APUSH UNIT 4

Theodore Weld

-American abolitionist whose pamphlet "Slavery as it is" (1839) inspired the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, a prominent abolitionist in the 1830's -Put together a group called the "Land Rebels"

John Greenleaf Whittier

-Quaker poet against slavery -His poems cried out against inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance -Undeterred by insults and stoning from mobs, he continued to arouse Americans and influence them with his humanitarian poems

Journalistic Giants

-Washington Irving's Knickerbocker's History of New York, Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow -James Fennimore Cooper's The Spy, The Last of the Mohicans -William Cullen Bryant's "Thanatopsis"

How did 2nd Great Awakening spread?

-camp meetings for several days -missionary movements -bigger than first

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

A Harvard professor who was an extremely popular American poet. Writing for the genteel classes, he was adopted by the less cultured masses. Although his knowledge of European literature supplied him with many themes, his most admired poems were based on American traditions. He was also immensely popular in Europe (America's most beloved nineteenth century poet)

Gilbert Stuart

A painter from Rhode Island who painted several portraits of Washington, creating a sort of idealized image of Washington. When Stuart was painting these portraits, the former president had grown old and lost some teeth. Stuart's paintings created an ideal image of him.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle (based on balancing labor and leisure while working together for the benefit of the greater community)

transcendentalist

A transcendentalist is a person who accepts these ideas not as religious beliefs but as a way of understanding life relationships. The individuals most closely associated with this new way of thinking were connected loosely through a group known as The Transcendental Club, which met in the Boston home of George Ripley

The Changing Family

A. Women increasingly challenged their inferior status. 1. Women better off in U.S. than in Europe especially on the frontier where women were more scarce. 2. Increased numbers of women avoided marriage; 10% by 1860 3. Women began working as schoolteachers and in domestic service. a. 10% of white women worked for pay outside own homes in 1850 b. 20% had been employed at some time prior to marriage. B. Most women left their jobs upon marriage and became homemakers 1. "Cult of domesticity" glorified traditional function of the homemaker. 2. Women had large moral power and influence in family affairs. 3. Godey's Lady's Book, founded in 1830, survived until 1898; promoted "cult of domesticity" -- Circulation reached a staggering 150,000. 4. Catharine Beecher (sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe) a. Called on American inventors to improve life for homemakers b. Ironically, labor-saving inventions made many women's life more challenging as more work was expected of them.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War

Eli Whitney

An American inventor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Invented the cotton gin, a device for processing raw cotton, and interchangeable parts

Herman Melville

As a youth, he lived among cannibals on a whale ship in the South Seas. Later, he wrote the literary masterpiece Moby Dick (1851), and allegory of the conflict between good and evil. Moby Dick was unappreciated at the time of its publication, and its author died in relative obscurity and poverty. The novel was not regarded as a masterpiece until the twentieth century

Samuel Slater

British mechanic that invented the first American machine for spinning cotton, known as the "father of the factory system" in america

Where did the Mormon religion start?

Burned Over District- New York

Washigton Irving

He is the first American internationally recognized in Writing. Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Rip Van Whinkle. - American folklore, local legends

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Often considered considered one of the greatest justices in supreme court history. His opinions and famous dissents in favor of individual liberties are still frequently quoted today. He argued that current necessity rather than precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed; that experience, not logic, should be the basis of law.

2nd Great Awakening

Old Calvinism had been long swept out of America. Rationalist ideas had softened the older orthodoxy. Deism inspired a new religion - the Unitarian faith (God existed in one person, no trinity, promoted good works, believed man was inherently good). The 2nd Great Awakening was a reaction to growing liberalism in religion. It started on the Southern frontier, and soon spread to the Northeast. Larger than the First Great Awakening. Many converted souls, reorganization of churches, new sects appeared (Mormons, Adventists). Encouraged social reforms: prison reform, temperance, women's movement, and crusade to abolish slavery. Thousands of people met at "camp meetings" to hear hellfire sermons. Methodists and Baptists gained the most conversions from this Awakening. Peter Cartwright (preached while flailing), and Charles Grandison Finney (greatest revival preacher). Feminization of religion: women were the most fervent enthusiasts of religious revivalism. Made up a majority of church memberships. It was women's' job to "bring their families back to God."

Mary Lyon

Opened Mount Holyoke Seminary in Massacusetts in 1837; Mount Holyoke was the first womens college in the U.S. Became the model for later liberal arts institutions of higher education for women

Who is the father of the factory system?

Samuel Slater

The 48er's

Some were uprooted famers, many were liberal political refugees. Moved to the Midwest (mainly Wisconsin) Most Germans weren't poor like the Irish, but had some material goods Politicians target Germans as a group For education (started Kindergarten) and brought beer to America

Clinton's Big Ditch

The Erie canal: Construction led by Governor DeWitt Clinton Went from Lake Erie to Buffalo to Hudson River. Cost of shipping, transit time and prices fell dramatically, and helped encourage the Factory movement (completed in 1825)

The Second Great Awakening

a Religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. The revivals enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ

Oneida Colony

a perfect utopian community established in 1848 in New York by John Humphrey Noyes. The people in this community rejected notation of family and marrige. All residents were "married" to all other residents

James Fenimore Cooper

a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece

William Lloyd Garrison

a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement

Dorothea Dix

an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses (seperte sane and insane)

Margaret Fuller

an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism. Her book Woman in the Nineteenth Century is considered the first major feminist work in the United States

Ralph Waldo Emerson

an American lecturer, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thought through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States (wrote "Self-Reliance" and "The American Scholar."

Nathaniel Hawthorne

an American novelist and short story writer. Wrote the Scarlet Letter. Writing centers around New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, dark romanticism

Frederick Douglas

an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining renown for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing

David Walker

an audaciously outspoken Black American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation. A leader within the Black enclave in Boston, Massachusetts. Wrote "Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World": a call to "awaken my brethren" to the power within Black unity and struggle. Recognized for his critical contribution to ending chattel slavery in the United States. One of the most important political and social documents of the 19th century. They credit Walker for exerting a radicalizing influence on the abolitionist movements of his day and beyond. He has inspired many generations of Black leaders and activists of all backgrounds

Charles Finney

argued that men and women of faith had to take the initiative and act: "More than five thousand million have gone down to hell, while the church has been dreaming, and waiting for God to save them without the use of means." To attract more converts, he introduced a series of innovations, called New Measures, which included the "anxious bench," where would-be converts could contemplate their decision for Christ. More than any other historical figure, he made revivals a standard feature of the American religious landscape. The most famous revivalist of the Second Great Awakening ( The Father of Modern Revivalism)

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Gabriel Prosser Slave Revolt

gathered 1,000 rebellious slaves outside Richmond; but two Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin. Prosser and thirty-five others were executed

The Knickerbocker Group

group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes

Edgar Allan Poe

lived from 1809-1849 and was cursed with hunger, cold, poverty, and debt. He was orphaned as a child and when he married his fourteen year old wife, she died of tuberculosis. He wrote books that deal with the ghostly and ghastly, such as "The Fall of the House of Usher."

Hudson River school of Art

the first coherent school of American art - active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England

Neal Dow

the mayor of Portland, Maine who, in 1851, sponsored a law that helped earn his nickname "Father of Prohibition."

George Bancroft

this "Father of American History" helped found the Naval Academy. From 1834-1876, he published a ten-volume history of the U.S.