APUSH Unit 2

St. Lawrence River

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Deerfield massacre

1704. It is also known as King William's War (1689-1697) by the British and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). It pitted British colonists against the French coureurs de bois, with both sides recruiting whatever Indian allies the could. It was fought by the Indians because the British and French thought that America was not important enough to dispatch troops to. The combatants waged a kind of primitive guerrilla warfare. The French Indians attack the frontiers settlements esp. Schenectady N.Y. and Deerfield Mass. Peace terms, signed at Utrecht in 1713, revealed how badly France and its Spanish ally had been beaten. Britain was rewarded with French-populated Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia or New Scotland), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay.

Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union (why failure)

A month before the Albany Conference, Franklin published the most famous cartoon in the colonial era in his newspaper the Pennsylvania Gazette. It showed separate Colonies as parts of a disjointed snake, and broadcasted the slogan "Join, or Die." His outstanding contribution was a well-devised but premature scheme for colonial home rule. The Albany delegates unanimously adopted the plan, but the individual colonies rejected it, as did the London regime. To the colonists, it didn't seem to give enough independence; to the British officials, it seemed to give too much. The disappointing result approved one of Franklin's sage observations: all people agreed on the need for union, but their "weak noddles" were "perfectly distracted" when they attempted to agree on details.

American Revolution, patriots

AKA War of Independence. It was a war within a war: loyalists (Tories; loyal to the King) against patriots (American rebels; aka Whigs), who also fought the British redcoats. It was minority movement with many colonist apathetic or neutral. ADD MORE pg. 146

list American weaknesses

American rebels were badly organized in war lacking unity and filled with uncertainty. The Continental Congress got weaker as the war progressed with no written constitution. Jealousy between the states and sections (esp. over appointed military leaders) caused weakness. Economic difficulties were almost unsolvable with little metallic money and the Continental Congress not wanting to issue taxation. It was forced to print paper money which caused the value to go down. Inflation skyrocketed prices, and soldiers fighting on the front deserted to help families.

Detroit, Louisiana, New Orleans, and Illinois

Antoine Cadillac founded ____ (for France), the "City of Straits," to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio River Valley in 1701. Robert de La Salle founded _____ (in honor of King Louis XIV) to stop Spanish settlement in the Gulf of Mexico. The French also establish ____ with forts and trading post, making it the garden of France's North American empire. The most important of several fortified posts was _____, which was established in 1718. ADD MORE

Ambassador to France Benjamin Franklin

Ben Franklin had been sent to Paris as an envoy, to negotiate the treaty with France. He was determined that his very appearance should herald the diplomatic revolution the Americans hoped to achieve. He violated every norm of diplomatic behaivor in his clothing and demeanor to show revolution. He shocked the royal court, besotted as it was with pomp and protocol. But ordinary Parisians adored him as a specimen of a new democratic social order, devoid of pretense and ornament. On Feburary 6, 1778, France offered the Americans a treaty of alliance. It did not conform to the Treaty that Franklin had brought with him - an early example of practical self-interest trumping abstract idealism in America's conduct of foreign affairs.

the role of African Americans

Blacks also fought in the American revolution. Although originally barred from the militia, 5,000 blacks ended up serving in the war. They fought at Trenton, Brandywine, Saratoga, and other important battles. Prince Whipple became a military hero. Others served as cooks, spies, drivers, and road builders. They also served with the British. Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, promised freedom for any slave who joined the British army. Within one month 3,000 slaves enlisted in the British Army.

Minute Men

Bloodshed at Lexington and Concord in April of 1775 was a clarion call to arms. About 20,000 musket-bearing "_____" swarmed around Boston, there to coop up the outnumbered British.

Battle of Yorktown (1780)

British general Cornwallis had fallen back to the Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown to await seaborne supplies and reinforcements, assuming the British would continue to control the sea. French Admiral Grasse added the Americans in an assault on Cornwallis. Washington beset the British by land while the French blockaded them from the sea. Cornwallis surrendered on October 19, 1781.

King George III

By 1770, he was strenuously attempting to assert the power of the British Monarchy. He surrounded himself with cooperative men notably his prime minister Lord North.

Hurons v. Iroquois

Champlain, the leading figure in Quebec, entered friendly relations with Huron tribes, joining with them in a battle against the Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area. The whites' guns frightened the Iroquois, killed some, and earned the lasting enmity of the Iroquois towards France. They thereafter hampered French penetration of the Ohio Valley, sometimes ravaging French settlements and frequently serving as allies of the British in the prolonged struggle for supremacy on the continent.

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

Colonial outcries against the hated stamp tax took varied forms. The most conspicuous assemblage was the _____. This was an assembly which brought together in NYC twenty-seven distinguished delegates from nine colonies. After a debate, the members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and beseeched the king and Parliament to repeal the repugnant legislation. It was largely ignored in England but made a little splash at that time in America. It also caused the sectional suspicions to fall apart, but brought together the same table leaders from different and rival colonies.

Hessians (mercenaries)

George III had 30,000 of the foreign soldiers under his control.

Stamp Act of 1765

Grenville also imposed this act, which was the most offensive measure of all. It was to raise revenues to support the new military force, and it mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. Stamps were required on bills of sale for 50 trade items and on certain types of commercial and legal documents: playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses. The colonist focused their rebellious fire on this act.

virtual representation

Grenville stated that the power of Parliament was supreme and undivided, and in any case the Americans were represented in Parliament. Grenville claimed that every member of Parliament represent all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of Parliament. The Americans scoffed at this notion, but (truthfully) didn't want direct representation in Parliament (b/c any member of the House of Commons could have proposed an oppressive tax bill for the colonies, and the American representatives, few in number, would have stood bereft of a principle with which to resist).

spinning bees and homespun fabric

Groups of women would gather in public to hold ____ and make homespun cloth as a replacement for shunned British textiles. Such public defiance helped spread angry resistance throughout American colonial society.

British Prime Minister George Grenville

He first aroused the resentment of the colonist in 1763 by ordering the British navy to begin strictly enforcing of the Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Quartering Act in 1765. Also in 1765, he imposed the stamp tax (to raise revenues to support the new military force). He regarded all these measures as reasonable and just. He was simply asking the Americans to pay a fair share of the costs for their own defense, through taxes that were already familiar in Britain. However, the Americans were angrily aroused at what they regarded as Grenville's fiscal aggression.

Wolfe's attack on Quebec

He was chosen by Pitt for the attack on Quebec. Wolfe's men were making slow progress toward Quebec until he made a night move on a poorly guarded area of Quebec. This vanguard scaled up the cliff leading the way for the rest of the troops. In the morning the two armies fought on the Plains of Abraham where both leaders (Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm) were fatally wounded, but the French were defeated and the city surrendered.

British Prime Minister William Pitt

He was a excellent British leader who was known as the Great Commoner. He drew his strength from the common people, who admired him greatly. He was also a great public speaker who believed in his cause, his country, and himself. In 1757 he became the foremost leader in the London government and soon earned the title Organizer of Victory. He played down the French attacks and concentrated on Canada in the Quebec-Montreal area. Named Pittsburgh after him.

John Adams

He was the future US President who served as the defense attorney for the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre.

Samuel de Champlain

He was the leading figure in Quebec, An intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title of "Father of New France." He entered into friendly relations with the the Huron Indian tribes, joining them in battle against the Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area.

Crispus Attucks

He was the mulatto ringleader of the crowd at the Boston massacre. A picture of him at the Boston Massacre was circulated in the 1850s as a way to bolster the abolitionist movement. he was one of the first to die in the Boston Massacre.

General Burgoyne and the Battle of Saratoga

He was to carry out London officials intricate scheme to cut of New England from the rest of the colonies by capturing the vital Hudson River valley in 1777, in hopes of paralyzing the American cause. The British were forced to go back to Canada and start a new the next year. Burgoyne had been slowed down north of Albany, while a host of American militiamen, scenting the kill, swarmed around him. Unable to advance or retreat, Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at Saratoga on October 17, 1777, to the American general Horatio Gates. Saratoga ranks high among the decisive battles of both American and world history. The victory immensely revived the faltering colonial cause. Even more important, it made possible the urgently needed foreign aid from France, which in turn helped ensure American independence.

Samuel Adams and the Committees of Correspondence

He, a Bostonian, kindled resistance through his propaganda. He lived for politics and was ultra-sensitive to infractions on colonial rights. He appealed to what was called his "trained m"ob. His contribution was to organize in Massachusetts the local committees of correspondence, the first of which he had formed in Boston in 1772. Some 80 towns in the colony set up similar organizations. Their function was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and thus keep alive opposition to British policy. In 1773, Virginia established the first intercolonial committees of correspondence. Soon every colony had established a central committee through which it could exchange ideas and info with other colonies.

Quebec 1608

In 1608, the permanent beginnings of a vast empire for France in the New World were established in this place along the St. Lawrence river. The leading figure was Samuel de Champlain, an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership fairly earned him the title "Father of New France."

Albany conference

In 1754 the British government summoned an intercolonial congress to Albany, N.Y.. Only Seven delegates from the 13 colonies showed up. The immediate goal of the meeting was to keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the spreading war. Its long-range purpose was to achieve greater colonial unity and bolster the common defense against France.

Young George Washington and Fort Necessity

In 1754, the governor of Virginia told 21-year-old Washington make English claims to the Ohio River Valley. He and his men came across a small group of French troops from Fort Duquesne. The French soon returned with reinforcements that surrounded the quickly made Fort Necessity. He was forced to surrender his entire command in July 1754, but was permitted to march his men away with the full honors of war.

Townshend Acts 1767 (lead, glass, paper, paint, tea)

In 1767, Charley Townshend convinced Parliament to pass this act which put a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. This was made an indirect customs duty payable at American ports which differentiated between internal and external taxes. It revenues were to pay salaries of royal governors and judges in America. START HERE

Boston Massacre 1770

In 1768, British officials landed two regiments of troops, many of which were drunken profane characters, in Boston. On the evening of March 5, 1770, a crowd of some sixty townspeople began taunting and throwing snowballs at a squad of ten redcoats. The Bostonians were still angry oat the death of a 11 yr old boy who was shot ten days earlier. Soldiers opened fire on the jeering crowd. Both sides were to blame for the Massacre.

Boston Tea Party 1773

In 1773, The British East India Company had not sold 17 million pounds of tea and was on the brink of bankruptcy. Its collapse would cause a great lost to London government tax revenue, so the company was awarded complete monopoly of the American tea Business. Even thought the tea was cheaper, many Americans saw this British move as a way to bait Americans with cheaper tea and having to pay the detested tax. Principle remain more important than price. In Philadelphia and New York, demonstrations force the tea bearinf ships to return t England with their cargo holds still full. Marylanders burned both cargo and vessels. In South Carolina, officials seized the tea for nonpayment of duties after intimidated local merchants refused to accept delivery. Only in Boston did the officials refuse to be cowed when Bostonian governor Hutchinson ordered tea shops not to clear Boston Harbor until they had unloaded their cargoes. On December 16, 1773, Bostonians bumped 347 chests of tea into the Atlantic.

Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"

In 1776, ____ was published. It is considered one of the most influential pamphlets ever written. Its author was the radical Thomas Paine. His tract became a best seller and within a few months, reaching an astonishing total of 120,000 copies. Paine argued that the tiny island of Britain could not control the vast continent of North America. Paine claimed the king was nothing but "the Royal Brute of Great Britain." He for a new kind of society: a republic. He didn't only want independence, he wanted a new kind of political society: a republic. He wanted government run by the people.

George Rogers Clark in the Ohio Valley

In 1778-1779, George Roger Clark, conceived the idea of seizing forts in the Ohio valley by surprise, floated down the Ohio River with about 175 men, captured forts Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. Clark's admirers have argued that his success forced the British to cede the region north of the Ohio River to the United States at the peace table in Paris.

France, Spain, Holland join American efforts

In 1779, Spain and Holland joined the war against Britain. Combined Spanish and French fleets outnumbered those of Britain, and on two occasions the British Isles seemed to be at the mercy of hostile warships.

Benedict Arnold, traitor of West point

In 1780, General Benedict Arnold turned traitor when he plotted with the British to sell out the key stronghold of West Point for money and an officer's commission. By the sheerest accident, the plot was detected in the nick of time, and Arnold fled to the British.

Battle of Lexington and Concord 1775

In April 1775 the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops, who were to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and also to bag the rebel ringleaders (Sam Adams and John Hancock) to nearby Lexington and Concord. At Lexington colonial Minutemen refused to disperse rapidly enough, and shots were fired that killed eight Americans and wounded seven others. The red coats pushed on to Concord where they were forced to retreat by the Americans. The Americans caused the Brits three hundred casualties including 70 deaths.

failed invasion of Canada

In Fall 1775, American leaders believed (erroneously) that the conquered French were explosively restive under the British yoke. A successful assault on Canada would add a fourteenth colony, while depriving Britain of a valuable base for striking at the colonies in revolt. The attack, involving some two thousand American troops, contradicted the claim of the colonists fighting defensively for a redress of grievances. Invasion northward was undisguised offensive warfare. The attack narrowly missed success. The French, who were well treated by the Quebec Act of 1774, had no desire to revolt.

Olive Branch Petition

In July 1775, the Continental Congress adopted the ______, professing American loyalty to the crown and begging the king to prevent further hostilities. But following Bunker Hill, King George III slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation. In August 1775 he formally proclaimed the colonies in rebellion; the skirmishes were now out-and-out treason, a hanging crime.

Washington evacuates New York

In July 1776, a British fleet of 500 ships appeared of the coast of New York. General Washington was dangerously out numbered, so he evacuated New York escaping to Manhattan Island in a fog. Retreating northward, he crossed the Hudson River to New Jersey and finally reached the Delaware River with he British close behind.

Bunker (Breed) Hill

In June 1775 the colonists seized a hill from which which they menaced the enemy in Boston. The British, instead of cutting off the retreat of their foes by flanking them, blundered bloodily when they launched a frontal attack with 3,000 men. The 15,000 Americans mowed down the advancing redcoats. However, the colonist supply of gun powder ran out, and they were forced to abandon the hill.

British evacuation of Boston

In March the British were forced to evacuate Boston, taking with them the leading friends of the King.

Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, fort Ticonderoga

In May 1775, a tiny American force under ____ and ____ surprised and captured the British garrisons at ____ and Crown Point. A priceless store of gunpowder and artillery for the siege of Boston was thus secured.

Quebec Act 1774

It accompanied the Intolerable Acts in 1774. It was erroneously regarded in English-speaking America as par of the British reaction to turbulence in Boston. This actually was a the good way that GB decided to rule its new French subjects. It allowed them to keep their Catholic Religion, keep their old customs and institutions, and old boundaries of the province of Quebec were now extended southward all the way to the Ohio River. To Americans it was the most notorious Intolerable Act since it sustained unrepresentative assemblies and denials of jury trial as well as snatching from the land west of the Alleghenies from land speculators grasps. It also aroused anti-catholics.

republicanism

It came from the ancient Greek and Roman republics. It was a society in which citizens subordinated their private, selfish interest to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of the government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry (its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage) and especially its appetite for civic involvement. It was in opposition to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions such as aristocracy and monarchy. Together, ____ and Whig ideas predisposed the American colonists to be on hair-trigger alert against any threat to their rights.

Catholic New France (Canada)

It came underneath the control of the French king after companies had faltered and failed. It was a royal regime that was autocratic (did not have the same rights as English Colonies - didn't elect representative assemblies or have the right to trial by jury). The population grew slowly because the landowning French had little economic motive to move. Protestant Huguenots, who might have had religious motive to migrate, were denied a refuge in the colony. The French government, in any case, favored its Caribbean island colonies, rich in sugar and rum, over the snow-cloaked wilderness of Canada.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

It met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, and this time all 13 colonies were represented. The conservative Congresss was still strong, despite the shooting in Massachusetts. There was still no want for independence - just desire to keep fighting sin the hope that the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievences. They adopted a measure to raise money and to create and army and navy.

Seven Year's War/French and Indian War

It set the stage for America's independence. It was one of the nine world wars that had been waged since 1688. It was known as the _____ War in Europe and the ______ War in America.

"no taxation without representation"

It was a slogan that the colonists used to protest against the taxes the Parliament was imposing. There was irony in the slogan because those along the coast did not give equal representation to those in the back country. Americans made a distinction between "legislation" (which affected the entire empire, including regulation and trade) and "taxation" (which only effected the Americans, who had no representatives in Parliament). The Americans insisted that only their own elected colonial legislatures could tax them. Taxes levied by the distant British Parliament amounted to robbery, a piratical assault of the sacred rights of poverty.

Valley Forge winter camp conditions

It was bitterly cold, soldiers went without bread for three successive days, and manufactured goods were in short supply(food, clothes,shoes). The men were barefoot and some were nearly naked in the cold winter. The snow was often marked with blood. Woolens were needed for the winter, but they were not to be found. Some men even rapped themselves in woolen bed covers.

Whig philosophy

It was derived from British political commentators called the "radical ____" who feared the threat to liberty by the arbitrary power of the monarch and his ministers relative to elected representatives in Parliament. They also did not approve of bribes by the king's ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard against possible conspiracies to deprive them of their hard-won liberties. Together, republicanism and ____ ideas predisposed the American colonists to be on hair-trigger alert against any threat to their rights.

Declaration of Independence; July 4, 1776

It was formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. It might better have been called "the Explanation of Independence." Jefferson gave his appeal universality by invoking the "natural rights" of humankind (from the Enlightenment) - not just British rights. It also had a list of the presumably tyrannous misdeeds of George III. It allows foreign aid to be solicited with greater hope of success. Those Patriots who defied the king were now rebels, not loving subjects shooting their way into reconciliation.

"Declaration of Rights"

It was one of the dignified papers that the Continental Congress came up with.

Navigation Laws

It was passed by Parliament in 1650. It was aimed at rival Dutch shippers trying to elbow their way into the Americas carrying trade. All commerce flowing to and from the colonies would be transported only in British vessels. Following laws required that European goods destined for America had to go through Great Britain where tariff duties could be collected a British middlemen could get some of the profits. Other laws stated that American merchants had to ship "enumerated" products, notably tobacco, exclusively to Britain, even though prices might be better elsewhere.

Sugar Act of 1764

It was passed in 1764 and was the fist law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies, and after protest from the colonists, the duty was lowered substantially.

Ohio Country

It was the chief bone of contention between Great Britain and France because it was a critical area into which the westward-pushing British colonists would inevitably penetrate. To France it was a the key to the continent that they wanted to retain particularly because they needed to connect their Canadian holdings to those of the lower Mississippi Valley. Rivalry over the Ohio River Valley brought tensions to a snapping point.

First Continental Congress 1774

It was the most memorable response to the Intolerable Act which was summonnded in 1774. It was to meet in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. Twelve of the thirteen colonies, only Georgia missing, sent 55 well-respected men (Sam Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry). Intercolonial frictions were partially melted away by social activity after working hours. It deliberated for seven weeks, from September 5 to October 26, 1774. It was not a legislative but a consultative body. After long arguments, the congress drew up several dignified papers.

The Association

It was the most significant action of the Congress. It called for a complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption. It is important to note that the delegates were not yet calling for independence.

loyalists (Tories; problems they faced)

Loyalists were also called Tories after the dominant political factions in Britain. A Tory is a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched. They numbered about 16% of the population. They were least numerous in New England. They remained true to their king. Before the Declaration persecution of loyalists was relatively mild. Yet they were subjected to some brutality, including tarring and feathering. After the Declaration, which sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots, harsher methods prevailed.

non-importation agreements (boycotts)

More effect than the Stamp Act Congress at bringing together the colonies was the wide-spread adoption of _____ against British goods. Woolen garments of homespun fabric became fashionable, and the eating of lamb chops was discouraged so that the wool-bearing sheep would be allowed to mature. They were a promising stride toward union; they spontaneously united American people for the first time in common action. They gave ordinary American men and women new opportunities to participate in colonial protests. People became involved in signing petitions swearing to uphold the terms of the consumer boycotts.

admiralty court trials (why unfair)

Offenders of the Sugar Act and Stamp Act were tried in these hated courts where juries were not allowed. The burden of proof was on the defendants who were assumed to be guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent. Trail by jury and he precept of "innocent until proved guilty" were ancient privileges that British people everywhere, including the American colonist held most dear.

issuing of Declaratory Act

Parliament passed the Declaratory Act after the repeal of the Stamp Act. This act reaffirmed Parliament's right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.

difference between New World and Old World

People of the Old World were surrounded by their Ancestors and were brought up in a changeless surroundings, but the New World colonists were filled with fresh ideas such as republicanism and Whig philosophy which made the colonists alert for threats to their rights. The New World nurtured new ideas about the nature of society, citizen, and government. European immigrants in the New World were not as easily subdued as the Old World folk who didn't question their social status.

General George Washington

Perhaps the most important single action of the Congress was to select this man, one of its members already in a officer's uniform, to head the hastily improvised army besieging Boston. He had great leadership skills and immense strength of character that lead the people to trust him. They sensed that when he put himself at the head of a cause, he was prepared, if necessary, to go down with the ship.

purpose of colonies

Possessing colonies conferred distinct advantages, since the colonies could both supply raw materials to the mother country (reducing the need for foreign imports) and providing a guaranteed market for exports. The London government also looked on the American colonists as tenants. They were expected to furnish products needed in the mother country (tobacco, sugar, ships' masts, etc.), to refrain from making for export certain products (woolen cloth or beaver hats), to buy imported manufactured goods exclusively from Britain, and not to indulge in bothersome dreams of economic self-sufficiency or, worse, self-government.

repeal of the Stamp Act

Shaken by colonial commotion (the tar and feathers), the machinery for collecting the tax broke down. On that day in 1765 when the new act was to go into effect, the stamp agents had all been forced to resign, and there was no one to sell the stamps. The law was openly and flagrantly defied - or, rather, nullified. Merchants, manufacturers, and shippers suffered from the colonial nonimportation agreements, and hundreds of laborers were thrown out of work. Loud demands converged on Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. But many members could not understand why 7.5 million Britons had to pay heavy taxes to protect the colonies, whereas some 2 million colonists refused to pay for only one-third of the cost of their own defense. After a stormy debate, Parliament in 1766 grudgingly repealed the Stamp Act.

Thomas Jefferson (Enlightenment)

Shortly after Richard Henry Lee moved that "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states," Congress appointed a committee to prepare a more formal statement of separation (Declaration of Independence). The task of drafting it fell to ____. Despite his youth, he was already recognized as a brilliant writer, and he measured up splendidly to the assignment. He gave his appeal universality by invoking the "natural rights" of humankind (from the Enlightenment) - not just British rights.

royal veto (nullification)

The British crown had the right to nullify any legislation passed by colonial assemblies. This was used sparsely just 496 times in connection with 8,563 laws. However, colonist resented its existence - another example of how principle could weigh more heavily than practice in fueling colonial grievances.

Treaty of Paris (1783), major parts

The British formally recognized the independence of the United States, granted generous boundaries, stretching from the Mississippi to the Great Lakes to Spanish Florida. They also received Newfoundland. Loyalists were not to be persecuted, Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be returned, and the states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of the collection of debs owed to British creditors.

British Southern strategy

The British meanwhile had devised a plant to roll up the colonies, beginning in the South where the Loyalists were numerous. The colony of Georgia was ruthlessly overrun in 1778-1779; Charleston, South Carolina fell in 1780. The surrender of the city to the British involved the capture of five thousand men and four hundred cannon and was a heavier loss to the Americans, in relation to existing strength, than that of Burgoyne was to the British. Warfare was now intensified in the Carolinas, where Patriots bitterly fought their Loyalist neighbors. ADD

Examples of British and American mutual dislike

The British officers held contempt for the raw colonial soldiers, refusing to recognize any American militia commission above the rank of captain - a demotion humiliating to "Colonel" George Washington. British officers were also very condescending to the colonists. The energetic and hard-working American settlers believed themselves to be the cutting edge of British civilization. They deserved credit rather than contempt for risking their lives to secure a New World empire. British officials were further distressed by the reluctance of the colonists to support the common cause wholeheartedly. American shippers, using fraudulent papers, developed a trade with the enemy ports of the Spanish and French West Indies. This trade actually kept some of the West Indies' hostile Island from starving when the British navy was trying to subdue them. ADD MORE: CHECK CLAIRE'S

Proclamation Line of 1763

The London government issued this. It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments. This was not designed to oppress the colonists but to work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent Indian uprisings. However, many colonists, esp. land speculators, were dismayed and angered. In complete defiance of the proclamation, they clogged the westward trails. In 1765 an estimated one thousand wagons rolled through Salisbury, North Carolina, on their way "up west." This wholesale defiance of royal authority boded ill for the longevity of British rule in America.

currency problems

The Navigation Laws caused a ____ shortage in the colonies because colonists bought more from Britain than they sold to Britain, and the difference had to be made up in hard cash. Every year money earned in illegal trade with Spanish and French West Indies, drained out of the colonies, causing a money shortage. The colonists exchanged butter, nails, pitch, and feathers to make their everyday purchases. The colonies had to issue paper money which caused merchants and creditors to complained to England which no longer allowed the colonies to print money and passing indulgent bankruptcy laws - practices that might harm British merchants. The Americans grumbled that their welfare was being sacrificed for the well-being of British commercial interests.

Georgia as a buffer colony

The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739) was fought in this buffer colony and the Caribbean Sea where Oglethorpe (British) fought the Spaniards to a standstill. It was named because the British Captain Jenkins had his ear cut off by a Spanish commander. Jenkins went back to Britain and told the story, creating furious resentment for the Spanish in Britain. This war was a small-scale scuffle in America, but soon merged with the large-scale King George's War (as called in America) in Europe.

repeal of all Townshend Acts except Tea Act

The government of Lord North persuaded Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties, but the 3 pence toll on tea which the colonists found most offensive would remain.

Pontiac's Rebellion

The removal of the French from Canada and the Spanish from Florida deprived the Indians of their most powerful diplomatic weapon, the ability to play off rival European powers against on another. Now they would have to negotiate exclusively with Britain. In 1763, Ottawa chief Pontiac led several tribes, aided by French traders, in a violent campaign to drive British out of the Ohio Country. They besieged Detroit and overran all but 3 British posts west of the Appalachians killing some 2 thousand soldiers and settlers. The British responded with primitive biological warfare by sending blankets infected with smallpox to Indians there. Such tactics crushed the uprising and brought an uneasy truce to the frontier.

"privateer" ships

These craft were privately owned armed ships - legalized pirates in a sense - specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping. Altogether over a thousand American _____, responding to the call of patriotism and profit, sallied forth with about seventy thousand men ("sailors of fortune"). They captured some six hundred British prizes, while British warships captured about as many American merchantmen and privateers.

Jesuit missionaries

These mere the French Catholic missionaries who tried to save Indians for Christ and from fur-trappers. Some missionaries suffered unspeakable tortures at the hands of the Indians. Although they made few conversions, they were great explorers and geographers.

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

They were a group who took the law into their own hands. By crying "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps," They enforced nonimportation agreements against violators, usually tarring and feathering them. Patriotic mobs ransacked he houses of unpopular officials, confiscated their money, and hanged effigies of stamp agents on liberty poles.

Navigation Laws loosely enforced (salutary neglect)

They were not an intolerable burden until 1763 because they were only loosely enforced. Colonial merchants learned to avoid troublesome restrictions. Some of the First American fortunes were gathered by wholesale smuggling.

Quartering Act of 1765

This act passed in 1765 required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. (Americans resented it)

England (Great Britain)

This country was called Great Britain after its Union with Scotland in 1707. It was involved in a conflict over the ownership of the North Americas along with Spain and France. It unavoidably swept up Native American peoples as well. From 1688 to 1763, four bitter wars between the three countries convulsed Europe. All four were world wars. They amounted to a death struggle for domination in Europe as well as in the New World, and they were fought on the waters and soil of two hemispheres.

beaver pelts and "coureurs de bois"

This fur was highly valued in Europe, and it was abundant in New France. French fur-trappers ranged the woods and waterways of North America in search of the animal. Slaughtering the ____ by the boatload also violated many Indians' religious beliefs. The colorful French fur trappers were named ____ which meant runners of the woods. They were an immoral bunch who left behind many place names, including Baton Rouge (red stick), Terre Haute (high land), and Des Moines (some monks). The fur-trappers all but extinguished the ___ population in many areas.

intercolonial disunity

This had been present since the early days of the colonies and was caused mainly by enormous distances, geographical barriers, conflicting religions, varied nationalities, different colonial governments, boundary disputes and resentment of the crude backcountry settlers against the aristocratic big shots.

tar and feathering

This is what the Sons and Daughter of Liberty did to violators of the non-importation agreements. (cover in tar, then in feathers)

French Protestant Huguenots

This religious group came into conflict with Roman Catholics in France during the 1500s. On St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572, over a thousand of them were murdered. A new era dawned in 1598 when the Edict of Nantes, issued by the crown, granted limited toleration to the French Protestants. They had the religious motivation to move to New France, but they were not given refuge there. The French wanted to keep a close eye on their dissenters. If New France had accepted the _____, the French might have won the war. America might be part of Canada.

Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

This was a French fort which the French were setting up in the disputed wilderness of the Ohio River Valley. It was a pivotal point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio. A few miles away from this fort Washington, and his troops of 150 Virginia militiamen, fired the firsts shots of the globe-girdling new war. The French leader was killed and his men retreated.

mercantilism

This was a theory that justified British control over the colonies. The _____ believed that wealth was power and that a country's economic wealth (and hence its military/political power) could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. To get gold or silver, a country needed to export more than it imported. Possessing colonies thus conferred distinct advantages, since the colonies could both supply raw materials to the mother country (thereby reducing the need for foreign imports) and provide a guaranteed market for exports. Americans also reaped benefits from the system: London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship parts, over the protests of British competitors. They also benefited from the protection of the world's mightiest navy and a strong, seasoned army of redcoats - all without a penny of cost.

French-Indian War

This was the 4th Anglo-French war which was started in America. It began in 1754 when George Washington shot a Frenchman in the Ohio River Valley. It was the 7 yrs War fought in widespread areas: Europe, America, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and the oceans. The French focused so much of their energy in Europe that they didn't have the strength to send an adequate force into the New World. The Colonies had lacked a sense of Unity in the past couple of wars, but for this war they came together.

Franklin, J. Adams, John Jay

Three envoys with explicit instructions from Congress to make no separate peace and to consult with their French allies at all stages of the negotiations. John Jay was unwilling to let France take advantage of the United States. He spoke to Britain and a preliminary treaty of peace was signed in 1782. ADD

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts 1774

Unanimously in 1774, Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing a series of acts designed to chastise Boston in particular, Massachusetts in general. They were branded in America as the masacre of American Liberty. The most drastic of these was the Boston Port act which closed the harbor until damages were paid and order was restored. These acts swept away charter rights the colony and ability to hold meetings. The Quartering Act which gave local authorities the power to lodge British soldiers anywhere, even in private homes.

Battle of Trenton (Washington Crosses the Delaware)

Washington continued to retreat from New York across the Delaware River with the British close on his heels. Washington's opponent General William Howe decided to rest Christmas Eve. Washington recrossed the Delaware River and at Trenton on December 26, 1776, he surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off the effects of their Christmas celebration. A week later, he defeated a smaller British detachment at Princeton.

list Imperial Britain's weaknesses

oppressed Ireland was a smoking volcano, and British troops had to be detached to watch it. France, bitter from its recent defeat, was awaiting an opportunity ti stab Britain in the back. The London government was confused and inept. George III and Lord North were not the organizers of victory like William Pitt. Many British did not want to kill Americans. The English Whigs opposed Lord North and cheered American victories. British generals in America were second-hand and the troops were maltreated. Provisions were scare and of poor quality. Britain was operating 3,000 miles from its home base adding delays. America's geography was different than that of England and it was widely variable. Plus, the united colonies had no urban nerve center whose capture would cripple the country on whole. Plus American birth rate was so high that Red coats could not cripple the population.