APUSH Unit 4

Lincoln's Inaugural Address

"No state can leave the Union" "Acts of violence to support secession were rebellious" "Government would hold federal property in seceded states" "South must not attack federal property" No expansion of slavery, secession illegal, South must return or war

What were some problems post Civil War? (5)

- African Americans didn't have equal working opportunities and lacked rights - Southerners still viewed African Americans as inferior - Former slave owners lacked slaves to work the fields - Less jobs for poor whites - African Americans struggled to buy property

What were major Union victories?

- Antietam - Gettysburg - Vicksburg - Sherman's March

What actions did Congress take for Reconstruction? (8)

- Civil Rights Act 1866 - Renewed, expanded Freedmen's Bureau - 14th Amendment 1868 - Reconstruction Acts 1867, 1868 - Tenure of Office Act 1867 - 15th Amendment 1870 - Force Acts 1870-1871 - Civil Rights Act 1875

What was aid for freedmen in the Congressional plans?

- Created Freedmen's Bureau to provide welfare and education to former slaves - provided troops to protect black voting rights - no permanent land distribution (causes sharecropping, tenant farming)

What were scandals in the grant administration?

- Credit Mobilier - Whiskey Ring - Indian Ring Scandal

What caused Britain to support the Union?

- Emancipation Proclamation - Battle of Gettysburg and Vicksburg made it look like North would win

What were major Confederate victories?

- Fort Sumter - First Battle of Bull Run

What were new popular places for blacks?

- Independent churches (National Baptist Convention, African Methodist Episcopal) - newspapers - schools - civic groups

Who were the Union military leaders?

- Irvin McDowell - George B. McClellan - Ulysses S. Grant

What actions did Lincoln/Johnson take for Reconstruction?

- Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (AKA 10% Plan) 1863 and 1865 - Vetoed Wade Davis Bill 1864 - Pardoned most ex-Confederates - Thirteenth Amendment 1865

What was the reality of the Fugitive Slave Act?

- South hoped law would force North to recognize Southern rights - North angered South was ignoring their decision to not have slavery; began to believe compromise impossible - many states ignored; passed opposing state laws - danger was that free blacks could look like slaves and be taken

What were results of the civil war?

- South surrendered to North 1865 - one of the most devastating conflicts in history - caused billions in damage, mostly in South - created bitter feelings among defeated Southerners that lasted generations - North's victory saved the Union - federal government strengthened, more powerful than states - freed African Americans

Success of Reconstruction (5)

- Union restored - South economy grows, new wealth in North - 14th, 15th Amendment guarantee blacks rights of citizenship, equal protection under law, suffrage - Freedmen's Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, schooling - South states adopt system of mandatory education

What was the South like economically?

- agrarian (cotton is king, export a lot) - economic power shifted from upper to lower South - slow industrialization - elementary financial system - inadequate transportation system - tobacco to cotton

What were Northern advantages? (9)

- better educated white population - larger population means a larger army - more natural resources - more industry - dominate foreign trade - better banking system that helped raise money and more wealth overall - established federal government (willing to be centralized) - more ships (but older) and a better navy - Lincoln gives good speeches

What were arguments for slavery being a positive good? (5)

- blacks genetically inferior - blacks provided with care, better off than immigrant workers - slavery was in the bible and present in successful civilizations like Greece, Rome - elevated status of poor whites in South (more wealth overall) - introduced to Christianity

Why did desegregation worry blacks? Segregationists?

- blacks: backlash - segregationists: race mixing, intermarriage

What were advantages of black freedom? (4)

- could now choose work - have stable family - no punishments/gang labor - right to own bodies

How did Americans get rid of Indians in order to claim Californian land?

- disease - murdered - take back treaties - force into slavery

How did Radical Republicans change voting qualifications and women's rights?

- eliminated property qualifications to vote - married women can own property and vote

What was the South's fiscal system during the Civil War?

- few taxes - bonds - mostly print money which leads to inflation

What were Republican's governments accomplishments in the South? (6)

- got rid of property qualifications to vote, black codes - expanded rights of married women (could own property, wages) - tried to expand economy beyond cotton - brought Southern state and city governments up to date - public education - Civil Rights Act of 1875

What are some Northern disadvantages? (4)

- have to bring South back into the Union - have to invade the South (very hostile) - public opinion in North divided: support for war low - less experienced military leadership

What was the Republican's modern fiscal system during the Civil War?

- high tariffs - Homestead Act of 1862 - integrated national bank - Union and Central Pacific chartered to build a transcontinental road - Legal Tender Act of 1862 - interest paying bonds

How did Americans get rid of Mexicans in order to claim Californian land?

- legal tactics - political pressure - convince to sell land Overall, was harder though

What were Polk's goals?

- lower the tariff (from south) - national expansion: manifest destiny, expand into Oregon, acquire California, annex Texas

Failures of Reconstruction (5)

- many white Southerners bitter towards the US government and Republicans - South slow to industrialize - After US troops withdrawn, South state governments and terrorist organizations deny blacks right to vote - many black, white southerners remain in cycle of poverty - racist attitudes towards blacks continue in North and South

Why were border states so crucial?

- near capital - produce a lot of food and manufacturing goods - transportation opportunities like rivers - many good military leaders - large population: would give more white men to fight

If the majority of white southerners didn't own slaves, why did they push for slavery to remain as an institution? (5)

- not lowest in society - economic benefits (cheaper goods) - believe could move up in society by working hard and own slaves later - slaves genetically inferior - helping slaves or else would be lazing around

Why did the number of slave states (8 to 15) expand from 1800 to 1850?

- over cultivation of land in Southeast led to slaveholders relocating to more fertile lands west of Appalachians (Mexico, Louisiana Purchase, Native Americans removed) - demand for labor

Why did Radical Republicans oppose Johnson?

- pardoned many rebel leaders - Confederate leaders returned to US Congress - Southern states were slow to renounce secession - Black codes replaced slavery

What were some Southern disadvantages? (6)

- produced less food (grew nonfood like cotton, tobacco) - smaller population of free men means smaller army (scared to arm slaves) - few factories to manufacture weapons, supplies - printed too much money which created inflation - few trains (hard to deliver food, supplies, soldiers, weapons) - less success harnessing southern resources (states suspicious of centralized rule, refused to give Confederates enough power to fight war effectively)

What were elements of the Congressional plans that the South must do?

- ratify 13th, 14th, 15th amendments - accept black citizenship - accept black men voting - put 20k troops in the South - Confederate officials, officers, soldiers couldn't vote - Civil Rights Act of 1875 for social integration

What were elements of the President's plan for what the South must do?

- renounce secession - ratify 13th amendment - 10% of voters from 1860 must swear allegiance to the Union - Confederate officers, officials, wealthy must make special request for pardon

What are causes of the Civil War? (8)

- sectional interests - what to do with the territories (slave vs free) - Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act - Kansas-Nebraska Act - Dred Scott Case - Abolitionist Efforts - Conflicting Politics - Election of 1860

What was the South's response to Reconstruction?

- want slavery and stable labor supply - resistant to reconstruction - black codes

What were some Southern advantages? (5)

- white population gave strong support for war - fighting in friendly/familiar territory - had something to fight for: home, land, way of life - superior military leadership and history - call for volunteers more successful as strong military tradition with culture stressing duty/honor

What were the 4 strategies to admitting California to the Union?

1. Calhoun: slavery follows the flag (contrary to Northwest Territory), 1 president in the North and 1 in the south; deep South supported 2. Buchanan and North Democrats: extend 36' 30'' line to the Pacific; many Southerners supported 3. Douglas: squatter sovereignty aka popular sovereignty; but what to do before statehood? 4. Chase, Seward: restrict existing slavery and eventually extinguish slavery completely

Why is total war effective?

1. Civilians produced weapons, grew food, transported goods 2. Strength of people's will kept the war going Cut of military's physical and emotional supply lines

Why were only men allowed to vote?

1. Having black men vote punished ex-Confederates, ensured Republican support in South 2. Women's political alliance unclear 3. Majority of male voters opposed women voting

What did Taney say about Scott's case?

1. Negroes aren't citizens so they can't sue 2. By the 5th Amendment, slaves can be taken into territories as property which means the Missouri Compromise and Northwest Ordinance are unconstitutional 3. Congress can't give a territory a power it doesn't have (such as prohibiting slavery) and can only grant popular sovereignty

What were the major sectionalist issues?

1. Sale of public land: west wanted cheap price to encourage development, north wanted high price because cheap price would encourage people to move and take workers they needed away 2. Internal Improvements/taxes: the north and west wanted higher taxes on foreign goods to make US goods cheaper, south relied on foreign trade and more taxes on foreign goods would make necessary goods more expensive

What were causes of the downfall of Reconstruction? (5)

1. Scandals in the Grant Administration 2. Rise of Liberal Party 3. Depression of 1873 4. Counterrevolution in South 5. North loses interest

What was the constitutional revolution associated with Reconstruction?

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments laid foundation for civil rights movement of 20th century

When did the importation of slavery end?

1808

Why was Texas settled by Americans?

1821: Mexico wins independence from Spain Mexico encourages migration to Texas by offering land grants to their own citizens and to Americans; Americans quickly outnumbered the Mexicans

Oregon Fever

1842 - increased interest in Oregon, usually settle in Willamette Valley upon arrival. Many pioneers used the Oregon trail but thousands died due to disease and exposure

Battle of Gettysburg

1863 Battle where the Union defeated the Confederacy. A turning point; ending hopes for a Confederate victory. Day 1: North is driven back Day 2: North has a good position on the hilltop and outnumbers the South Day 3: Lee's failed Pickett's charge causes many deaths

Gettysburg Address

1863 speech given by Lincoln at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. Now the war is more than just preserving the Union, it is a moral war (emancipation proclamation). Encourages people to support the war.

When did all states return to the Union and how did they maintain power?

1868-1871 all Confederate states meet stipulations to rejoin Union Republican admins retain power for varied amount of time

Hiram Revels

1870 of Mississippi was nation's first black congressmen

Credit Mobilier

1872-1873 Sham corporation set up by shareholders in the Union Pacific Railroad; made fake contracts and got $20 million in government grants. Avoided investigation for a while by bribing Congress men and giving them stocks

Whiskey Ring

1875 Liquor distillers bribed officials at the Treasury for discounted tax stamps and defrauded the government of 3 million Grant helped his admin avoid jail

When was Reconstruction over?

1876

US v. Cruikshank

1876 Black farmers are killed by a Democrat group. Voting rights are a state matter unless the state itself violates them. Ex: if KKK violates voting rights, there is no federal jurisdiction

Indian Ring Scandal

1876 Grant's Secretary of War, William W. Belknap, accepted bribes from companies with licenses to trade on the reservations of many Native American tribes.

Secret Ballot

A ballot in which votes are cast in secret. In Alabama's 1819 Constitution.

Harriet Jacobs

A black abolitionist who published a book called Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, a self biography. Drew attention to broken slave marriages due to the selling of slaves.

Nationalism

A feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward your country.

Black Protestantism

A form of Protestantism that was devised by Christian slaves in the Chesapeake and spread to the Cotton South as a result of the domestic slave trade. It emphasized the disobedience, no predestination, no original sin. Ex: African Methodist Episcopal Church

Mestizos

A person of Spanish and Indian ancestry.

Squatter Sovereignty

A plan promoted by Democratic candidate Senator Lewis Cass under which Congress would allow settlers in each territory to determine its status as free or slave.

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery; disliked slavery as believed it undervalued white workers, threat to republicanism, freeholder society, only valued wealthy. Advocated a "white west". Many white farmers supported.

Union League

A secret fraternal order where black and white Republicans joined forces; powerful political association in the South. Pressured Congress to uphold justice for freedmen and mobilized freedmen to register to vote and vote Republican (South try to keep them from polls).

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Chattel Principle

A system of bondage where slaves had the legal status of property and thus could be bought and sold and moved. Frequently broke up families.

Task System

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations (not sugar, cotton).

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

AKA 10% Plan Southern states can rejoin the Union once 10% of voters take an oath of loyalty to the Union and approve the 13th Amendment. Passed in 1863 to try to shorten the war and give the South a reason to stop fighting - based on forgiveness, was lenient but Confederates rejected. By Lincoln.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Abolished slavery in all states that remained out of the Union by 1863 but did not abolish slavery in Union-controlled border states and areas occupied by union armies. Also a military strategy to increase enlistment numbers in the North.

What was being a gold-digger like?

Aboriginals were wiped out Racism toward Chinese, Indians, Mexicans Overall bad conditions

Planter Elites

About 5% of the southern white population Dominated the economy, owned 20+ slaves

Missouri Compromise

Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and established the 36' 30" line. Helped maintain the balance between northern and southern parts of the US.

When did many of the Upper South states secede?

After the attack on Fort Sumner (April 1861)

What was the South's draft like?

All men 18-45 could be drafted. Loopholes: 1 white men for every 20 slaves is exempt or you can hire a substitute Loopholes angered poor yeomen farmers, said it favored the rich

14th Amendment (1868)

All persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens. Equal protection under law, due process rights, had rights states couldn't deny; national citizenship > state citizenship. To protect freed people and reassert Republican power in the South.

Texan Revolution 1836

Americans had negotiated political authority in Texas but Santa Anna took the power back leading American rebels to proclaim Texas independence (also wanted to legalize slavery). Texas "won" but Mexico didn't recognize them as independent territory (they just stopped trying to conquer them).

Abraham Lincoln

An ex-Whig who became a Republican. Opposed slavery but didn't think the government had the constitutional authority to tamper with it. Joined politics because of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; he believed slavery is like a cancer and shouldn't spread to new territories.

Franklin Pierce

An expansionist; secures the Gadsden Purchase. Also controversial as wants Cuba slave owners to join the US which leads him to threaten war with Spain and supply private military expeditions to Cuba.

How did Lincoln view secession?

An illegal act that constituted an insurrection against the Union

Know-Nothing or American Party

Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic

Pottawatomie Creek (1856)

Anti-slavery John Brown and men killed 5 pro-slavery men; wants to arm slaves. In 1859, led a raid on a federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

Assassination of Lincoln

April 14th, 1865 in Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth

How do scholars view Freedmen's Bureau officials?

As dedicated and idealistic

Why did freedmen insist that they needed to recieve grants of land?

As the only way to guarantee their freedom

What position did Frederick Douglass assume on the issue of women's voting rights during Reconstruction

Asked women to allow black male suffrage to take priority

How did people react to the Mexican American War?

At first, sparked patriotism but later divided the country

Enforcement laws

Authorized federal prosecutions, military intervention, and martial law to suppress terrorist activity. US troops occupied counties and made arrests. Government response to end Klan violence. By 1872, prosecutions dropped off and Supreme Court ruled that only actions by states (and not individuals) could ve prosecuted which neutralized the federal government's ability to prosecute hate crimes against African Americans.

President Andrew Johnson

Becomes president after Lincoln's assassination. Believes states' rights take priority over central authority. Anti-Aristocrat, Whtie Supremacy, Democrat Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union

Conscience Whigs

Believed Polk was using the war to add slave states and give slave owning Democrats permanent control over the federal government. Caused desertion, and Whigs took control of Congress in 1846.

What was the primary reason Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862?

Believed that ending slavery in the North would undermine England's support of the Confederacy

House Divided Speech

By Lincoln Says that the Union must be one way or the other (all antislavery or all proslavery)

How did the domestic slave trade impact African American families?

By destroying one in four slave marriages

How did Democrats build up support for the annexation of Texas in 1844?

By linking Texas to the Oregon question; link annexation of Texas to annexation of Oregon

How did the Chesapeake region contribute to the domestic slave trade?

By selling surplus African American slaves to the Cotton South

In the Bear Flag Revolt

California American settler begin their own uprising against Mexican rule and took control of California and declared their own Republic. Due to politicians urging them to rise up like the Texans and then would be able to join the US.

How did Lincoln view the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Changed the war into one of subjugation and destruction of the Old South

Caning of Charles Sumner

Charles Sumner, a senator from MA, gave a speech condemning the events in bleeding Kansas and how bad the slavery is. He insults Andrew Butler, the South Carolina senator, and South Carolina senator Preston Brooks beats Sumner with a cane, severely injuring him.

Positive Good

Claims that slavery was vital for the happiness of whites and helped the blacks (as else they would be lazy).

Which tribes controlled the Great Plains?

Comanches: control Southern plains by using horses to dominate other Indian tribes Lakota Sioux: dominate central and Northern plains by using guns

How did abolitionists react to the free soil party?

Condemned it as whitemanism

What was the Confederates strategy? Lincoln's?

Confederates: defend borders for independence Lincoln: aggressive military campaign to restore Union

Crittenden Compromise (1861)

Constitutional amendment protecting slavery in states currently in, westward expansion of the 36' 30'' line (allows slavery in Southern territories like Cuba) Lincoln rejects it as fears imperialism

The pries of slaves in antebellum American rose and fell along with the price of what?

Cotton

What was the predominant slave produced crop in the old Southwest?

Cotton

What was Johnson's relationship with ex-Confederate leaders?

Could apply for a pardon and pardoned most If pardoned, could vote and run for office so Southern planters began to reestablish political control of Southern politics

Slaughter- House Cases

Court began to undercut 14th and 15th amendments; federal government only had to protect against basic rights of national citizenships (not rights against state violation). Individuals could discriminate. Narrowed scope of protections

Why was Maryland a strategic location that Lincoln was determined to keep the Union?

Covered the nation's capital on 3 sides

When did Johnson deem Reconstruction over? What was the reaction?

December 1865 Johnson declared Reconstruction over and readmitted all states and in 1866 former Southern Confederate officials returned to the office Angered North Republicans in Congress

What did Buchanan do in response to the South seceding?

Declared secession illegal However, federal government lacks the authority to restore the Union (protecting state's rights) and surrendered Fort Sumner

What was radical about the 14th Amendment?

Defined citizenship in national, not state terms

Election of 1876

Democrat: Samuel Tilden Republican: Rutherford B. Hayes 3 Southern states have contested results but Hayes wins

Compromise of 1877

Democrats agreed to accept Hayes as president if: 1. Remaining federal troops withdrawn from the South 2. Reconstruction is ended 3. Give South political positions 4. Federal aid for transcontinental railroad

Who were the new parties?

Democrats and Whigs split 1. Know-Nothing or American Party 2. Republican Coalition

What happened in the Congressional election of 1862?

Democrats gained seats because people disliked Emancipation and feared freedmen would take their jobs

How was Texas annexed in 1845?

Democrats lacked 2/3 majority in Senate to ratify a treaty to annex Texas so they used a joint resolution of Congress which required only a majority vote in each house

What statement best describes Republican governments of the Reconstruction South?

Depended on federal government for protection

What was an effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Destroyed the Whigs and Democrats

North Losing Interest in Reconstruction

Disillusioned with Reconstruction, especially due do depression, care more about self

How did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 divide the South?

Divided South into 5 military districts, each under command of a US Union general. Constitutionality of military occupation debated so Radical Republicans stripped the Supreme Court of power to hear appeals.

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

Coastal Trade

Domestic slave trade with routes along the Atlantic coast. Slaves went from Chesapeake/Carolinas to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley. Faced disease, overwork, inhumane treatment.

Dred Scott vs. Sandford (1857)

Dred Scott (slave from Missouri) is taken to a free state by his owner and then returned to Missouri. After his owner's death, Scott sued for freedom. The Supreme Court ruled against Scott, saying that he was still a slave but 7/9 justices disagreed on the rationale.

Memphis Riots

Drunk whites killed black soldiers and destroyed their homes.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the war with Mexico Mexico gave up all or part of California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Texas. US agreed to respect land/property of Mexican citizens and pay Mexico $15 million.

Oregon Treaty of 1846

England agrees to give up Oregon territory. Agree to 49th parallel (US wanted 54th, British wanted 42nd). England was guaranteed fishing rights on Vancouver island.

What was a big issue in the Election of 1844?

Expansion into Texas and Oregon; US disputed border claims with Canada of Oregon

Inland System

Fed slaves to the Cotton South, very extensive. Professional slave traders sold slaves town to town in coffles (lines of slaves fastened or driven along together). Crucial to the prosperity of migrating white planters (provided workers, sustained wealth of slave owners).

Northern Democrats

Felt betrayed by party's support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Pickney Benton Stewart Pinchback

First African American to be governor of a US state

National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)

Focused on women's rights now and federal suffrage amendment. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Black Codes (1865)

Force former slaves back to plantation labors (slavery under a different name) an establish white supremacy by limiting the rights of freedmen. Ex: if you don't have a work contract, you can go to jail

Fort Sumter (1861)

Fort Sumter is located in a Charleston harbor in South Carolina occupied by Union soldiers but on Confederate land. South demanded the Union leave but Lincoln says stay. After 34 hours, the Union agrees to leave. This makes Lincoln call for volunteers to fight and other Southern states secede

Sack of Lawrence (1856)

Free soil town attacked by pro-slavery forces.

What was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850?

Fugitive Slave Act - assumed the status of person, and placed responsibility to determine status of alleged fugitives in the hands of federal court officials but denied people accused of being runaways of fundamental rights

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Full and equal access to jury service, transportation, public accommodations irrespective of race. Started by Sumner but got rid of integrated churches and schools. Lacked enforcement and overturned by Supreme Court 1883. Opponents said would lead to race mixing and intermarriage.

How did Johnson's amnesty plan affect land?

Gave ex-Confederates their property/land back Without land, former slaves were poor and vulnerable; had to work for former slave owners with sharecropping system

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Gives formerly enslaved people citizenship and equal protection of rights and courts. Tried to get rid of Black Codes. Johnson vetoes but Congress overrides.

Election of 1872

Grant wins

Oregon Donation Land Claim Act (1850)

Granted farm sized plots of "free land" to settlers pre 1854. Extinguished native American land claims with treaties.

Personal Liberty Laws

Guarantee all residents, even fugitives, the right to trial

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

Guaranteed law would be rigidly enforced; federal support for slave catchers. Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves.

Why was cotton such a hard crop for slaves?

Had a long growing season

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Hearings by Congress 1865-1866 that investigated and reported on conditions in former Confederate states; proposed necessary legislation. Freedpeople testified about the impact of Black Codes on their lives and strongly disagreed with Johnson's quick readmission.

White League

Heavily armed, rebel army formed by white South in 1872. Similar to the KKK. Intimidated and attacked black and white Republicans.

What did Johnson's opposition to the 14th Amendment succeed in achieving?

Helping Republicans win overwhelming majority in Congress 1866

What trend characterized the Lower South in the early 1800s?

High geographical mobility

How did European goods affect Indians?

Horses: made Indians wealthier, increased mobility Disease: killed many Guns: kill them, change which tribes were in control

How did the ex-Confederates view Union League, Freedmen's Bureau, Republican Party?

Illegitimate

What was the biggest improvement and flaw of Reconstruction?

Improvement: public education Flaw: convict leasing; private companies can hire prisoners to labor

Battle of Fort Sumner

In 1861, Confederate troops attack Fort Sumner, a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, marking the beginning of the Civil War when Lincoln tried to restock it.

How did the Civil War end?

In 1865, Lee was forced to abandon Richmond and on April 9th, 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. Grant gave generous surrender terms.

General Stephen Kearny

In August 1846 took Santa Fe and moved into California to take it after being ordered by Polk.

Republican Coalition (1854)

Included the Free Soil Party, Northern capitalists, Northern Democrats, Northern members of the Whig Party, Labor groups in the North. All opposed expansion of slavery as drove down free worker wages and decreased the dignity of free workers.

What did slavery do regarding social classes?

Increased inequality among whites

Free Southern Blacks

Increased over time Many were term slaves: given freedom in exchange for a few years of work In danger; could be forced back into slavery, often kidnapped, sold, accused of crimes, sent back

What was the general trend in Reconstruction?

Increasing congressional efforts to ensure the rights of African Americans

Which statement characterizes the domestic slave trade in the early 1800s?

It brought black slaves to the Lower South

What was a result of General Ulysses S. Grant's campaign in Virginia in the spring and summer of 1864?

It caused severe casualties for both armies but didn't end the war

Why did the idea of popular sovereignty on the slavery question appeal to so many Americans in 1850?

It linked the resolution of the sectional conflict to republican ideology

Why was Vicksburg an important target for the Union armies?

Its capture would cut the Confederacy in half at the Mississippi River

How did annexing Texas go?

Jackson: recognized Lone Star State Van Buren: didn't bring to Congress (feared a war with Mexico, didn't want to worsen slavery issue by adding a slave state) Tyler: tried to annex but defeated by the Whig Congress (didn't want more slave states added)

Raid on Harper's Ferry (1859)

John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, hoping to induce a slave rebellion by arming the slaves. That never happened, and Brown was caught and hanged

Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)

Johnson's limited Reconstruction Plan, similar to Lincoln's 10% Plan. 10% of voters must take oath of loyalty, disenfranchised ex-Confederate leaders, ratification of 13th Amendment. Ex-Confederate states rejected it by violence and political action (Memphis Riots)

First Battle of Bull Run

July 1861 The first bloodshed of the Civil War. The Union troops try to take Richmond and seem to be winning but Confederates defeat them after calling reinforcements. Confederates thought the war was after this and felt they had won their independence

What did the Confederacy rely upon to provide income to fund the war effort?

King Cotton - to provide revenue to purchase supplies from abroad and as a diplomatic weapon to persuade Britain and France who needed cotton to grant the Confederacy diplomatic recognition

What was the problem with freedmen?

Largely unskilled, illiterate, without property/money

Jim Crow Laws

Laws at local and state level (which segregated whites from blacks) and kept blacks as second class citizens, prevented them from voting. Ex: poll taxes, literacy taxes, grandfather clause

War Party

Led by Sam Houston who helped lead the Texan Revolution; demanded independence for Texas.

Peace Party

Led by Stephen Austin, able to convince the President of Mexico to grant an exemption from slavery for the people of Texas Willing to accept Mexican Rule but wanted a decentralized Republic

1848 Election Candidates

Lewis Cass: a Democrat, expansionist, believes in squatter sovereignty; Northern Democrats dislike Van Buren: Free Soil, Northern Democrats join, VP is a conscience Whig Taylor: Whig, wants to contain slavery (gain Northern support), has military achievements (aka Old Rough and Ready)

Lincoln vs. Douglas Debates 1858

Lincoln and Douglas were Republicans running for a seat in the Senate. Douglas wins the seat. Douglas supports white supremacy, makes the Freeport Doctrine Lincoln: believes that blacks should have equal economic opportunity but not equal political rights

Election of 1860

Lincoln elected North/Midwest Democrats: Douglas Southern Democrats: John C. Breckenridge Republicans: Lincoln, a slavery moderate on a free-soil platform Constitutional Union Party: John Bell North outvotes South, votes divided along strictly sectional lines

What was the significance of the election of 1876 for the South?

Little immediate difference in the South where Redeemers already assumed power

Sectionalism

Loyalty to interests of your own region/section of country, rather than to nation as a whole. What's good for the South isn't what is good for the Union.

Zachary Taylor

Made a hero after the Battle of Buena in the Mexican American War Fired after Battle of Buena because Polk worried he was becoming a threat

Robert E. Lee

Main Confederate general (Offered leadership of both North and South armies but loyalties with home state of Virginia) Excellent and creative battlefield strategies, victories when short on soldiers/supplies

Lower South Elites

Make wealth off of cotton Less elegance and push their slaves harder (cotton was demanding) Utilized the gang labor system

Gang Labor System

Masters with 20 or more slaves organized disciplined teams of 'gangs' supervised by black drivers and white overseers. Increased productivity which led to higher profits.

Which denomination was most likely to supply ministers who traveled south as missionaries to convert African American slaves during the first decade of the nineteenth century?

Methodists

General Winfield Scott led American forces in an invasion of Mexico in 1847 and marched 260 miles to capture what site?

Mexico City

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Mexico doesn't recognize the Lone-Star State and there are border disputes: US said the border was the Grande River while Mexico said it was further North at the Nueces River. Polk order General Zachary Taylor into the disputed region and asked Congress to declare war on Mexico after there was a battle. Mexico declined Polk's attempt to buy California.

Fire Eaters

Militant activists in the South that wished to safeguard southern rights.

What justification did Lincoln give for announcing the Emancipation policy?

Military Necessity

Border States

Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia (split into West Virginia and Virginia) Reluctant to secede at first as white farmers realized that slaves didn't always benefit them. Lincoln kept 4/5 states in the Union.

What was the split of Democrats around the time of 1860 election?

Moderates: want to defend southern rights, constitutional protections for slavery Fire-eaters: want secession

Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, what was the most likely outcome in terms of the balance of free and slave states?

More free than slave states were likely to be added to the Union

What crops grew in California?

Most eastern crops Wheat was the largest with barley a close second

Why did the Texas war party succeed with its call for a rebellion in 1835?

New Mexican President nullified the Texan's exemption from the ban on slavery

What southern city did US Admiral David Farragut capture in 1862?

New Orleans

Congressional Reconstruction/Radical Reconstruction

New plan after the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. Closer to the Wade-Davis plan; kicked Confederate states back out and called for a stricter version of Reconstruction

Reconstruction Act of 1867

New terms to reenter the Union: give vote to freedmen and deny to ex-Confederate leaders, UMS, ratify 13th and 14th amendment. Johnson vetoed but Congress overrode. Confederate state began rejoining Union 1868 and invalidated Southern governments built by the 10% plan.

Was state's rights a cause of the civil war?

No

What was the reality of freedom in the North?

No ultimate freedom, still considered inferior - stuck in low paying jobs (rural: farm laborers, tenant farmers, North: domestic servants, laundresses, day laborers) - few owned land - restrictions like couldn't vote, attend public school, work for the government

Did Lincoln and Johnson think the South had left the Union?

No, believed it needed to restore the states to their proper relationship with the Union

Were there a lot of immigrants in the South?

No, feared they wouldn't get jobs due to slaves which led to the South lacking artisans and laborers for internal improvement

Did the Emancipation Proclamation end slavery?

No, only freed slaves in the seceded states not under Union control so didn't change the status of a single slave

What was aid for freedmen in the president's plans?

None provided; up to individual states to decide how/what extent newly freed slaves would be helped

Anaconda Plan

North's plan to win: blockade the South, take Mississippi to divide the Confederacy, attack Confederate capital at Richmond Virginia

Candidates of 1860 Election

Northern Republican Candidate: Abraham Lincoln, would leave slavery alone in the south but stop its expansion into the west Northern Democrat Candidate: Stephen A. Douglas, want popular sovereignty Southern Democrat Candidate: John C. Breckinridge, opposed the containment of slavery

Republican Aristocracy

Old South gentry that built mansions and adopted manners and values of the English gentry. Feared federal government would interfered with slave property. Disliked UMS and democracy; thought the elites should have power

Battle of Bull Run

Only major battle of 1861 McClellan tries to take Richmond, but Stonewall Jackson threatens Washington forcing McClellan to send some troops to Washington while Lee defended Richmond

Radical Republicans

Opposed to slavery and wanted to use wartime legislation to destroy slavery. Led by Salmon Chase, Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens

California

Originally part of Spain's American Empire Consisted mostly of ranches that traded with American merchants. American merchants would frequently marry daughters of Californios. Occupied by Californios (elite Mexican ranchers) and Americans were the minority (didn't assimilate, couldn't annex as too few)

How does the Union and Confederates get soldiers?

Originally use volunteers (South gets more) Eventually both use a draft

Middling Planters/Substantial Proprietors

Owned 5-20 slaves Usually also artisans or lawyers

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Passed by Congress, stricter than the 10% Plan South could rejoin the Union once 50% of voters take oath of loyalty, government can't consist of those whose fought agains the Union, permanent disenfranchisement of Confederates. Pocket vetoed by Lincoln believed too harsh and would isolate South

What was the dominant pattern of marriage relationships among the smallholding yeomen of the antebellum South?

Patriarchal

Forty-niners

People who went to California looking for Gold (They left in 1849). Disease, starvation wiped many people out on the way to California and few actually made it big.

Thomas Nast

Political cartoonist of the 1860s and 1870s. Used visual art to expose corruption surrounding Reconstruction.

Election of 1844

Polk narrowly wins Clay lost the election because Northern Whigs didn't want a new slave state and instead voted for the Liberty Party candidate

Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson

Popular Confederate general that refused to back down Accidentally shot by one of his own men at Battle of Chancellorsville and died of amputation

How did slavery ideology change?

Pre 1830: necessary evil Post 1830: positive good

Millard Fillmore

President in 1850 after Taylor's death

President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

President of Mexico during Texan Revolution Wanted national authority back in Texas Tricked US Government into helping him back into Mexico in exchange for him ending the war but went back on his promise

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

Pro-slavery and anti-slavery (non citizens) rushed into Kansas to vote. Pro slavery mob attacked the anti-slavery government and abolitionists murdered pro-slavery neighbors which led to a Civil War for 3 years (pro-slavery was the official government, but anti-slavery made their own government)

Redemption

Process where ex-Confederates terrorized Republicans. Ex: black political leaders shot, hung, beaten to death, deny credit and land Once Democrats seized power, terminated Reconstruction programs

Tenure of Office Act

Prohibited the president from removing civilian/military officials without the consent of Senate. 1867: Johnson suspended Radical Secretary of War Stanton and replaced it with Grant who stepped down to let Stanton resume but Johnson formerly dismissed Stanton 1868 Legislators in House introduced articles of impeachment (violated Tenure of Office Act, infringed powers of Congress) but unable to convict

Poor Freeman

Property less, hard to find work because of slaves Psychological satisfaction that ranked above blacks Many moved North or West to find better opportunities

Wilmot Proviso 1846

Proposed a ban on slavery in any territories gained, shot down. Divided Congress sectionally.

Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay (Webster, Douglas) to solve the issue with California being admitted to the Union. - California would be admitted as a free state - slave trade abolished in D.C. - lands taken from Mexico would let popular sovereignty (residents) decide if slavery or not - Congress would pass a stronger law to help slave owners recapture runaway slaves (Stronger Fugitive Slave Act) - resolve boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas in favor of New Mexico

15th Amendment (1869)

Protected citizen's right to vote regardless of race, creed, or previous servitude (women, Indians left out). Left room for a poll tax and literacy requirements to keep unworthy poor and immigrants from voting.

General Ulysses S. Grant

Put in charge of all Union armies in March 1864 as a commander.

How did one become a free black?

Ran away, granted freedom by owners

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction under control of the legislative branch (Radical Republicans had power). Height of power 1867-1870. Replaced Johnson's plan and prevented Southern Congressional delegates from coming back.

How did Johnson react to Radical Republican attempts to dissolve the plantation system, reorganize southern economy, protect civil rights of blacks?

Rejected everything

American Women Suffrage Association

Remained loyal to the Republican party and hoped after the Reconstruction they would gain women's rights.

Sharecropping

Renting land; exchanging land for use of land and giving 1/2 crop back to landowner. Majority of black farmers did this. Starting with nothing so immediate debt; committed south to cotton and rural life. High interest on goods need to buy.

Presidential Election of 1864

Republican: Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson (Democrat) Democrat: McClellan Lincoln easily returns

1856 Election

Republican: Fremont wants prohibition of slavery, supported by the North American Party as banned immigrants and had tariffs on foreign goods South American Party: Fillmore Democrats: Buchanan wants pop sov of Kansas-Nebraska and prosouthern Buchanan wins as the Democrats are a national party and the American Party splinters

Election of 1868

Republican: Grant, supported Radical Reconstruction Democrat: Horatio Seymour Grant wins and Republicans keep 2/3 majority in Congress

Liberal Republican Party

Republicans break away and form new party. Classical liberalism: free trade, small government, low property tax, limit voting rights to men with education/property (resonated with Democrats). Laissez faire (government hands off business/economy). Helped roll back Reconstruction.

Election of 1864

Republicans/National Union Party: chose Johnson (Democrat) as Lincoln's vice president Democrats split into War and Peace: nominate McClellan was War Democrat Lincoln won

Popular Sovereignty

Residents of a territory would determine the status of slavery.

When did the Second Party System end? What happened as a result?

Second Party System ended when the issue of slavery and immigrants grew. Weakened loyalties to the 2 major parties. Fostered emergence of sectional parties.

Ku Klux Klan

Secret group originally developed to get ride of the Republican government in Tennessee using terror. Targeted black voters. Led by ex-Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest.

Depression of 1873

Severe worldwide depression but need economic growth for Reconstruction since cost money. Federal support for programs decreasing, needed north money and foreign investment to continue but wasn't there, corrupt politicians abused money. Hurt Republican party as Grant's administration didn't give relief for debt, unemployment. Caused by Northern Pacific Railroad bankruptcy. Failure of Freemden's Savings and Trust Company

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Single bloodiest day Union victory but Lincoln criticizes McClellan for not fighting Lee to the end as McClellan refused to risk troops and heavy casualties. Lincoln dismisses McClellan, hires Burnside, and then Hooker.

Benevolent Masters

Slave owners who considered themselves committed to welfare of their slaves like fathers looking after children. Few slave owners questioned the morality of slavery.

What was the "great truth" that Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens said was the "cornerstone" of the Confederacy?

Slavery was the natural condition of African Americans

Slave Society

Society in which the institution of slavery affected all aspects of life - socially, culturally, politically, economically. Even people who didn't own slaves benefitted from the system (such as getting cheaper cotton).

Northern Members of the Whig Party

Sought containment of slavery

Confederate States of America

South Carolina was the first to secede in December 1860. President: Jefferson Davis Vice President: Alexander Stephens

Which statement explains the fact that the American south in 1860 had a higher per capita income than the populations of France or Germany?

Southern per capita income was for whites only and excluded the slave population

Counterrevolution in South

Southern resistance to Reconstruction. Ex-Confederates started to take power in the South; didn't want reconstruction governments and stuffed ballot boxes

Who supported the Mexican-American War? Who didn't?

Southern states supported North didn't as they feared the new territory would expand into slavery. Some people supported due to Manifest Destiny

Democrat Split

Split into North and South Want a small national government, favor liberty of the individual, includes fire eaters, moderates wanted to preserve southern rights, include southern former whigs

Effects of the 1860 Election

Starts process of secession for majority of southern states as south mistrusted Lincoln's promises to leave slavery alone in the South and recognize Southern's rights.

Why did the Confederacy not achieve a more effective economic program?

States' rights philosophy left most power with state governments

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Stephen Douglas: People in the state would vote to open up a state to slavery (popular sovereignty). Repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and unorganized areas of LA territory now fair game.

Civil Rights Case (1883)

Struck down Civil Rights Act of 1875; paved way for segregation, Jim Crow laws

Why did many Republicans believe after 1874 that Reconstruction needed to end?

Suffered a stunning defeat in 1874 midterm elections

What did American women's rights leaders hope to gain from Reconstruction?

Suffrage

Minor v. Happerselt (1875)

Suffrage not inherent in citizenship

How did Alabama Democrats try to gain the favor of voters in the antebellum decades?

Supported low taxes

Grantism

Synonymous with greed, corruption due to scandals in Grant's administration. Led to establishment of Liberal Republican party.

1848 Election

Taylor wins as Northern antislavery voters vote for Van Buren of the Free Soil party and not Cass Taylor dominates Northeast Cass dominates Trans-Appalachian West

In the early 1800s, what did the growing cities of the South all have in common?

Tended to be around the periphery of the South

The Alamo

Texan army was killed by Sana Anna's army. The rebels were significantly outnumbered and romanticized American deaths to gain support.

Which political leader supported reparations for slaves in the form of the planter's land?

Thaddeus Stevens

What nickname was given to the Great Plains in the 1820s and 1830s?

The Great American Desert

Slavery follows the flag

The assertion by John C. Calhoun that planters could by right take their slave property into newly opened territories.

Why did South Carolina planters begin to sell some of their slaves and work the others harder in the 1820s?

The competition from cheap Asian rice cult into their profit margins

Why did the upper age limit of the Confederate draft go from 35 to 45 in September 1862?

The heavy casualties at Antietam highlighted the need for more manpower

Manifest Destiny

The idea that EuroAmericans were predestined by God to settle in North America. Wanted to expand ideals of equality, freedom (republicanism, capitalism) from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Also, white Americans were deemed culturally and racially superior. Phase embodied dreams of American expansionists.

Smallholding planters/Yeomen/Poor Freeman

The majority of the population Owned 0-5 slaves Struggled to make ends meet Enjoyed the psychological satisfaction that they ranked above blacks; clung to idea of self made man

Why did social divisions among the Kiowa intensify in the 1830s?

The new horse culture created enormous distinctions of wealth

In the South, women worked as civil servants in what part of the Confederate government?

The postal service

Ostend Manifesto

The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

What was a slave owner's most effective tool of discipline?

The threat of sale

Domestic Slave Trade

The trade of enslaved people among the states of the US. Gave slaves to people in the Lower South to help clear land/plant and also helped maintain the wealth of the Upper South.

According to Lincoln, why was secession illegal?

The union was perpetual

After the victory at Gettysburg, what did Abraham Lincoln expect?

The war would continue indefinitely

What did Benjamin Butler say about slaves?

They were contraband - enemy property that could be legitimately seized. Refused to return runaway slaves to their masters

Freedmen Bureau (1865)

To aid displaced blacks, other war refugees Greatest success in education Believed land should be given to former slaves so they can be economically independent Looked for unfair labor contracts, forced landowners to bargain, advised freedmen on economic issues, provided money to desperate families, helped establish schools

In the years leading up to the Civil War, what purpose did African American naming patterns serve?

To bolster kinship ties

How were buffalo affected?

Tribes killed lots of buffalo to trade for European goods such as guns but this decreased the buffalo population dramatically

What did Lincoln try to do to shorten the war?

Tried to take the Confederate Capital of Richmond Virginia with McDowell but failed

1844 Election Candidates

Tyler: current president, disowned by the Whigs for stopping American system; supported exclusive Oregon to win Northern votes Polk: wanted Oregon and Texas; democratic candidate as southern democrats wanted to annex Texas, disliked Van Buren, and didn't trust Tyler Clay: American System, supported Texas annexation to get Southern votes; Northern Whigs didn't vote for him as they didn't want Texas

Anglo-American Convention of 1818

US and England agreed to peacefully occupy jointly occupy Oregon territory but more Americans came through the Oregon Trail than British.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

US bought an additional strip of land in Southern Arizona and New Mexico to build a railroad.

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman used a total war strategy to push through South to Atlanta and then the Atlantic coast. On September 2nd, 1864 Atlanta fell to Sherman's army.

What was the war like in the South?

Union was quite successful: - Grant uses ironclad riverboats to gain control of rivers, tries to seize railroads too - Farragut seizes New Orleans (South's financial center and its largest city) and frees 50,000 slaves

How did Johnson's defiance affect the Radical Republicans?

Unites them and pushes them to be more radical

What was the slave owning population like?

Varied by region but most smallholding planters only owned 1-4 slaves and the majority of white southerners didn't own any slaves

Why was West Virginia formed?

Virginia voted to secede but Northwest Virginia voters wanted to join the Union and broke away to form West Virginia

Where does most of the Civil War take place?

Virginia, Tennesse

Whigs and Break Up

Want social/moral reforms, strong central government but their downfall was the Kansas-Nebraska Act Northern Whigs were absorbed into the Republican coalition and the Southern Whigs were absorbed into the Democratic Party

James K. Polk

Wanted by Southern Democrats Favored Texas Annexation and wanted to expand into California, Oregon (said the US already owned it) About Oregon border: fifty-four forty or fight

Henry Clay

Wanted by Southern Whigs Advocated American System Supported annexation of Texas to get Southern votes

Total War

War not only against enemy troops but agains everything that supports the enemy. This means attacks on resources, food supply, livestock, civilians, buildings, transportation, and enemy soldiers. Civilians are treated as combatants. AKA scorched earth campaign.

Great Plains

West: nomadic hunting buffalo Indians East: semisedentary Indians that had been removed by Jackson South: nomadic Indians that acquired horses

When did the Republican Party gain support in the North and Midwest?

When the Democratic party split over the Lecompton constitution in Kansas

President Buchanan

Widens the split in party and in nation: - tries to admit Kansas as a slave state and refused popular vote on proslavery Lecompton constitution (even though it has an antislavery majority; part of slave owner's conspiracy?) - tries to buy Cuba - pressured 2 justices to rule against Scott

1852 Election

Winfield Scott (Whig) vs. Franklin Pierce (Democrat) Pierce wins but slavery is beginning to split both parties

How was slavery frequently defended in the early to mid 1800s?

With religion; use examples of slavery in the Bible

Why was Lincoln's goal not to end slavery?

Would lose support of the border states

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852): depicts cruelty slaves face with heartrending power, book reached millions. Energized anti-slavery forces in the North, angered the South and boosted opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act. "So this is the little lady who made this big war"

William Lloyd Garrison

Wrote an abolitionist newspaper called "The Liberator". The founder of American Anti-Slavery Society. Promoted immediate emancipation of slaves in the US.

Did Congress think the South had left the Union?

Yes, Southern states had left the Union and were conquered territories and should be treated accordingly.

What was the average slave sold like?

Young adults