Apush Unit 5
Define Manifest Destiny.
19th C. American ideology advocating expansion across the North American continent and justified through perceived superiority of American culture, religion, technology, and democracy
What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?
After swift American victory, Mexico was forced to sell much of their territory in present-day United States as well as recognize Rio Grande as southern border of Texas. -After swift American victory, Mexico was forced to sell much of their territory in present-day United States as well as recognize Rio Grande as southern border of Texas.
What was the Gold Rush?
After the 1848 discovery of gold in California, thousands of Americans, Asians, and Mexicans poured into the region -Boom towns 1848 pop: 14,000 1860 pop: 400,000
How did Reconstruction end?
Disputed election of 1877 led to a deal between Republicans and Democrats. Hayes would maintain presidency while federal troops would be removed from Southern states -Compromise of 1877
WarWhat caused the Civil War?
Election of anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860 without any Southern electoral votes led to secession of South Carolina (and others) which, in turn, led to civil war -Fort Sumter Cornerstone Speech C.S.A.
What were the three primary stances on slavery in the West?
Pro-slavery: Southern position that claimed slavery was a Constitutional right Free-soil: anti-slavery position that aimed to prevent the spread of slavery into the West Popular sovereignty: leave the decision up to the voters in the territory/state -Wilmot Proviso Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas
What were the Reconstruction amendments?
13th: abolished slavery (except criminal convictions) 14th: naturalized citizenship and equal protection 15th: universal male suffrage
How did Texas become an independent republic?
As a Mexican territory, Americans were invited to settle and contribute to Mexico's economy. Most brought Protestantism and slaves with them, causing tension with Catholic and abolitionist Mexico. War ensued, resulting in a Texan victory - Stephen F. Austin Sam Houston Battle of the Alamo Santa Anna
What was Lincoln's plan for readmitting seceded states?
At least 10% of the population must swear an oath of allegiance to the Union/Constitution and each state must ratify the 13th Amendment (abolish slavery) -Ten Percent Plan
Explain the 2 key turning point battles
Battle of Vicksburg: Union victory along Mississippi River that successfully cut the Confederacy in half Battle of Gettysburg: Massive death toll but Union victory stopped Confederate push northward. -General Grant General Lee Gettysburg Address
How was this debate over slavery addressed?
Compromise of 1850 (4 provisions) and the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 -Henry Clay Fugitive Slave Act Bleeding Kansas John Brown
What were the Border States?
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri were part of the Union despite being slave states.
What caused the Mexican-American War?
Dispute over Texas border (Rio Grande vs Nueces River) that turned violent -Spot Resolution
How did the war end?
General Sherman's use of total war destroyed Confederate morale and resources. Quickly followed by Lee's surrender to Grant -March to the Sea Appomattox Courthouse
How did abolitionists further their cause prior to the Civil War?
Helped slaves escape to freedom in the North and published newspapers and books to spread their ideas -Underground Railroad Uncle Tom's Cabin
How did Lincoln's assassination and Johnson's impeachment affect Reconstruction?
His successor, Andrew Johnson, was a Southern apologist who was against affording rights to blacks. He vetoed most of Congress's Reconstruction efforts and was ultimately impeached in 1868, allowing Radical Republicans to lead Reconstruction going forward
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
Lincoln's executive order stating that all enslaved people in Confederate states were free. Enlarged the purpose of the war from preserving the union to abolishing slavery, thus preventing abolitionist Britain and France from supporting the South.
List and describe at least 3 examples of continued oppression of blacks after the Civil War
Sharecropping: economic system of tenant farming that still tied poor blacks to the land and white patronage. Ku Klux Klan: white supremacist organization that terrorized blacks in an effort to limit their civil rights Black codes: laws in Southern states that undermined Reconstruction efforts and relegated blacks to 2nd class citizens. -Neo-slavery Nathan Bedford Forrest Later Jim Crow laws
Which territories/states were added during the Polk presidency?
Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession (California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming)
What were the Union and Confederate strategies
Union: Take advantage of economic and naval superiority by blockading Southern ports and taking control of Mississippi River Confederate: solicit help from Britain and France due to their trade relationship (cotton) -Anaconda Plan
Who were Radical Republicans?
Wing of the Republican Party that fought to extend equal civil rights to blacks and to establish political and economic punishments for seceded states
Explain the Dred Scott decision
decision.Argued that slaves were not citizens and therefore not able to sue in federal court. Also, slaves were considered property and the Constitution explicitly states that no person can be deprived of their property without due process of law. -Chief Justice Taney
