APUSH: Unit 5 - 1844 - 1877

Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky

what were the four border states?

expansion of slavery, Mexico

when _____, a former Mexican province, tried applying for annexation, it was denied because of the fear of the _______ and making ______ mad

Bleeding Kansas

when settlers in the Kansas-Nebraska territory, especially in Kansas, started fighting with each other over the dispute of if the territories would be free or slave states

Dred Scott v. Sanford

where a slave argued that his residence on free soil made him a free citizen and sued for his freedom. However, the Supreme Court decided the case against the slave because he had not right to sue in a federal court because the Constitution did not intend African Americans to be U.S. citizens, Congress did not have the power to deprive any person of property without due process of law (slaves were property), and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it excluded slavery from Wisconsin and other Northern territories

Compromise of 1877

where both political parties (Democrats and Republicans), to solve the issue of who was going to be president after an issue with Florida, worked out a deal where the Democrats would allow Hayes, the Republican presidential candidate, to become president and in return, he would immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the South, remove the army from the South, and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad

Gasden Purchase

where the U.S. bought a strip of land in the American Southwest for a Transcontinental Railroad for the south (that was never built in the south) from Mexico in 1853 for $10 million. The land forms the southern sections of present day New Mexico and Arizona

Sharecropping

where the landlord loaned a piece of land to someone and provided the seed and other needed farm supplies in return for a share (usually 1/2) of the harvest, making that someone become dependent on them or in debt to them perpetually

Popular Sovereignty

where the people who settle a territory decide if it will be a slave state or a free state

outlawed slavery, convert to Roman Catholicism, ignored

There were conflicts between American settlers in Texas and Mexican authorities because Mexico ______ and required American settlers in Texas to ______. When Americans refused to abide by these rules, Mexico closed off Texas to more settlers. Nonetheless, Americans ignored that and continued to settle.

Compromise of 1850

created by Henry Clay to solve the dispute over California applying to be a free state that failed as a whole but each of the five parts was able to get passed as individual laws by Stephen Douglas. The five parts are: admit California to the Union as a free state, divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into 2 territories (Utah and New Mexico) and allow settlers in these territories to decide the slavery issue by popular sovereignty, give the land in dispute over Texas and New Mexico territory to the new territories in return for the federal government assuming Texas's public debt of $10 million, ban the state TRADE in the District of Columbia but permit whites to hold slaves as before, and adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it rigorously

Oregon Fever

due to success in farming in fertile Willamette Valley in the 1840's, 5000 Americans "caught" this, which caused them to travel 2000 miles over the Oregon Trail to settle in the area south of the Columbia River

Election of 1860

during this election, the South ended up with two candidates because even though they already had Stephen Douglas as their Democratic candidate, they nominated another candidate because they didn't like him. Abraham Lincoln also ran in this election and won

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

ended the Mexican American War with the following terms: Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, the United States would take possession of former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico (the Mexican Cession), and for these territories, the U.S. paid $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico

Harriet Tubman

escaped slave woman who who at least 19 trips into the South to help some 300 slaves escape

Fort Sumter

fort that when attacked by Confederate forces on April 12, 1861, the Civil War started

Free Soil Party

"free soil, free labor, free men," party that was for preventing the extension of slavery in the west and advocated free homesteads (public land grants to small farmers) and internal improvement

Freedmen

4 million former slaves who were set free by the 13th Amendment

54º 40' or Fight!

Democratic political slogan that was used by James K. Polk during his presidential election, basically saying to either take the territory in Oregon or fight the British for it (even though they really didn't mean to fight the British)

King Cotton Diplomacy

Southern idea that their cotton was enough to influence foreign policies and that their cotton would be able to get foreign powers to help them during the war. This ideal ultimately fails because no foreign powers decide to help them

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy that was made up of three main parts: use the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports, cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy, take control of the Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacy in two, and raise and train an army 500,000 strong to conquer Richmond, Virginia, which was the capital of the Confederacy

Battle of Antietam

a battle that was a draw but was a blow to the Confederacy because they failed to get what they really needed -- open recognition and aid from a foreign power

Crittenden Compromise

a last ditch effort to appease the South that was proposed by Kentucky's Senator John Crittenden. It was a constitutional amendment that would guarantee the right to hold slaves in all territories south of the 36 30'. This wasn't accepted by Lincoln because it violated the Republican position on slavery, which was against the extension of slavery

Fugitive Slave Law

a law that was passed to persuade Southerners to accept the loss of California to the abolitionists and free soilers and had the chief purpose of tracking down runaway/fugitive slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capturing them, and then returning them to their owners

underground railroad

a loose network of Northern free blacks and courageous ex-slaves, with the help of some white abolitionists, who helped escaped slaves reach freedom in the North or Canada

Know Nothing Party

a party that was created because of native hostility to immigrant Germans and Irish Catholics by Protestant Americans. Members commonly responded "I know nothing" to political question, which gained them their name

Lecompton Constitution

a proslavery state constitution for Kansas that President Buchanan told Congress to accept even though it didn't support the majority of the settlers in Kansas

manifest destiny

a saying created by John O'Sullivan, expressed the popular belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North American during the 1840s. It was driven by nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, and reform ideals

Republican Party

a sectional (because it remained strictly a Northern party) political party whose main goal was to oppose slavery in the territories but not to end slavery itself

Siege of Vicksburg

a significant turning point in the Civil War where Union ships finally controlled the full length of the Mississippi and cut off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy

Abraham Lincoln

a successful trial lawyer and former member of the Illinois legislature as well as Republican candidate against Stephen Douglas. He was not as abolitionist, but spoke of slavery as a moral issue. He and Douglas had a series of debates about slavery in the senatorial race in 1858. Though he lost, he rose from the debates as a national figure and was elected as president later on, leading the country through the Civil War

Stephen Douglas

a young senator from Illinois who got the Compromise of 1850 passed as five separate laws

Kansas Nebraska Act

act that was proposed by Stephen Douglas in order to win Southern approval for his plan to build a transcontinental railroad through the central Untied States. The provisions where to divide the Nebraska Territory into 2 parts, the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory, and allow settlers in each territory to decide whether to allow slavery or not

Freedmen's Bureau

acted as an early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war, particularly blacks who were former slaves. They were able to established 3000 schools for blacks and taught 200,000 how to read

Battle of the Alamo

after this battle, Texas declared itself independent from Mexico

Wilmot Proviso

an appropriations bill that forbade slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico from the Mexican American War. It passed the House of Representatives twice but it was defeated in the Senate, ultimately failing

Battle of Bull Run

battle of the Civil War that ended the illusion of a short war and also promoted the myth that the Rebels were invincible in battle and proved that the South could put up a fight with the North

Ku Klux Klan

founded in 1867 by ex-Confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forest, an "invisible empire" that burned down black-owned buildings and flogged and murdered freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights

49ers

group of people who migrated to California in 1849 in hopes of getting gold/striking it rich during the gold rush there

Radical Republicans

group of people whose goals where to extend equal rights for all Americans, endorse liberal causes like women's rights, labor unions, etc. This group formed because they where afraid of a reunified Democrat party dominating

Republic of Texas, Lone Star Republic

in March 1838, Texas came independent after the Battle of the Alamo, calling itself what?

John Brown

in October 1859, led a small band of followers, including his 4 sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in hopes of arming Virginia's slaves, who he expected to rise up in revolt

Emancipation Proclamation

issued in 1863 by Abraham Lincoln as promised to free all enslaved peoples in REBELLING states (Confederate states). It enlarged the purpose of the war because now the Union was fighting against slavery and succession. It also added the support of previous slaves to fight for the Union

Gettysburg Address

presented by Abraham Lincoln at a cemetery dedicated to soldiers who died at Gettysburg and in just a few minutes, honored the Union dead and reminded everyone that they could not stop fighting the war because the Union soldiers who had died would have died in vain

Border States

made up of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky, states that were slave states but did not secede from the union, which made keeping them a part of the Union vital

Uncle Tom's Cabin

most influential book of its day, a novel about the conflict between an enslaved man named Tom and the brutal white slave owner Simon Legree. Its publication in 1852 moved a generation of Northerners as well as many Europeans to regard all slave owners as monstrously cruel and inhuman

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

passed by Lincoln, the terms where: full presidential pardons would be granted to most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the union and the U.S. Constitution and accepted the emancipation of slaves, a state government could be reestablished and accepted as legitimate by the U.S. president as soon as at least 10% of the voters in that state took the loyalty oath, and each state will rewrite its constitution and eliminate the existence of slavery

Reconstruction

period of time after the Civil War that is characterized by trying to heal and put the country back to together again

Ulysses S. Grant

president who is known for his tainted presidency and is known to be the worst president we have ever had because of the people he trusted (who were corrupt)

James K. Polk

president who used the slogan "54º 40' or Fight" to get people to vote for him since the American people believed that Oregon and Texas belonged to the U.S. at the time. He was also very pro-manifest destiny and was president during the time of the Mexican American War

15th Amendment

prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was ratified in 1870

Homestead Act

promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least 5 years

13th Amendment

ratified in December 1865, abolished slavery and freed all enslaved people, particularly the remaining ones in the border states

Black Codes

restricted the rights and movements of former slaves. It prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, placed freedmen into a form of semi-bondage by forcing them to sign work contracts, and prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court

South Carolina

what was the first state to secede in December 1860?

14th Amendment

stated that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens and obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law"

Mexican American War

technically began in 1846 over disputes over the Texas border (Rio Grande vs. Nueces River), but it can be argued that the annexation of Texas was the beginning of diplomatic trouble with Mexico. This finally boiled over when the Mexican Army crossed the Rio Grande and captured the American army patrol on what the Americans thought was their land (ironically, the Mexicans thought that was their land). Also, it erupted because the U.S. wanted to buy California, but Mexico refused to give it to them. In the end, Mexico lost and U.S. gained the Mexican Cession, California, and established the border separating the two countries at the Rio Grande River. James K. Polk was president during this

Union

the Northern side of the Civil War

Confederacy

the Southern side of the Civil War

Britain

the dispute over the Oregon Territory was between the United States and what other foreign country?

Paternalism

the idea that a slave owner treats his slaves like children and his slaves in return treat the owner like a father

Battle of Gettysburg

the most significant and largest turning point in the Civil war because after this battle, the Confederacy/South is never able to regain the offensive

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

they divided the former Confederate states into 5 military districts, each under control of the Union army. It also increased the requirements for gaining readmission to the union (an ex-Confederate state had to ratify the 14th amendment and guarantee that in its constitution, it grants suffrage to all freemen, regardless of race)

Impeachment

to charge the president of a crime and remove him from office

49th, Vancouver Island, Columbia River

to settle the struggle over the Oregon Territory, the U.S. and Britain decided to divide the territory at the ___ parallel in exchange for the U.S. giving Britain ______ and rights to navigate the ______

conscription

today, this is known as a "draft"

Andrew Johnson

vice president of Abraham Lincoln who later becomes president and was a strange choice for Lincoln's vice president because he was a Southern Democrat

Carpetbaggers

what Democratic opponents called the Northern newcomers/Republicans

Scalawags

what Democratic opponents called the Southern Republicans

slavery, constitutional rights, economic differences, and political blunders and extremism

what are the four causes of the Civil War?