lifting of Blockade (1949) - NATO (1949), Warsaw Pact (1955), - Cold War liberalism, Taft-Hartley Act (1947), Fair Deal (1949) - Loyalty-Security Program (1947), House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) (1938), The Red Scare (1947), McCarthyism (1950) - Election of Eisenhower (1952), Nuclear Arms Race, "New Look" Defense Policy, Domino Theory, Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) - Election of Kennedy (1960), Idealism, Peace Corps (1961), - Bay of Pigs (1961), Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), - USSR Construction of Berlin Wall (1961)
1900-1913 (Progressive Movement) The progressives were mainly middleclass men and women who wanted to wage war on the evils of the world: monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice. The muckrakers played an active role in exposing corruption and scandal
- Young Men's Christian Association (Late 1800s) - United Daughters of the Confederacy, "Waving the bloody shirt" - National Baseball League (1876), Negro Leagues (Early 1900s), Vaudeville theatre - Political machine, Tammany Hall, National Municipal League, "City Beautiful" movement, Pendleton Act, Mugwumps - 'New Immigration', Tenement, Jacob Riis "How the Other Half Lives", mutual aid society, social settlement, Hull House, Social Gospel, Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) - Election of Roosevelt (1904), Trustbuster, New Nationalism - Progressivism, Wisconsin Idea (1901-1925), initiative, recall, referendum, 16th amendment (1913), 17th amendment (1913) - Election of Wilson (1912), New Freedom - Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Lodge Bill (1890), Elkins Act (1903), Federal Reserve Act (1913), Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) - National Consumers League (1899), Women's Trade Union League (1903) - Industrial Workers of the World Founded (1905) - Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Hepburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) - National Child Labor Committee, Muller v. Oregon (1908), Lochner v. New York (1905) - Tuskegee Institute (1881), Williams v. Mississippi (1898), Niagara Movement, NAACP Founded (1910), talented tenth, Atlanta Compromise (1895), National Association of Colored Women (1896), Race Riots, Ragtime & Blues, Solid South - Booker T. Washington: educational and economic advancement, W.E.B. DuBois: militant position - Sierra Club (1892), Newlands Reclamation Act (1902), National Park Service (1916)
