APUSH Unit 6: Gilded Age

Anti-Vagrancy Act (Greaser Laws), 1855

-CA -permitted imprisonment of any unemployed Mexican American on charges of vagrancy (homelessness)

Ulysses S. Grant's foreign policies and affairs

-Cuban Insurrection, 1868 -Santo Domingo Scheme, 1870 -Alabama Claims, 1872

Alabama Claims, 1872

-US demands that England pay disrupting shipping, prolonging the length of the war, + violating neutrality by partially siding w/ Confederacy briefly -Britain had declared its neutrality but some of its citizens (interested in the cotton trade + other profits) aligned with the South -US got $15 million

Exodusters

African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

23rd President

Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893

21st President

Chester A. Arthur, 1881-1885

Swing Around the Circle, 1866

-August 27 - September 15, 1866 -disastrously unsuccessful speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson -tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies + for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election -tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took -so horrible, it backfired + boosted the Radical Republican numbers in Congress

'Father of the Steel Navy'

-Chester A. Arthur -sought construction of steam-powered steel cruisers, steel rams, + steel-clad gunboats -Naval War College was established in Newport, Rhode Island, -Office of Naval Intelligence was created

Chester A. Arthur's domestic policies and affairs

-Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 -Mongrel Tariff of 1883 -Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883 -reducing tariffs -renovation of White House ($30,000 --> $2 million today)

Phase 2: Congressional Reconstruction, Dec 1865-1869

-Congress convened in December, 1865 -Republican majority established a Joint Committee of Reconstruction to examine Johnson's policies + voted not to admit the newly elected Southern representatives or to recognize the newly reestablished state governments as valid -revoked the 3/5 clause of the Constitution -continuously overrode Johnson's vetoes (and eventually impeached him), controlling Reconstruction

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

-Congress sided with creditors + investors, passed this act -withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation -full resumption of specie (hard cash) payment by Jan 1879 -caused deflation --> angered farmers + workers

Seward's Folly (Alaskan Purchase / Seward's Ice Box), 1867

-March 30, 1867 -Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia-derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War + how many thought it was a worthless wasteland/inhabitable -500,000 square miles for $7.2 million (2 cents per acre)

Andrew Johnson's foreign policies and affairs

-Purchase of Alaska (Seward's Folly), 1867 -forcing out French puppet state in Mexico (Maximilian) -Burlingame Treaty, 1868

Ulysses S. Grant's domestic policies and affairs

-Reconstruction, 1865-1877 -Black Friday Scandal, 1869 -Military intervention -Indian Peace Policy -Board of Indian Commissioners, 1869-1933 -Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 -Ku Klux Klan Act, 1871 -Credit Mobilier Scandal, 1872 -Panic of 1873 -Crime of 73 (Coinage Act of 1873) -Whiskey Ring Scandal, 1875 -Specie Resumption Act of 1875

Mongrel Tariff of 1883

-Tariff of 1883 -awful compromise measure that satisfied nobody -dropped rates on a varied list of items by an average of 1.47% -duties were lowered on a few items, but increased on most manufactured goods

William "Bloody Bill" Brownlow

-Tennessean against secession -was jailed for treason for his anti-secession + anti-Confederacy writing -elected Tennessee governor -helped give freedmen the right to vote 2 years before the 15th amendment was passed

New South

-after the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self -sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, + improved transportation -Henry Grady played an important role -despite calls for industrialization, coining the phrase and urging the South to abandon the agrarian economy in his newspapers -sharecropping + tenant farming persisted in the South

Indian Peace Policy

-an initiative during the Grant Administration -federal gov quit negotiating treaties w/ Native American peoples + instead now treated them as wards of the state. -goals continued to be assimilation/"civilization" of Indians -those who refused would continue to be confined to reservations

Social Darwinism

-application of ideas about evolution + "survival of the fittest" to human societies -a justification for imperialist expansion, racism, + eugenics (usually also defended with the Bible, sadly)

James Garfield's domestic policies and affairs

-appointed New York Postmaster -Stalwarts vs Half Breeds -assassinated by Charles Guiteau (Stalwart)

Board of Indian Commissioners, 1869-1933

-appointed by President Grant to help natives adjust to reservation life -committee that advised the federal government on Native American policy -inspected supplies delivered to Indian agencies to ensure the fulfillment of government treaty obligations to tribes

Knights of Labor, 1869-1886

-founded after failure of chaotic protests-attempt to organize all areas, forms, + goals of labor -vagueness of policies crippled its ability to serve its members -nationwide labor union led by Terence Powderley -desired socialist society (more radical) -included African -Americans and women (open to all) -reached its peak in 1886 before beginning a decline in membership

20th President

James Garfield, 1881

19th President

Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881

17th President

Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869

Anti-Coolie Clubs

Groups that were aimed to prevent Asian immigration

22nd (and 24th) President

Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889

Exodus of 1879

-African Americans migrated from the south (especially from states along the Mississippi River) to Colorado, Kansas, + Oklahoma -Kansas especially popular bc they fought to be a free state -many whites resented their presence + relief efforts by local gov usually failed (especially in Kansas, ironically) -most successful exodusters had migrated to urban areas (ie Topeka); found domestic or trade work -1st general migration of blacks following the Civil War

Phase 1: Presidential Reconstruction, 1865

-April 1865 until December 1865-Reconstruction in the hands of Johnson -enabled most members of the old planter class + many Confederate leaders to reemerge in power on the state level (ex: Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President elected for Senate, though it was too controversial + he never took office until 1873)

18th President

Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877

15th Amendment, 1870

prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery)

White Supremacist Groups

KKK, Red Shirts, Knights of the White Camellia, White League

WASPS

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

Panic of 1873

-4 year economic depression -caused by overspeculation on railroads + western lands-worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refused to coin silver) -loans went unpaid —> caused the bust -economic strains on blacks+debtors -controversies over soft v hard currency

Chester A. Arthur's foreign policies and affairs

-"Father of the Steel Navy" -discussion of Panama Canal

Annexation of Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo Scheme), 1870

-1 of Grant's failed initiatives -for many years, the US Navy wanted a base in the Caribbean -Santo Domingo had a suitable bay, its gov was interested in having the US annex them, + presented African Americans w/ an alternative to staying in the South-Secretary of State Fish did not support annexing Santo Domingo, but agreed to send Grant's private secretary -secretary returned with a report favoring annexation --> Grant spoke with MA senator Charles Sumner (same guy who got his ass beat by Brooks), Chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, for support -President presented the relevant treaty to the Senate in 1870 --> Sumner spoke out against it + withheld his support -failed to pass the Senate -Grant unwilling to give up -persuaded enough senators and representatives to support a commission of 3 men that would explore the situation in Santo Domingo -commission recommended annexation-public opinion turned against the treaty --> issue disappeared from public debate

Nathan Bedford Forrest

-1 of the most respected cavalrymen of the Civil War-incredibly racist-before the Civil War: slave trader-during the Civil War: murdered black prisoners of war @ Fort Pillow-after the Civil War: 1 of the 1st Grand Wizards of the Ku Klux Klan + a founder of the KKK

Reconstruction Amendments

-13th (ends slavery), 1865 -14th (citizenship), 1868 -15th (black suffrage), 1870

Abraham Lincoln

-16th President-Republican -helped preserve the United States -opposed the expansion of slavery -emancipated the slaves -assassinated by Booth, 1865

Andrew Johnson

-17th President -Democrat-Southerner from Tennessee -VP when Lincoln was killed -opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts despite his veto -1st president to be impeached -survived the Senate removal by 1 vote -very weak president

Las Gorras Blancas (The White Caps)

-1889-1890 -Mexican Americans living in New Mexico who attempted to protect their land and way of life from encroachment by white landowners -burned farms, homes, + crops

Hiram Revels 1870-1871

-1st African American to serve in the US Senate + in Congress overall -minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) -Republican politician -represented MS in 1870 + '71 during Reconstruction

Workingmen's Party, 1876-1878

-1st Marxist political party in the United States -political 3rd party not as large as the Democrat or Whig party -formed in 1876, when socialists from around the US met in Philadelphia -7 societies sent representatives

Chinese Massacre of 1871

-2 rival Chinese businessmen argued over a Chinese prostitute --> shootout ensued --> death of a white civilian aiding responding police officers -Chinese men hid in the Coronel building, but were forced out by an angry white mob -mob only grew in size and power, setting up gallows (by turning wagons upright) + lynching anyone unfortunate enough to be present -18 were killed; only 1 had participated in the shootout -only some of the rioters were put on trial-all charges were dropped on a technicality, leaving 18 deaths unanswered for -local papers didn't cover it --> people only grew more brutal w/ their attacks on the Chinese

James Garfield

-20th president -Republican -assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage -Last of the "born in a log cabin" presidents

Grover Cleveland

-22nd + 24th president -Democrat -Honest and hardworking -fought corruption -vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills -achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform -violent suppression of strikes

Bland-Allison Act, 1878

-authorized coinage of a limited # of silver -vetoed by Hayes bc he was scared of inflation -1st of several gov subsidies to silver producers in depression periods -gov bought + coined $2-4 million/month, increasing the silver supply-created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism" -repealed in 1900 -restored the standard silver dollar's full legal -tender quality -Treasury Department purchased silver in minimum amounts --> increase in the silver coinage supply was limited -silver-mining companies received a market for their product, but the price of silver continued to fall -to meet the legal dollar minimum, the Treasury had to buy an increasing volume of bullion --> higher expense for coining + storage-outcome: Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, which directed the Treasury to purchase silver bullion in the physical amount of 4.5 million oz/month + pay for it with legal-tender Treasury notes, a new kind of paper money

Ku Klux Klan Act, 1871

-authorized the president to use federal prosecutions + military force to suppress conspiracies to deprive citizens of the right to vote + enjoy the equal protection of the law -allowed Congress to act against terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan + outlawed Klan activity

Redeemers

-bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South -staged a major counter-revolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments -foundation rested on the idea of racism + white supremacy (aka being an a-hole) -waged aggressive assault on African Americans

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, 1883

-created a Civil Service Commission to oversee appointments -stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons -replaced the patronage/spoils system in the federal bureaucracy with a merit-based professional system -"Important" leadership positions in bureaucracy (Secretaries, Commissioners, Directors) & federal judges still appointed by president

Red Shirts, 1875

-created in 1875 in Mississippi-white terrorist group that harassed, intimidated, + murdered African Americans + anyone who supported them-wore red shirts to look intimidating

Chester A. Arthur

-customs collector for the port of New York -corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system -Garfield's VP -Garfield was shot so he became the 21st president

Great RR Strike of 1877 (Pittsburgh Railroad Strike of 1877)

-cut in wages --> strike involving 80,000 workers in 11 states + affected 2/3 of the US-group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up + began to strike due to wage cuts -spread up + down the railroad line across the nation -destroyed 39 buildings, 104 engines, 46-66 passenger cars, 1,200-1,383 freight cars, + almost 2 square miles (5.2 km2) of the city was burned -strikebreakers were taken in to replace workers -President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in fed troops to stop the strike; 1st use of army to stop labor unrest -100 people died

Credit Mobilier Scandal, 1872

-damaged the careers of several Gilded Age politicians -Union Pacific Railroad insiders/stockholders created the Crédit Mobilier of America -hired themselves to build railroads -inflated the wages -sold or gave shares in this construction to influential congressmen -bribed people, all the way up to the VP to keep the scandal from going public -sold or gave shares in this construction to influential congressmen -damaged the careers of several Gilded Age politicians

Compromise of 1877

-deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) + Samuel Tilden (Dem) -Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results —> ended Reconstruction provisions: 1) remove military from South 2) appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key, postmaster general) 3) federal $ used for railroad construction + levees on Mississippi River

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

-denied additional Chinese laborers to enter the country -allowed students + merchants to immigrate -restricted immigration from China for 10 years -extended on multiple occasions until repeal in 1943

Henry W. Grady

-editor of the Atlanta Constitution (newspaper) -preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, + absence of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world -coined "New South" in 1874

waving the bloody shirt

-especially used by Republicans during the election of 1876 -campaign tactic used by post -Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats -blamed Democrats for the Civil War -used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates + from serious issues-used to appeal to black voters in the South

White League, 1874-1876

-established in 1874 by the Redeemer Democrats to restore political power to the prewar white Democrats-white organization terrorized/threatened black citizens in an attempt to keep them from voting, fighting for their rights, + trying to be equal

Stalwarts

-faction of the Republican party in the 1870s and 1880s -supported political machines + patronage -more urban and less educated than non-Stalwart Republicans -supported presidency + re-election of Grant -led by US Senator Roscoe Conkling -shock of Garfield's assassination broke both Conkling's power + that of the Stalwarts -Conkling's former protege Chester A. Arthur helped to create civil service reforms in his term, in part bc he felt that he had to follow up on + finish Garfield's work

Thomas Nast

-father of American political cartooning -famous caricaturist + editorial cartoonist for Harper's Weekly in the 19th century -artwork primarily based on political corruption -helped people realize the corruption of some politicians -took down Boss Tweed by exposing his corruption, beginning around 1871 -invented Uncle Sam, modern image of Santa Claus, + the donkey/elephant for Democrats/Republicans

14th Amendment, 1868

-grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"-forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws"-most important law ever passed besides original Constitution + Bill of Rights-vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements-allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states

Burlingame Treaty, 1868

-guaranteed the rights of US missionaries in China -set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the US -encouraged Chinese immigration to the United States at a time when cheap labor was in demand for US railroad construction-doubled the annual influx of Chinese immigrants between 1868-1882 -reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act

Boss Tweed (William Marcy Tweed)

-head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868 -Tweed Reign/Ring: 1868 - 1871, a group of corrupt politicians defrauding the city-responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost was $3 million, but made tax payers pay $13 millions

Reconstruction Act of 1867

-laid out the necessary requirements for readmitting Southern states into the Union-divided the south into 5 districts + a US military commander controlled each-states had to write new state constitution supporting the 14th Amendment + give black men (not women) the right to vote-passed by Congress, vetoed by President Johnson-invalidated the state governments formed under the Lincoln & Johnson plans + all the legal decisions made by those governments

Jim Crow Laws, 1877-1965

-laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves -passed by southern states following the Civil War -segregation -voting restrictions (literacy tests, Grandfather Clause)

Half-Breeds

-moderate Republican party faction -led by Senator James G. Blaine -favored some reforms of the civil service system + a restrained policy toward the defeated South -favored tariff reform -did not seem to be dedicated members of either party -against patronage

Hayes-Tilden Election (Election of 1876)

-most corrupt election in US history -Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican + Civil War general) received only 165 electoral votes -Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) received 264,000 more popular votes that Hayes + 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win -20 electoral votes were disputed —> an electoral commission decided that Hayes was the winner -fraud suspected: South conceded to let Hayes win the presidency bc he agreed to pull out federal troops

Tammany Hall

-most notorious political machine -political organization within the Democratic Party in NYC -late 1800's and early 1900's -William Marcy Tweed aka Boss Tweed became head in 1863 -sought political control by corruption and bossism -offered aid to immigrants to keep themselves in power

Grover Cleveland's domestic policies and affairs

-opposed integrated schools in New York + saw African Americans as inferior -Haymarket Riot, 1886 -Dawes Act of 1887 -Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 -opposed Bland-Allison Act -Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 -Panic of 1893 -Pullman Strike, 1894 -Coxey's Army, 1894 -Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 -2 nonconsecutive terms

Chinese immigrant population, 1880s

-over 300,000 -mostly in CA -mostly men (less than 5% = women) -did not intend to stay permanently, just as temporary workers -ended up having to stay bc they lacked finances to return to China

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

-passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence -banned clan membership -prohibited use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting -gave the US military the authority to enforce the acts

Civil Rights Act of 1866

-passed by Congress on April 9, 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson -declared that all persons born in the US were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition -ironically, excluded Native Americans

Grover Cleveland's foreign policies and affairs

-prevent German puppet state of Samoa -Hawaiian Revolution of 1893 -reassertion of Monroe Doctrine in Venezuelan border dispute

Andrew Johnson's domestic policies and affairs

-pro-slavery -white supremacy -against black suffrage -vetoed all bills giving civil rights to black males, but vetoes were overridden by Congress -Reconstruction, 1865-1877 -Phase I/II (Pres v Congress), 1865-1869 -13th Amendment (vetoed but passed via Congress), 1865 -Black Codes, 1865-1866 -Freedman's Bureau, 1865-1872 -Civil Rights Act of 1866 -Swing Around the Circle Campaign, 1866 -Reconstruction Act of 1867 -Tenure of Office Act, 1867 -Impeachment, 1868 -14th Amendment (vetoed but passed via Congress), 1868

Rutherford B. Hayes' domestic policies and affairs

-reconciliation following Reconstruction -increased executive power -Compromise of 1877 -Great RR Strike, 1877 -Bland-Allison Act, 1878

Johnson's Impeachment, 1868

-result of Stanton's dismissal by President Johnson, a violation of the Tenure of Office Act (last straw for the House Republicans)-Johnson had claimed the Tenure Act was unconstitutional-Johnson was just BARELY acquitted (short 1 vote); vote was 35 to 19 for removal of Johnson-result: Johnson powerless to alter the course of Reconstruction + the country-House brought 11 charges of impeachment; 9 based on violation of the Tenure Act + 2 were for "disgracing Congress"

Cuban Insurrection, 1868

-revolutions broke out in the 1860's + then later in the 1890's against Spain -1868: Cuban rebels began to fight a guerrilla campaign against Spain to win independence -Grant + his administration wanted to avoid a possible war w/ Spain since the US was trying to recover from the Civil War-many in Congress wanted to support the rebels -Congress attempted to pass a resolution recognizing the Cuban rebels' fight against Spain --> Grant sent a message reasserting the administration's position + the attempt was defeated-administration tried to negotiate with Spain to acquire Cuba but talks failed

Whiskey Ring, 1875

-scandal exposed in 1875 -during the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey + using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars -conspiracy involved government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, + distributors -extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, + others

Black Friday Scandal, 1869

-scheme by 2 super sus businessmen, Jim Fiske + Jay Gould, to corner the gold market -persuaded President Grant's brother-in-law to convince the president that stopping government gold sales would be good for farmers -Grant naively complied --> price of gold went up furiously on "Black Friday" --> many businessmen ruined

Knights of the White Camellia, 1867-1870

-secret organization that operated in Louisiana during military Reconstruction -used threats and physical violence to keep the freedmen from voting or to force them to vote for Democratic candidates

Ku Klux Klan, 1865-today

-secret society created by white southerners in 1866 -"The Invisible Empire of the South" -used terror + violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights-other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants + others thought to be "un-American" (WASPS) -1 of founders = Nathan Bedford Forrest

American Missionary Association, 1846-1999

-sent Northern white women / female missionaries south to serve as teachers to African Americans -former slaves thirsted for religion + began forming their own churches -many desired literacy in order to read the Bible -Black schools established with some black teachers + some white teachers, primarily female from this association -not enough teachers to meet demands, so eventually the government had to step in -1 of the first steps toward racial equality -worked alongside Freedman's Bureau

Black Codes, 1865-1866

-strict local + state laws that detailed when, where, + how formerly enslaved people could work, + for how much $ -purposes: guaranteed stable labor supply that blacks were emancipated, restore pre -emancipation system of race relations -forced many blacks to be sharecroppers/tenant farmers

Sharecropping/Tenant Farming

-system used on southern farms after the Civil War -farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops -usually African Americans, but also poor white farmers -landowners manipulated the system to keep tenants in permanent debt + unable to leave

Rutherford B. Hayes' foreign policies and affairs

-tensions with Mexico; recognized the Diaz regime to avoid conflict -pressure against French; thought they wanted control of a Panama Canal -supported idea of Panama Canal

Mississippi Plan, 1875

-use of threats, violence, + lynching by Mississippi Democrats in 1875 to intimidate Republicans + bring the Democratic Party to power by ANY means -changed suffrage provisions of state constitution by instituting residency, literacy, + other requirements that effectively disenfranchised blacks and many poor whites

Freedman's Bureau, 1865-1872

-welfare agency helping the poor, freedmen, refugees, + war veterans -provided food, clothing, medical care, + education -largest accomplishment: helped establish about 3000 schools for freed blacks -1st to establish schools for blacks; thousands of teachers from the north went south to help -attacked by KKK + other southerners as "carpetbaggers" -encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations -urged freed Blacks to gain employment -kept an eye on contracts between labor + management -attempted to redistribute southern lands, but many former slaves ended up sharecropping (which was basically paid slavery)

Crime of '73 (Coinage Act of 1873)

-when silver was priced high, the US mint saw less coinage bc people hoarded it's -no silver had been presented to the US Mint in years —> demonetized the metal -moved to the gold standard -silver miners denounced this as the "Crime of '73" -led to the Bland-Allison Act

Why did Reconstruction fail?

1) Southern resistance (ex: Jim Crow Laws + Black Codes) 2) bayonet-backed Republican governments collapsed 3) Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the south 4) high taxes; very costly 5) Republicans + North had quietly given up their fight for racial equality in the South

16th President

Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865

On The Origin of Species, 1859

Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce

Time Zones in the US (set in 1883)

Pacific, Mountain, Central, + Eastern Standard Time Zones

James Garfield's foreign policies and affairs

organized a Pan-American conference with Latin American states

# of homesteads granted to private citizens from 1862 to 1934 by the federal government

over 1.5 million (10% of US landmass)

13th Amendment, 1865

abolition and prohibition of slavery, w/o compensation for slave-owners

white supremacy

belief that whites are biologically, intellectually, + morally superior to all other races

Civil Service Commission, 1883

created by Pendleton Act to oversee examinations for potential government employees

Impeachment vs removal

impeachment: formal document charging a public official with misconduct in officeremoval: actually removing the official

coolie

offensive name for an unskilled Asian laborer