APUSH Unit 7 MCQ

Since the 1890s, despite the abolition of slavery and the three Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution, Jim Crow segregation pervaded every aspect of American society. The military was no exception. Following the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, black men who volunteered for duty or were drafted were relegated to segregated divisions and combat support roles, such as cook, quartermaster, and grave digger. The military was as segregated as the Deep South. "It was difficult for African Americans not to see the hypocrisy between conditions at home and the noble war aims that President Franklin Roosevelt articulated in his famous 'Four Freedoms' speech on January 6, 1941. And because of the gap between the promise and the performance of American freedom when it came to race relations, many black people frankly felt alienated from the war effort. "Despite this discrimination, more than 2.5 million African Americans registered for the draft when World War II began; 1 million served. A key voice in the war effort was the Pittsburgh Courier, the nation's most widely read African-American newspaper. Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Courier launched a national campaign that urged black people to give their all for the war effort, while at the same time calling on the government to do all it could to make the rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence and the equal rights amendments to the Constitution real for every citizen, regardless of race. In honor of the battle against enemies from without and within, they called it the Double V campaign." Henry Louis Gates, Jr., historian, "How Was Black Support Enlisted for World War II, When the Armed Services Were Segregated?," 2017 Which of the following best explains how actions such as those described in the excerpt affected wartime mobilization? A Many women experienced new economic and social opportunities. B The economic crisis deepened as a result of military spending. C Immigration declined because of improving unemployment rates. D The public widely rejected the internment of Japanese Americans.

A Many women experienced new economic and social opportunities. -As with African Americans, the demand for workers in defense-related industries and federal pressure to lessen discrimination during the period of the Second World War resulted in changes in who had previously been allowed to do the work, including the hiring of many women to fill the positions that had been held by men serving in the military.

"Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it. "I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . . "It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . . "The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes." Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917 A limitation of the excerpt as evidence of the reasons for United States entry into the First World War was that it: A) expressed opposition to war with Germany B) was given by an influential political leader C) asserted that Germans supported the war D) was delivered during the war declaration debates

A) expressed opposition to war with Germany - Although arguments in favor of the war are present in La Follette's criticism of them, evidence for the reasons for the declaration of war against Germany in 1917 could better be found in primary sources produced by people in favor of it.

"A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem. "The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures. "Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn't approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn't need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . . "News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors." Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938 Which of the following contributed to Hubert's criticism in the excerpt of White Americans who visited Harlem in the 1920s? A The inability of African American artists to influence popular culture B Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations C Opposition to recruiting African American soldiers for the United States Army D Racial restrictions on the freedom of speech imposed during the First World War

B Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations - A key factor behind the Harlem Renaissance was the desire of African Americans to escape White racial violence in the South and to express an African American identity as artists despite persistent racial prejudice, such as that expressed by some of the White Americans who visited Harlem at this time.

The impact of the Great Depression on agriculture in the United States continued which of the following trends? A The demand for food resources from abroad grew. B The farm labor force diminished in size as the economy industrialized. C The need for immigrant farmworkers increased. D Support for conservation policies in rural areas declined.

B The farm labor force diminished in size as the economy industrialized. -Many farmers and agricultural workers were forced to find employment in other areas of the economy as a result of the Great Depression. In the 1930s, prices for farm products continued to decline and many farmers could not earn a living, while Dust Bowl conditions drove others off their land. This process, however, was not a shift from earlier trends; instead, it accelerated the transition of the United States labor force away from agriculture and toward industrialization that began during the Gilded Age.

"Let me insist again . . . upon the fact that our duty is twofold, and that we must raise others while we are benefiting ourselves. In bringing order to the Philippines, our soldiers added a new page to the honor-roll of American history, and they incalculably benefited the islanders themselves. . . . [T]he islands now enjoy a peace and liberty of which they have hitherto never even dreamed. But this peace and liberty under the law must be supplemented by material, by industrial development. Every encouragement should be given to their commercial development, to the introduction of American industries and products; not merely because this will be a good thing for our people, but infinitely more because it will be of incalculable benefit to the people of the Philippines. "We shall make mistakes; and if we let these mistakes frighten us from our work we shall show ourselves weaklings. . . . We committed plenty of blunders . . . in our dealings with the Indians. But who does not admit at the present day that we were right in wresting from barbarism and adding to civilization the territory out of which we have made these beautiful [United] States? And now we are civilizing the Indian and putting him on a level to which he could never have attained under the old conditions. ". . . [W]e have always in the end come out victorious because we have refused to be daunted by blunders and defeats. . . . We gird [ourselves] as a nation, with the stern purpose to play our part manfully in winning the ultimate triumph; . . . and with unfaltering steps tread the rough road of endeavor." Theodore Roosevelt, "National Duties," address given at the Minnesota State Fair, September 1901 Which of the following is a limitation of using the excerpt to study the long-term influences on United States involvement overseas in the early 1900s? A) The speech was delivered by Roosevelt at a local state gathering B) The speech was given during the period when this development occurred C) The speech expressed support for westward expansion in North America D) The speech expressed a desire to alter the cultures of American Indians

B) The speech was given during the period when this development occurred - speech was given during the period when United States involvement overseas increased is a limitation of using it to study the long-term influences on this development. Sources produced in the decades before the United States increased its involvement overseas in the early 1900s would better reflect the long-term influences on this development.

"Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it. "I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . . "It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . . "The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes." Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917 Which of the following contexts helps to explain the debate in which La Follette was participating in the excerpt? A) Some Americans opposed the launching of imperial ventures for overseas colonies. B) International conflict led to disagreements over the role of the United States in the world. C) The earlier military victory in the Spanish-American War made the United States a leading global superpower. D) The repeated episodes of economic crisis caused by credit and market instability limited United States international influence.

B) International conflict led to disagreements over the role of the United States in the world. -International conflict leading to disagreements over the role of the United States in the world was a context that helps to explain the debate over whether the United States should declare war on Germany. The outbreak of the First World War and the loss of American lives in war zones, particularly on passenger and merchant ships at sea, led to disagreements in the 1910s about the appropriate international response of the United States.

The establishment of a stronger economic regulatory system during the Great Depression most closely reflected a continuity with which of the following? A Efforts to fund internal improvements during the Early Republic B Efforts to expand the influence of unionized labor during the Gilded Age C Efforts to restrict the excesses of corporations during the Progressive Era D Efforts to encourage women to enter the workforce during the Second World War

C Efforts to restrict the excesses of corporations during the Progressive Era - During the Progressive Era, reformers as well as politicians increasingly sought to enhance the power of government to limit what they believed to be the excesses of corporations, which had potentially harmful effects on economic competition and conditions for workers. These efforts shared a strong continuity with the establishment of a stronger economic regulatory system during the New Deal, which also sought to mitigate economic disruption, manage business competition, and address labor conditions and fair wages for workers.

The policies passed in response to the Great Depression contributed to a change in which of the following earlier popular beliefs? A Big business should have significant influence over federal legislation. B Labor unions should have the sole power to negotiate with corporations. C Government should be noninterventionist during economic downturns. D Federal programs should contribute to the welfare of older Americans.

C Government should be noninterventionist during economic downturns. - Throughout the nineteenth century, it was generally the policy of the federal government, regardless of political party, to avoid directly intervening in the functioning of the economy. While some groups, such as farmers and workers, questioned this policy during times of economic downturn, for example during the Panic of 1873, the public generally supported the idea of federal nonintervention. However, the severity of the Great Depression during the 1930s resulted in the passage of New Deal policies that attempted to stimulate the economy and provide federal relief for the many Americans suffering economic hardship; in turn, the public became increasingly supportive of the idea of direct governmental influence.

"Since the 1890s, despite the abolition of slavery and the three Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution, Jim Crow segregation pervaded every aspect of American society. The military was no exception. Following the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, black men who volunteered for duty or were drafted were relegated to segregated divisions and combat support roles, such as cook, quartermaster, and grave digger. The military was as segregated as the Deep South. "It was difficult for African Americans not to see the hypocrisy between conditions at home and the noble war aims that President Franklin Roosevelt articulated in his famous 'Four Freedoms' speech on January 6, 1941. And because of the gap between the promise and the performance of American freedom when it came to race relations, many black people frankly felt alienated from the war effort. "Despite this discrimination, more than 2.5 million African Americans registered for the draft when World War II began; 1 million served. A key voice in the war effort was the Pittsburgh Courier, the nation's most widely read African-American newspaper. Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Courier launched a national campaign that urged black people to give their all for the war effort, while at the same time calling on the government to do all it could to make the rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence and the equal rights amendments to the Constitution real for every citizen, regardless of race. In honor of the battle against enemies from without and within, they called it the Double V campaign." Henry Louis Gates, Jr., historian, "How Was Black Support Enlisted for World War II, When the Armed Services Were Segregated?," 2017 Which of the following best explains a result of the developments described in the excerpt? A African Americans entered the military because they could not find employment owing to the Great Depression. B Many African American men preferred to remain as sharecroppers rather than enlist in the military. C New employment opportunities opened up for African Americans in industrial and defense industries. D The United States government allowed African American enlistment only after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

C New employment opportunities opened up for African Americans in industrial and defense industries. -As a result of wartime demands and federal pressure on defense industries to eliminate discrimination against minorities and women, but also inspired by African American efforts to support the war and gain new economic rights through the Double V campaign, African American industrial employment rose dramatically during the Second World War.

"A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem. "The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures. "Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn't approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn't need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . . "News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors." Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938 Which of the following best explains a context for the development depicted in the excerpt? A African American sharecropping led to the creation of a new southern regional identity. B African American painters created works to advocate against fascist ideologies. C Urban centers provided African Americans with opportunities for artistic expression. D Market instability caused African Americans to seek work as writers.

C Urban centers provided African Americans with opportunities for artistic expression. - During the 1920s, the movement of African Americans to urban areas for employment created the social and economic confluence that contributed to the growth of new artistic movements and achievements by African American artists, writers, and musicians, especially in the Harlem neighborhood in New York City.

Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it. "I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . . "It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . . "The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes." Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917 Which of the following can best be concluded about United States involvement in the First World War based on the point of view expressed in the excerpt? A) Americans did not assert rights of neutrality early in the war. B) The vast majority of popular opinion was in favor of declaring war. C) Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention. D) Cultural connections made Americans sympathetic toward the Allied Powers.

C) Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention. - La Follette's claims about American public opinion in the first two paragraphs of the excerpt and about historical United States neutrality in the third paragraph best provide evidence for the conclusion that joining the First World War was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention. During the Anglo-French conflicts of the 1790s, President George Washington had established the policy of United States neutrality in foreign conflicts, especially in Europe, which most United States political leaders urged the country to follow during the nineteenth century.

"Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it. "I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . . "It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . . "The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes." Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917 The point of view in the excerpt best supports which of the following historical arguments about United States involvement in the First World War before 1917 ? A) Great Britain was defending humanitarian ideals shared with the United States. B) The actions of Germany promoted the democratic principles of the United States. C) United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality. D) German attacks on American ships justified a United States military response.

C) United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality. - In the last two paragraphs of the excerpt, La Follette claimed that the United States had abandoned its neutral rights to trade with Germany and instead followed policies that harmed Germany to the benefit of Great Britain's war effort.

"Let me insist again . . . upon the fact that our duty is twofold, and that we must raise others while we are benefiting ourselves. In bringing order to the Philippines, our soldiers added a new page to the honor-roll of American history, and they incalculably benefited the islanders themselves. . . . [T]he islands now enjoy a peace and liberty of which they have hitherto never even dreamed. But this peace and liberty under the law must be supplemented by material, by industrial development. Every encouragement should be given to their commercial development, to the introduction of American industries and products; not merely because this will be a good thing for our people, but infinitely more because it will be of incalculable benefit to the people of the Philippines. "We shall make mistakes; and if we let these mistakes frighten us from our work we shall show ourselves weaklings. . . . We committed plenty of blunders . . . in our dealings with the Indians. But who does not admit at the present day that we were right in wresting from barbarism and adding to civilization the territory out of which we have made these beautiful [United] States? And now we are civilizing the Indian and putting him on a level to which he could never have attained under the old conditions. ". . . [W]e have always in the end come out victorious because we have refused to be daunted by blunders and defeats. . . . We gird [ourselves] as a nation, with the stern purpose to play our part manfully in winning the ultimate triumph; . . . and with unfaltering steps tread the rough road of endeavor." Theodore Roosevelt, "National Duties," address given at the Minnesota State Fair, September 1901 The speech's point of view can best be used to support which of the following historical arguments about the early 1900s? A) Most Americans believed that the United States should continue an isolationist foreign policy. B) Most Americans asserted that American Indians were unjustly harmed by federal policy toward them. C) Some Americans advocated economic development of overseas countries in order to justify imperialism. D) Some Americans appealed to racial theories in order to oppose efforts to acquire new territorial possessions.

C) Some Americans advocated economic development of overseas countries in order to justify imperialism. - point of view of the speech of a prominent political leader best supports the argument that some Americans advocated economic development of overseas countries in order to justify acquiring those countries as colonies and to advance United States imperialism in the early 1900s. This was a prominent argument used by Americans in favor of acquiring overseas territories, especially to facilitate trade with East Asia, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

"Since the 1890s, despite the abolition of slavery and the three Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution, Jim Crow segregation pervaded every aspect of American society. The military was no exception. Following the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, black men who volunteered for duty or were drafted were relegated to segregated divisions and combat support roles, such as cook, quartermaster, and grave digger. The military was as segregated as the Deep South. "It was difficult for African Americans not to see the hypocrisy between conditions at home and the noble war aims that President Franklin Roosevelt articulated in his famous 'Four Freedoms' speech on January 6, 1941. And because of the gap between the promise and the performance of American freedom when it came to race relations, many black people frankly felt alienated from the war effort. "Despite this discrimination, more than 2.5 million African Americans registered for the draft when World War II began; 1 million served. A key voice in the war effort was the Pittsburgh Courier, the nation's most widely read African-American newspaper. Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Courier launched a national campaign that urged black people to give their all for the war effort, while at the same time calling on the government to do all it could to make the rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence and the equal rights amendments to the Constitution real for every citizen, regardless of race. In honor of the battle against enemies from without and within, they called it the Double V campaign." Henry Louis Gates, Jr., historian, "How Was Black Support Enlisted for World War II, When the Armed Services Were Segregated?," 2017 Which of the following best explains an effect of the events described in the excerpt? A African Americans increasingly moved away from urban areas. B New forms of expression emerged in African American art and culture. C Support by African Americans for New Deal policies declined. D African American socioeconomic standing improved overall.

D African American socioeconomic standing improved overall. -While political and social change for African Americans remained slow as a result of persistent segregation in most areas of American life, the creation of new economic opportunities for African Americans as a result of the war contributed to substantial economic improvement for many.

"A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem. "The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures. "Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn't approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn't need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . . "News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors." Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938 The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments by the 1920s? A The growing similarity of rural and urban African American culture B The decline in racial violence against African Americans C The rise of African American civil rights advocacy organizations in the North D The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration

D The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration - movement of African Americans during the Great Migration, which accelerated sharply during the First World War. This movement helped produce the distinct African American culture of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s and encouraged further migration from rural areas in the South.

"Let me insist again . . . upon the fact that our duty is twofold, and that we must raise others while we are benefiting ourselves. In bringing order to the Philippines, our soldiers added a new page to the honor-roll of American history, and they incalculably benefited the islanders themselves. . . . [T]he islands now enjoy a peace and liberty of which they have hitherto never even dreamed. But this peace and liberty under the law must be supplemented by material, by industrial development. Every encouragement should be given to their commercial development, to the introduction of American industries and products; not merely because this will be a good thing for our people, but infinitely more because it will be of incalculable benefit to the people of the Philippines. "We shall make mistakes; and if we let these mistakes frighten us from our work we shall show ourselves weaklings. . . . We committed plenty of blunders . . . in our dealings with the Indians. But who does not admit at the present day that we were right in wresting from barbarism and adding to civilization the territory out of which we have made these beautiful [United] States? And now we are civilizing the Indian and putting him on a level to which he could never have attained under the old conditions. ". . . [W]e have always in the end come out victorious because we have refused to be daunted by blunders and defeats. . . . We gird [ourselves] as a nation, with the stern purpose to play our part manfully in winning the ultimate triumph; . . . and with unfaltering steps tread the rough road of endeavor." Theodore Roosevelt, "National Duties," address given at the Minnesota State Fair, September 1901 Which of the following best explains a conclusion about United States foreign policy in the early 1900s supported by the point of view expressed in the excerpt? A) Americans supported the goals of nationalists in the Philippines. B) Americans expressed little opposition to acquiring new colonial possessions. C) Political leaders usually did not consider the economic effects of overseas ventures. D) Political leaders continued to promote the earlier idea of predestined national expansion.

D) Political leaders continued to promote the earlier idea of predestined national expansion. - It can be concluded from the speech that political leaders continued to promote the earlier idea of predestined national expansion as a part of United States foreign policy in the early 1900s. In the second and third paragraphs of the excerpt, Roosevelt drew on earlier United States expansion in western North America in the nineteenth century, which had been justified by the idea of Manifest Destiny, to argue that United States acquiring the Philippines as a colony after the Spanish-American War was a continuation of the country's expansionist mission.

"We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia. "To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge. "We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government." "Petition of the National Security League," 1923 Which of the following contexts most directly contributed to the trend in immigration described in the first paragraph of the excerpt? A) The passage of Progressive Era reforms that expanded participatory democracy B) The enactment of laws to preserve territory and protect natural resources from development C) The establishment of overseas colonies following the Spanish-American War D) The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy

D) The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy -. The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy most directly contributed to the trend in immigration described in the first paragraph of the excerpt. The accelerated industrialization of the United States resulted in increased demand for labor domestically and abroad. These factors led to rapid urbanization, from which social and economic failings led many to become dissatisfied with the political situation and to advocate for more radical responses to problems, like those described in the excerpt.

"Hetch Hetchy Valley, far from being a plain, common, rock-bound meadow, as many who have not seen it seem to suppose, is a grand landscape garden, one of Nature's rarest and most precious mountain temples. . . . The sublime rocks of its walls seem to glow with life, whether leaning back in repose or standing erect in thoughtful attitudes, giving welcome to storms and calms alike, their brows in the sky, their feet set in the groves and gay flowery meadows, while birds, bees, and butterflies help the river and waterfalls to stir all the air into music. . . . "This most precious and sublime feature of the Yosemite National Park, one of the greatest of all our natural resources for the uplifting joy and peace and health of the people, is in danger of being dammed and made into a reservoir to help supply San Francisco with water and light, thus flooding it from wall to wall and burying its gardens and groves one or two hundred feet deep. This grossly destructive commercial scheme has long been planned and urged . . . because of the comparative cheapness of the dam. . . . "That anyone would try to destroy [Hetch Hetchy Valley] seems incredible; but sad experience shows that there are people good enough and bad enough for anything. The proponents of the dam scheme bring forward a lot of bad arguments to prove that the only righteous thing to do with the people's parks is to destroy them bit by bit as they are able." John Muir, The Yosemite, published in 1912 The ideas expressed in the excerpt are best situated within which of the following broader historical contexts? A) The enactment of reforms meant to address issues of unemployment and economic growth B) The response to innovations in technology that contributed to the growth of mass culture C) The result of efforts to expand United States control of territories in the Pacific and East Asia D) The impact of the transition of the United States from an agricultural to an industrial economy

D) The impact of the transition of the United States from an agricultural to an industrial economy - The ideas in the excerpt best reflect the impact of the transition of the United States from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Muir's excerpt reflects the increasing demands placed on natural resources by economic growth, particularly as a result of urbanization and industrialization. Muir argues that some natural places need to be preserved from that industrial growth.