APUSH Unit 5 Test

The ideas expressed in the excerpt best reflect which of the following developments?

Debates emerged over the proper role of the United States in the world.

Which of the following best explains the main cause of the Great Depression of the 1930s?

Episodes of credit and market instability undermined the financial system.

Who was not prosperous during this time?

Farmers President Herbert Hoover

The speech could best be used by a historian studying which of the following historical situations related to the First World War?

The changes in traditional ideas about United States noninvolvement in Europe The changes in traditional ideas about United States noninvolvement in Europe

The development by the early 1900s depicted in the excerpt represented a continuation of which of the following earlier developments?

The growth of the middle class during the Gilded Age

Which of the following historical situations was the author responding to?

The increased involvement of the United States in Asia and the Pacific

Harlem Renaissance

The name was given to the flowering of African American arts & letters during the 1920s in cities throughout the U.S. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement centered in Harlem, New York City, during the 1920s. It was characterized by a flourishing of African American art, music, literature, and intellectual thought, showcasing the talents and creativity of African American artists and writers. It produced iconic figures like Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington that helped recognize African American contributions to American culture & society.

The excerpt could best be used by a historian studying which of the following historical developments?

The persistence of popular isolationist sentiment in the United States in the early 1900s

Fascism

A belief in a single-party government, usually led by a dictator, in which all aspects of society are directed by the government. The government has full control over people's lives. It glorifies war, preaches an extreme form of nationalism & follows commands of a powerful dictator.

Which of the following can be concluded based on the historical context in which the excerpt was produced?

Americans were uncertain how to deal with the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy.

Were the reforms and programs established to address the Great Depression beneficial to the United States in the long run?

The reforms and programs established to address the Great Depression were beneficial to the United States in the long run. The New Deal, implemented by FDR, introduced a variety of initiatives aimed at providing relief, reform, and recovery. These included the creation of Social Security, labor protections through the National Labor Relations Board, the implementation of banking regulations through the FDIC, and more. These programs provided immediate relief to millions of Americans suffering and laid the foundation for long-term economic stability & social progress. The Social Security Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and more are still in effect today and play a vital role in society.

The point of view expressed in the excerpt most directly contributes to a historical understanding of which of the following issues?

The role of the United States in the establishment of postwar peace settlements

Bonus Army

The saddest event of the Great Depression was in the summer of 1932. 17,000 unemployed veterans of WWI marched to persuade the president & Congress to pay the bonuses back to them. It was aa group of (unemployed) veterans of WWI who protested in Washington D.C. in 1932. They demanded early payment of bonuses promised by the government & they demanded immediate bonus payment for wartime services to alleviate the economic hardship of the Great Depression. President ordered the evacuation of the veterans & there was pushback.

Which of the following would most likely be considered a significant limitation of the excerpt resulting from its purpose?

Because the excerpt focuses on the Standard Oil Company, it overlooks more potential concerns with the practices of other corporations and business leaders. Because the excerpt suggests that the Standard Oil Company was undemocratic and unethical, it overlooks the benefits of economic consolidation.

Which of the following best explains a connection between policies intended to address the Great Depression and earlier Progressive Era reform policies?

Both sought to create a stronger financial regulatory system.

Which of the following best explains the cause of the historical development depicted in the image?

Workforce shortages led to calls for women to perform jobs previously reserved for men.

GI Bill of Rights

Congress enacted in 1944 the GI Bill of Rights (common name for the legislation to aid veterans returning from WWII) Veterans could receive free hospital care if they were sick or wounded, gants & loans to pay for college, and federally guaranteed loans for buying homes & investing in businesses. It had a positive impact on many veterans. It provided a range of benefits to WWII veterans like education, housing & healthcare assistance, and it aimed to ease their transition to civilian life.

Neutrality Acts

Congress enacted several laws to ensure U.S. neutrality in the event of war. No sale or shipment of arms to belligerent (hostile, aggressive) nations. No loans or credits to belligerent nations No traveling by U.S. citizens on the ships of belligerent nations Non-military goods purchased by belligerent nations are to be paired for in cash & transported in their own ships (known as the cash-and-carry principle). You have to come to the U.S. with cash in hand & you need to supply your own ship to take it back to your own country. It was meant to limit American involvement in future wars by prohibiting arms sales and loans to nations at war.

Who did NOT support the new deal?

Conservatives. Business Leaders. Supreme Court Justices. Alfred E. Smith, Norman Thomas, Huey Long, Father Charles Coughlin, and Dr. Francis Townsend, criticized the New Deal for different reasons. They accused New Deal programs, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), of undermining the free enterprise system and imposing too much government regulation. Some radical groups, including Communists and Socialists,

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He led the U.S. through the Great Depression & WWII. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. The New Deal was a wide set of programs & policies aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform during one of the nation's darkest economic periods. He was a democrat and believed that the government should do whatever it could to help people overcome economic hardship. FDR expanded the power of the executive branch through the "Hundred Days." Court-Packing in 1937 made it allowed for more democrats in the Supreme Court. He was also known for his fireside chats.

Which of the following contexts between 1900 and 1919 best helps to explain the developments in the excerpt?

Global conflicts led to new United States foreign policy to protect national security.

Harry Truman

Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. He became president during the final months of WWII. He made important decisions like authorizing the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (which ended the war with Japan). Truman's Fair Deal increased the minimum wage, extended social security, and invested in housing and infrastructure. It was an extensive list of proposals for social reform legislation. In 1948, Truman issued an executive order ending racial segregation in the armed forces. Truman also established a Fair Employment Board to ensure that African Americans were given an equal opportunity to hold civil service jobs in the U.S. government. Truman was opposed by many people, and during Truman's presidency, Republicans & Democrats were at odds over every domestic issue.

Scopes Trial

The Scopes trial was a court case that decided whether a teacher had broken the law by teaching evolution in a public school. A clash between urban and rural cultures expressed itself in a trial in Tennessee in 1925. John Scopes, a biology teacher who taught evolution, purposley defied the Tennessee's Butler Act against the teaching in public schools of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Scopes was convicted & fined only $100. Scientific evidence for evolution is invalid.

In which of the following ways did the New Deal mark a departure from previous government practices? Responses

The New Deal actively used government power to stimulate economic recovery.

Hoovervilles

Homeless slept in tents & shacks in clustered in areas called Hoovervilles. It was an encampment of homeless people during the Great Depression.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) (1933)

Recovery of agriculture: Paid farmers to destroy a portion of their crops and livestock as a means of limiting production and raising farm prices

Were the 1920s a period of progress or reaction?

The 1920s were a period defined by reaction, marked by the resurgence of nativism and conservatism. This period was characterized by a strong desire to uphold traditional values and social norms, rather than embracing political reforms. Following the Red Scare, fueled by fears of communism, people wanted to see a return to normalcy and traditional values. In Warren G. Harding's presidential campaign in 1920, he emphasized this sentiment, with his promise of a "return to normalcy," advocating for a conservative approach to governance. Additionally, the revival of the KKK during this time exemplified reactionary ways. Also, the passage of restrictive immigration laws and the rise of prohibition further demonstrated a cultural backlash against progressive movements.

Warren Harding

Warren G. Harding was the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923, known for advocating for a "return to normalcy" after World War I. The Teapot Dome scandal involved the leasing of federal oil reserves. Harding's administration was successful in the Washington Naval Conference, which aimed to reduce naval tensions among the world's major powers.

A limitation of using the speech excerpted to study opposition to the League of Nations is that the speech

was given before the Treaty of Versailles was concluded

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Multilateral treaty signed in 1928 renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, although it lacked enforcement mechanisms. It was a peacekeeping effort after WWI. An agreement attempting to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy. Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.

Which of the following best explains a long-term political change resulting from the New Deal?

Political alignments shifted as African Americans came to support the Democratic Party.

The purpose of the speech in the excerpt best supports which of the following arguments about United States foreign policy in the 1910s?

Political leaders advocated applying democratic principles to relationships between countries.

Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify the argument made in the excerpt?

Population growth in the South slowed as many people moved to the North and West.

Buying on Credit/Installment Buying

Practice of purchasing goods or services with the promise of paying later in installments. It increased in the 1920s and buying on margin led to the Great Depression. Installment buying means taking out a loan with interest to pay for consumer products. Buying on credit refers to the practice of purchasing goods and paying for them over time, typically in installments with interest.

Executive Order 9066

President Roosevelt yielded to the general prejudice by authorizing in Executive Order 9066 the removal of all Japanese Americans from their homes in California & Western states. Infamous order that authorized the removal of Japaneses Americans, Italian Americans & German Americans from their homes to internment centers Presidential order issued by FDR in 1942 based on fears of espionage and sabotage.

National Recovery Administration (NRA) (1933)

Recovery of business: Encouraged business firms in every industry to agree upon prices and to draw up codes of fair practices

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB/ (1935)

Reform for labor unions: Enforced the right of all workers to organize unions

Social Security Board (SSB) (1935)

Reform for the disabled, the unemployed, and the elderly: Provided insurance benefits for those receiving no income because of old age, a physical handicap, or sudden loss of a job

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (1933)

Reform of banking: Provided government backing and insurance for bank deposits so that depositors

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (1934)

Reform of the stock market: Regulated the stock market and required sellers of stocks to supply truthful information to the public

Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935)

Relief for the unemployed: Put unemployed workers on the federal payroll and organized special projects for them to do (paving roads, building post offices, repairing schools, etc.)

Which of the following best explains the policy of the United States toward Nazi Germany in the 1930s?

Strong isolationist sentiments after the First World War left many Americans wary of involvement in another European conflict.

Which of the following developments during the mid-to-late 1910s could best be used as evidence to refute the argument made in the excerpt?

The economic situation of many African Americans in urban areas improved.

Evidence from the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following arguments about journalists during the Progressive Era?

They feared that unfair corporate practices were undermining smaller companies and promoting economic inequality.

Consumers like lower prices, but why were lower prices a negative effect of the Depression?

They had negative effects because they contributed to deflation, a decrease in prices that led to decreased demand, decreased production, and widespread economic hardship.

The publication of the excerpt most likely had which of the following purposes?

To increase opposition to the United States annexation of the Philippines

Which of the following contexts helps to explain the economic changes that contributed to the production of the excerpt?

Women experienced growing opportunities to earn wages.

Oher world leaders most likely interpreted the excerpt as indicating that the United States was

taking a leading role in world diplomacy.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

It increased import taxes on more than a thousand items. A law that increased taxes on imports, and it made the Great Depression longer & deeper. Tariff passed in 1930, worsening the effects of the Great Depression by reducing international trade and deepening global economic distress.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA) (1934)

Recovery of housing industry: Insured loans for the construction of new housing

What national issue received the most attention in the New Deal? Explain.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

A context that helps to explain the development discussed in the excerpt is that, after 1920, Americans were debating

the appropriate gender roles for women in society

Speakeasy

A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition.

Dust Bowl

In the Dust Bowl (a region of the Great Plains that became unsuitable for farming during the 1930s due to drought & unsustainable farming practices), poor farming practices, long-lasting drought, and high winds pulled the moisture out of the ground. Severe ecological and agricultural disaster in the Great Plains caused by drought, over-farming, and poor land management. It resulted in dust storms and economic hardship.

The purpose of the image best helps explain which of the following effects on United States foreign relations?

The United States and its allies won the war in part because they had sufficient military supplies.

Flapper

Young women who experiment with new styles of dress & raised hemlines above the knee. Flappers embody rebellion commonly associated with the prohibition era & it symbolizes the "new woman" of the era.

Korematsu vs. US

Supreme Court ruled that internment of Japanese Americans was justified as the country's need for protection against espionage outweighed individual rights. In a case decided in 1944, Korematsu v. United States, the Court determined that the removal of Japanese Americans was justified as a matter of military necessity. Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American, challenged the government's decision to forcibly relocate and detain Japanese Americans in internment camps. Despite arguments against racial discrimination, the Court ruled in favor of the government, stating that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's individual rights.

Which of the following best explains changes in migration patterns in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s?

The Great Depression of the 1930s and the increased demand for war production in the 1940s led many Americans to migrate to cities in search of economic opportunities.

Was the Great Depression inevitable?

The Great Depression was not inevitable; it was the result of a series of factors and events that culminated in a severe economic downfall. Over-speculation in the stock market, fueled by practices like buying stocks with borrowed funds, led to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 which marked the beginning of the Great Depression. This instability was worsened by a reliance on installment buying and credit and the unequal distribution of income/wealth in the United States. Additionally, post-WWI economic conditions like war debts and weakness in the international economy, proved that the Great Depression was not inevitable. Government/economic policies and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 (which raised tariffs on imported goods) contributed to a decrease in international trade and worsened the global economic downturn. In conclusion, the severity and duration of the Great Depression were influenced by numerous factors of income inequality, international economic conditions, and government policies.

Great Migration

The Great Migration Southern occurred when blacks moved to northern cities in large numbers. Between 1910 & 1930, the black population in northern cities grew from 1 to 2.5 million. There were push-pull factors like the promise of jobs in northern factories (pull) & the brutal realities of Jim Crow (push). Jacon Lawrence in 1941 completed a group of paintings called The Migration Series, depicting the movement of blacks from the South to the North. The Great Migration had a profound impact on American society, contributing to the growth of urban black communities.

Opposition to the New Deal

The New Deal was challenged in court by those who believed the Federal Government had assumed too much power. Supreme Court struck down laws like the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) & the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in cases such as Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States & United States v. Butler, because they violated principles of states' rights. Critics of Roosevelt included Alfred E. Smith, Norman Thomas, Huey Long, Father Charles Coughlin & Dr. Francis Townsend; they accused New Deal programs (TVA) of undermining the free enterprise system. Creeping Socialism was beng replaced by rugged individualism. Many conservatives opposed the New Deal because to its expansion of federal government power & intervention in the economy.

The excerpt could best be used to explain which of the following postwar situations?

The emergence of the United States as a global superpower

Assembly Line

Manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential and organized way, attributed to Henry Ford's innovation in automobile production. It alowed for the work to be taken to workers rather than the worker moving to and around the vehicle. It increased production.

Demands for labor like that depicted in the image explains which of the following related effects?

Men and women migrated from rural areas to cities in order to work in defense industries.

Lend-Lease Act

Occured in 1941, where the U.S. program gave war supplies to Allied countries in exchange for leases on military bases. The policy of neutrality was abandoned. Committed majority of economic resources to fight off German assault. It provided military aid to Allied nations during WWII, allowing the transfer of weapons and other supplies without immediate payment.

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms. A series of agreements between the United States & Mexico that allowed millions of Mexican guest workers to come to the United States to work on temporary agricultural labor contracts.

Which of the following best explains changes in the federal government resulting from the Great Depression?

Policymakers developed a limited welfare state to reduce the effects of mass unemployment and social upheavals.

Which agencies addressed the needs of workers, but not by finding employment for them? How?

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and the Social Security Board (SSB). The NLRB's primary purpose was to protect the rights of workers to organize and collectively bargain with their employers. It enforced labor laws, investigated unfair labor practices, and facilitated the formation of labor unions. The NLRB aimed to improve the overall well-being of workers without directly providing them with employment. The SSB was created in 1935 and it was a reform for the disabled, the unemployed, and the elderly. It provided insurance benefits for those receiving no income because of old age, a physical handicap, or sudden loss of a job. It provided financial assistance. Through the Social Security program, it established a social safety net. It didn't directly create employment opportunities but it aimed to alleviate poverty among the unemployed, disabled & elderly.

The point of view of the first two paragraphs of the excerpt can best be used to support which of the following historical arguments?

Some political leaders pointed to traditions of self-determination when making foreign policy.

Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover was the 31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. Hoover was president at the beginning/start of the Great Depression. Despite his efforts to address the economic crisis, including implementing public works projects and urging business leaders not to cut wages, Hoover's policies were largely ineffective in combating the widespread unemployment and poverty of the time. His president marked the begging of economic hardship.He was a republican. Hoover disagreed with the idea of giving aid directly to the poor. He believed in rugged individualism = a belief that each individual should be able to support him- or herself without government assistance. He emphasized self-reliance & individual responsibility. Hoover advocated for limited government intervention in the economy (laissez-faire). He cut taxes, increased government spending on public projects, established the Federal Farm Board (to help stabilize agricultural prices) and declared a temporary halt on European war debt payments to alleviate financial strain on struggling nations. Hoover's presidency is criticized for its perceived failure to respond to the Great Depression.

Which of the following explains a similarity between the United States economy in the early 1900s depicted in the excerpt and the United States economy in the first half of the 1800s?

In both periods, new technology increasingly connected Americans to commerce and markets.

Teapot Dome

Infamous bribery scandal during the Harding administration, involving the leasing of federal oil reserves in Wyoming to private oil companies in exchange for bribes. It was a massive scandal that harmed the people's trust in the federal government.

Washington Naval Conference

International conference held in 1921-1922 to discuss naval disarmament & promote peace, resulting in agreements to limit naval armaments among major powers. It was held to discuss naval disarmament/reduction & ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia. They agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Lend-Lease Act Test

It allowed the United States to provide military aid & material support to Allied nations without immediate payment. This assistance was vital in supporting Allied war efforts against the Axis powers, primarily Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan. Sent support to Allied nations during World War II without immediate payment. It marked a departure from strict neutrality policies & demonstrated the United States' commitment to supporting Allied countries in their fight against the Axis powers, ultimately playing a significant role in strengthening the Allied war effort.

Why did the Great Depression end the "Flapper" era?

It came to an end due to economic hardship. The economic downfall led to widespread unemployment and financial instability. This made it hard for young women to maintain the lifestyle associated with the Flapper Era. Their focus shifted from leisure activities and spending to survival needs and financial security.

The Atlantic Charter

It was a combined declaration between FDR and Winston Churchill in 1941 outlining their vision for the post-World War II world, including principles of self-determination and international cooperation. In August of 1941, Roosevelt met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill & created the Atlantic Charter (statement of common war aims made by U.S. & British leaders) Recognition of the fight of all nations to self-determination (the right of citizens to choose their own government) U.S.-British understanding that neither power would seek to gain territory from the war The disarmament of aggressor nations A "permanent system of general security" in the future

Which of the following best explains the factor that most directly prompted United States entry into the Second World War in 1941 ?

Japan attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor.

Supporters of the New Deal

Liberals defended the New Deal by arguing that Roosevelt had saved both democracy & the free enterprise system. Liberals also argued that reforms of the New Deal (Social Security system, regulation of the banking system, minimum wage law, etc) extended the reforms of the Progressive Era. New Deal gave African Americans jobs through the WPA & CCC. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set minimum wages & maximum hours for workers in interstate commerce industries. Workers benefited from the New Deal, more than 5 million workers joined unions from 1935 to 1940. The AAA, provided for the recovery of agriculture by paying farmers to take land out of production as a means of limiting production & raising farm prices.

The situation depicted in the excerpt was most significant because it led to which of the following outcomes? Responses

Progressive Era reformers sought federal legislation and court action to help regulate economic markets.

Public Works Administration (PWA) (1933)

Recovery and relief: Used federal money to hire contractors to build bridges, dams, highways, and other public projects

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) (1933)

Relief for the unemployed: Gave federal money to the states, which used the money to help people in need

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933)

Relief for the unemployed: Provided young people with jobs in conservation (flood control, soil conservation, forest replanting, etc.)

Quarantine Speech

Responding to the Japanese invasion of China, Roosevelt in his Quarantine Speech, proposed that democratic nations join together to "quarantine (to forcefully isolate someone for political or health reasons)" aggressor nations. It was a speech given by FDR in 1937 advocating for a policy of "quarantining" aggressive nations to prevent the spread of war (there was growing concerns about global instability).

Manhattan Project

Roosevelt committed U.S. funds to the Manhattan Project (secret code name for the U.S. project to develop an atomic bomb). It resulted in the first nuclear weapons (dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945).

"Court-Packing"

Roosevelt's plan to add more justices to the Supreme Court that supported him (liberalists). Proposed plan by FDR to expand the Supreme Court and appoint justices in favor to his New Deal policies, sparking controversy and ultimately failing in Congress.

Fireside Chats

Series of radio broadcasts by FDR between 1933 and 1944. He addressed the American people directly on the radio and explained his policies and providing reassurance during times of crisis.

Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support the argument made in the excerpt?

The United States experienced persistent racial violence throughout the early twentieth century.

Which of the following social contexts best helps to explain the development discussed in the excerpt?

The United States population shifted from rural to urban areas.

Which of the following best explains how the United States sought to engage in world affairs in the 1920s and 1930s, the decades immediately following the First World War?

The United States used peace treaties and select military intervention to promote international order.

Which of the following is a limitation of using Bryan's speech to study the differences between imperialism and anti-imperialism in the early 1900s?

The anti-imperialist idea in the speech about the racial differences between Filipinos and White Americans was similar to the racial theories of imperialists.

Which of the following long-term developments in the second half of the 1800s best helps to explain the change in United States culture depicted in the excerpt?

The creation of new manufacturing methods allowed factories to greatly increase production.

The excerpt can best be used to explain which of the following situations that resulted from the Spanish-American War?

The emergence of nationalist movements in areas under United States control

How did U.S. involvement in WWII change the way Americans viewed their role in the world?

U.S. involvement in WWII changed the way Americans viewed their role in the world. Prior to the war, the U.S. followed a policy of isolation in order to avoid entanglement in foreign conflicts. However, the events of WWII showed th necessity of American engagement on the worldwide level. The U.S. entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor. They became involved in the war, allying with the Soviet Union and the UK. Through its military and economic contributions, and international alliances, the U.S. was able to emerge as a superpower and leader of the world. This shaped American foreign policy in a new way, leading to a more assertive and engaged approach to international policies.

Calvin Coolidge

Vice President Calvin Coolidge became president when Harding died & then became president in 1924 (30th president of the United States) → "The business of America is business." He supported big business rather than regulating it. He also favored high tariffs & less government spending to permit lower taxes. He was known for his conservative policies and emphasis on laissez-faire economics.

Fair Deal

★ ? Item to Know Explanation and Significance ?? Washington Naval Conference International conference held in 1921-1922 to discuss naval disarmament & promote peace, resulting in agreements to limit naval armaments among major powers. It was held to discuss naval disarmament/reduction & ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia. ?? Kellogg-Briand Pact Multilateral treaty signed in 1928 renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, although it lacked enforcement mechanisms. It was a peacekeeping effort after WWI. An agreement attempting to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy. flapper Young women who experiment with new styles of dress & raised hemlines above the knee. Flappers embody rebellion commonly associated with the prohibition era & it symbolizes the "new woman" of the era. Speakeasy A speakeasy was an illicit establishment that sold alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition era in the United States (1920-1933). assembly line Manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential and organized way, attributed to Henry Ford's innovation in automobile production. It alowed for the work to be taken to workers rather than the worker moving to and around the vehicle. It increased production. Harlem Renaissance The name was given to the flowering of African American arts & letters during the 1920s in cities throughout the U.S. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement centered in Harlem, New York City, during the 1920s. It was characterized by a flourishing of African American art, music, literature, and intellectual thought, showcasing the talents and creativity of African American artists and writers. It produced iconic figures like Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington that helped recognize African American contributions to American