Arab Israeli Conflict 3

Nakba

"Catastrophe". 1948, many Palestinians forced to leave their homes.

United Arab Republic

'58-'61. Union of Egypt & Syria. President: Gamal Abdel Nasser. Union grew out of fear of communist takeover.

War of Attrition

'67 - '70 Israel vs. Egypt. Egypt tried to reverse Israel's gains from 6DW.

Armistice

1949. Between Israel & Lebanon/Egypt/Jordan/Syria. Green Line. Ended 1948 hostilities.

PLO Charter

1964/1968. Constitution of the PLO. States that they are their own nation. Calls Balfour & Brit Mandate "null & void". Only way to get Pal independence is by armed struggle.

Six Day War

1967. Israel vs. Egypt/ Jordan/ Syria. Israel takes Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

October War

1973, Syria & Egypt attacked Israel. US gave supplies to Israel so OAPEC begins oil embargo on US.

Oil Embargo

1973-74. Started with Oct War. No oil for US because US helped militarize Israel.

Camp David Accords

1978. Signed by Sadat and Begin after secret negotiations. Let to Egypt-Israeli peace treaty. Nobel Peace Prizes for Sadat & Begin.

Peace Treaty

1979. Sadat & Begin signed this in DC with Carter as a witness

Ronald Reagan

1982, delivers a peace proposal. Wanted Arab states to recognize Israel.

Lebanon War

1982. IDF invaded Southern Lebanon to destroy PLO infrastructure there. Lebanon was home to many Pals after '48 war. The PLO had been attacking Israel from southern Lebanon and Israel had been bombing PLO positions in southern Lebanon since the early 70s.

Gulf War

1990-1991. Desert Storm. Since Iraq was an ally of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, they already did not have good relations with the US. When they invaded Kuwait it made everyone mad.

Madrid Conference

1991. Start a peace process through negotiations involving Israel and the Palestinians as well as Arab countries including Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. It was the last conference held with both the USSR and US present; the USSR collapsed later that year in December 1991.

Oslo

1993. It was the first face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Negotiations concerning the agreement, an outgrowth of the Madrid Conference of 1991, were conducted secretly in Oslo, Norway. It has been more and more discredited over time by Israelis and Palestinians.

Israeli-Jordanian Peace Treaty

1994. The treaty normalized relations between the two countries and resolved territorial disputes. Made Jordan the 2nd Arab country after Egypt to normalize relations with Israel.

David Ben-Gurion

1st PM of Israel. Declaration of Ind. "Israel's Founding Father"

Intifada

1st: 1987-1993. 2nd: 2000. Palestinian uprisings.

Disengagement

2005. Ariel Sharon proposed to resettle all Israelis from the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the northern West Bank. Criticized by all. The disengagement also did not address wider issues of occupation. Israel retained control over Gaza's borders, airspace, coastline, infrastructure, power, import-exports, etc.

Gamal Abd an-Nasser

2nd Egyptian Pres '56-'70. Tense relations w/ Western powers b/c of neutralist politics towards Sov Un. Suez Crisis 1956.

Al-Aqsa Intifada

2nd Intifada. Sharon visited Al-Aqsa (mosque) and Palestinians didn't like that b/c you have to be Muslim to go there. Palestinian uprising - a period of intensified Palestinian-Israeli violence. 2000-2005.

Yitzhak Rabin

5th PM of Israel. Won Nobel Peace Prize w/ Peres & Arafat after Oslo. Assassinated by right-wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir.

Shimon Peres

9th and current Pres of the Israel. 1994 Nobel Peace Prize w/ Yitzhak Rabin & Yasser Arafat for Oslo.

Road Map

A plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by the Quartet. called for an independent Palestinian state living side by side with Israel in peace. never implemented.

UN Security Council Res. 242

After 6DW in 1967. Formed the basis for negotiation between parties. Israel must leave occupied lands.

Gaza

All Palestinian gov't from '48-'49. Occupied by Egypt from '59-'67. Captured in '67 by Israel, given back to Palestinians in '05.

"Security Fence"

Barrier built mainly in the West Bank and partly along the "Green Line" between Israel and Palestinian West Bank. Some argue that the barrier is an illegal attempt to annex Palestinian land under the guise of security.

Transjordan

British protectorate.

Tunis

Capital of Tunisia. Arab League hq moved here after Egypt-Israel peace treaty.

Golan Heights

Captured and occupied by Israel from Syria in 6DW. In 1981 they annexed it. Israel claims GH, citing Res 242 in their defense.

Maronites

Catholic sect that is closely tied to Lebanon. IDF evacuated them from their homes in Israel due to close proximity to Lebanon, never allowed to return.

Mahmoud Abbas

Chairman of PLO since 2004. Pres of PNA, 2005, on the Fatah ticket. Hamas doesn't view him as rightful president. Despite Abbas' call for a peaceful solution, attacks by militant groups continued after his election, in a direct challenge to his authority. GW Bush, in return for Abbas' crackdown on terrorists, pledged 50 million USD in aid to the Palestinian Authority and reiterated the US pledge for a free Palestinian state. It was the first direct aid the United States has given to them, as previous donations have gone through non-governmental organizations.

Sharm ash-Sheikh

City at the southern tip of Sinai. Captured by Israel during Suez Crisis. Restored to Egypt in 1957. UN peacekeeping force stationed there until 6-Day War, when it was recaptured by Israel. Remained under Israeli control until Sinai was returned to Egypt after peace treaty.

Bill Clinton

Clinton brought Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat together at 2000 Camp David.

Unified National Leadership of the Uprising

Coalition of the Local Palestinian leadership during the First Intifada. Led grassroots support movement. The UNLU was a coalition of the four PLO parties active in the Occupied Territories: Fatah, the PFLP, the DFLP and the PPP.

Soviet Union

Communist threat. Close with some Arab nations, such as Egypt.

Benjamin Netanyahu

Current PM of Israel. Knesset member. He called for tangible gestures of Palestinian goodwill in return for Israeli concessions.

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian president. Peace treaty w/ Israel 1979. Mutual recognition.

South Lebanon

Ehud Barak withdrew Israeli forces from Southern Lebanon within the year after 20yrs of fighting.

PLO

Est. 1964. Sole legitimate rep of the Palestinian people.

UN Emergency Force

Est. Nov. 1956 by UNGA to end Suez Crisis.

Iraq

Foes w/ Israel since '48. In 1981, Israel attacked Iraqi nuclear facilities in Operation Opera. During the Gulf War in 1991, Iraq fired 39 Scud missiles into Israel. Israel did not respond, did not want to escalate.

Arab League

Founded 1945. Moved headquarters from Egypt to Tunis after peace treaty.

Fatah

Founded 1965. Largest faction of PLO. Founded by Yasser Arafat. Liberation of Palestine thru armed struggle. Was a Palestinian group, not an Arab group.

Yasser Arafat

Founder of Fatah. Chairman of PLO.

Lebanon

Hizbullah used southern Lebanon as a base of operations for attacks on Israel. Israel invaded Lebanon in '82. Sabra & Shatila massacre '82.

Jordan

Independence in 1946, Abdullah as first king. Controlled WB from 48-67.

Aswan Dam

Industrialization of Egypt - prevent flooding, better irrigation. Partially funded by Soviets. Suez Crisis 1956.

Kuwait

Invaded & annexed by Iraq in 1990. Occupied for 7 months until US stopped the occupation.

"Greater Land of Israel"

Israel & Palestinian territories. Former British Mandate of Palestine.

Sinai Peninsula

Israel invaded & occupied during Suez Crisis & during 6 Day War. October War launched in 1973 to recapture Sinai. After the Israel-Egypt peace treaty, Israel withdrew from Sinai.

Ariel Sharon

Israel's 11th PM. Likud party. Felt responsible for S&S Massacre. Took Israel out of Gaza Strip.Left Likud to form a new Kadima party.

Declaration of Independence

Israel's: 1948. Palestine's: 1988

Ehud Barak

Israeli PM 1999-2001. Ended Israel's occupation of Southern Lebanon within a year. Took part in 2000 Camp David.

Knesset

Israeli parliament

Hijacking

Italian MS Achille Lauro liner was hijacked by Muhammad Zaidan, leader of the PLF. One elderly Jewish man in a wheelchair, Leon Klinghoffer, was murdered by the hijackers and thrown overboard.

West Bank

Jordan occupied WB from '48-'67. After 6 Day War, WB & East Jerusalem captured by Israel.

Mutual Recognition

Letters between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat in 1993 where each recognized the other as a legitimate state. The letters set the stage for, and were in reality the "preamble" to, the Oslo Accords

Qassam Brigades

Military wing of Hamas. Created in 1992. Carried out many attacks against Israelis. Considered a terrorist organization by many.

Suez Canal

Nasser nationalized the Canal to try to make money for Aswan Dam - UK France & Israel invade Egypt - Suez War in 1956. After 6 Day war, canal blockaded til 1975.

Hebron

Occupied by Israel after 6 Day War. After Oslo, Hebron split into H1 & H2.

Jericho

Occupied by Israel during 6-day War. First city handed over to Palestinian authority during Oslo Accords. Was occupied by Israel once again in response to the 2nd Intifada.

Yitzhak Shamir

PM of Israel. Did not participate in Knesset votes to approve the Camp David Accords and the Peace Treaty with Egypt.

Menachem Begin

PM of Israel. Formed Likud party. Camp David Accords. Begin & Sadat received Peace Prize for Camp David Accords.

Vladimir Jabotinsky

Revisionist Zionist leader. Founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization & Irgun & Betar. Founder of the Jewish Legion of the British army in WWI.

Likud

Right-wing Israeli political party. Formed in 1973. Menachem Begin. Facilitated Camp David Accords.

Declaration of Principles

See Oslo

Khartoum Conference

Sept 1967. After 6DW. Arab heads of state stated "3 NOs" - no peace, no recognition, no negotiations (w/ Israel).

Hizbullah

Shi'a Islamic militant group and political party based in Lebanon. Support from Iran and Syria. Seen as revolutionary by some, terrorists by others.

Nobel Peace Prize

Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 for the peace talks that he participated in as Israeli Foreign Minister, producing the Oslo Accords.

Hamas

Sunni Islamic Palestinian organization. Founded in 1988. First attack against Israel 1989. Relationship with Hezbollah.

Sabra and Shatila

The PLO had been attacking Israel from southern Lebanon and Israel had been bombing PLO positions in southern Lebanon since the early 70s. IDF was surrounding Sabra & Shatila camps. They allowed ~150 Phalangist militiamen into Sabra and Shatila. They murdered 100s, maybe 1000s of Pal refugees.

Islamic Jihad

The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is considered a terrorist group by many. Offshoot of Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Felt that more needed to be done to prevent Israel from occupying Palestinian territories. Inspired by the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

"Zionism is Racism"

UNGA Res. 3379, adopted on November 10, 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions), "determined that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination". Israel made revocation of resolution 3379 a condition of its participation in the Madrid Peace Conference of 1991. Would only sign if this Res was dropped. Resolution 3379 was revoked in 1991 by UN General Assembly Resolution 4686.

Henry Kissinger

US Sec of State. Diplomat. Tried for peace after Oct War.

Western Wall Tunnels

Under the Old City. Underground tunnel exposing the full length of the Western Wall. Netanyahu authorized building on the Muslim side of the tunnel in 1996. Riots broke out.

Quartet

United Nations, the United States, the European Union, and Russia. The group was established in Madrid in 2002, recalling Madrid Conference of 1991, as a result of the escalating conflict in the Middle East. Goal is to mediate peace process in Mid East.

Old City of Jerusalem

Walled in area of Jerusalem. Muslim Quarter, Christian Quarter, Jewish Quarter and Armenian Quarter. After 1948 war, was occupied by Jordan-Jewish residents were evicted. During the Six Day War in 1967 Israel reunified the Old City alongside the rest of East Jerusalem. Today, Israel controls the entire area, which it considers as part of its national capital.

Jimmy Carter

Wanted peace in Mid East. Camp David Accords. Peace treaty between Israel & Egypt.