ARCH 150 Quiz 2

agora

marketplace, where goods are bought and sold, people come together to argue, discuss and teach (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle). Seen in Athens. The town square, an open outdoor room shaped by long buildings at the sides, the stoas, which were used for meeting and for commerce. The bouleuterion, or council house, was for the meeting of the council of citizens' representatives to discuss and to vote in this early democracy, of rule by the people. Like a Roman Forum

Erechtheion

named for a legendary king of Athens, Erectheus. It is built in the Ionic order, with a caryatid porch. It is more enclosed than the Parthenon, as well as more complex, because of the uneven site, the foundation of the old Athena temple, and the many commemorations it represents.

sacred way

path that winds up to sanctuary

tank

pool for washing. There are steps down into the ground in the same way that the sikhara steps up away from the ground. Reflected in Madurai Great Temple.

curia

senate house. Symbol of the Republic, government by the people. Simple hall for senators.

basilica

simple columned building in all Roman Forums that housed commercial and governmental uses. Earliest of these was built with columns and a truss roof. Clerestory allowed light to enter the interior. The workhorse of Forums. Public hall where lawsuits were heard.

Ephesus

site of the world famous Temple of Artemis, was a port town with a resplendent city center including a library, theater and an ornamented avenue that led from the harbor to the city center. The Greek city was organized in a grid system of streets with open spaces for the agora, civic and religious buildings. The Temple of Artemis, of which nothing remains, was a huge Ionic temple, famous throughout the ancient world.

treasury

small buildings holding the donated gifts of various city- states appear as "spectators" along the path. Simple buildings, usually closed-sided with two columns in antis in the front. Most famous is the Treasury of Athens, but there are many others. (little temples)

Acropolis

the ancient fortress of the town. Site of ancient shrines to Athena, the patron goddess of wisdom and strategy. Archaic citadel which becomes the sacred center of the city.

goporam

tower gateway. Reflected in Madurai Great Temple.

triglyph

A block with three vertical strips divided by two grooves, forming (together with the metopes) the frieze of a Doric entablature.

column

A circular pillar, a cylindrical support for part of a building. Includes Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

reliquary

A container for holy relics. Sanchi, Great Stupa serves as this.

House of Vestals

A large courtyard structure adjacent to the Temple of Vesta. Home to Vestal Virgins

Songyue Temple Pagoda

A pagoda from the 6th century CE, a translation of the Buddhist stupa form first developed in India, is the oldest and largest in China. Can trace origins from stupa. Influences the pagoda in Japan

caryatid

A pillar in the form of a sculptured female figure. Shown in Erecthian in Athens.

Consular roads: Via Appia (Appian Way)

A road built for military travel. Mile markers indicated distance from the Forum Romanum.

Angkor Wat, Cambodia, 10th -12th c. CE

10th - 12th centuries Angkor was the capital of the Khmer empire, which encompassed Cambodia and parts of Vietnam, Laos and Thailand. Temples include Madurai, India: Great Temple and Mahabalipuram, India: Shore Temple 8th c. CE. Man-made mountain form. Five central spires represents five summits. Gallery walls lined with low reliefs. Reflect the mandala.

Tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi, near Xi'an, 221-206 BCE

A tomb built for Qin Shi Huangdi. Underground world. Similar forms to Egypt. Terracota soldiers discovered in pits of tomb in 1970s.

Epidauros Theater, 4th c. BCE

A well-preserved theater in Ephesus. Built into the slope of the hill. Similar to Delphi

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, 1st c. CE

An aqueduct in France. Also shows true arches. Three tiers of arches. Water channel is in the highest tier

Paestum (Italy)

As early as the 8th c. BCE, Greek city-states began to colonize the coast of the Mediterranean. This city (Greek Poseidonia, named for the god of the sea) was a 6th century BCE Greek colonial city on the flat coast of south Italy. It was a port town that imported and exported goods between Greece and its various colonies. The Apennine Mountains are clearly visible in the distance and provide a backdrop to the temples.

stupa

Buddhist temple structures that are mountain-like; marks the placement of the relics, Buddha's ashes, which were divided and placed in different sites. Serves as a reliquary. It has a solid, rounded form, around which the faithful walk and read the stories of Buddhism. Marks an event in the Buddha's life.

stadium

Built after the main elements of the Delphi site (Temple of Apollo, Treasury of Athens). Purpose was to house games to honor Apollo.

theater

Built after the main elements of the Delphi site. Built into the slope of the mountain for participating in the great tragedies, comedies and satires of the Greeks.

aqueduct

Carry water supply. An impressive system of subterranean and above-ground channels. Shown in Pont du Gard, France.

arch

Has two types: corbelled and true Corbelled: based on the cantilever, long known for millenia; stacked (Mycinea and Giza) True: based on a system of mutual pressure. Never used before Romans (romans invented it), allows a long span and a strong support, based on the keystone brick, required wood centering or scaffolding, semi-circle A structure built over an opening to hold together when supported only from the sides, the downward pressure being transformed into lateral thrust.

clerestory

Shown in basilica. Allows light to enter The upper window level of a large enclosed space, rising above adjacent roofs. In particular the upper window range of a basilican building above the arcades forming the aisles.

pagoda

Similar to stupa. Primary form that Buddhist architecture took. Intended to be a marker on landscape (tower-like).

entasis

Slight bulge given to a column to correct the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle. The swelling of column shafts. Shown in the Parthenon

Luoyang and Chang'an: city plans

Strict order of city plans reflect imperial control and hierarchy. Luoyang is an ancient capital open to river but closed to the hills on the North. Has a central walled imperial city and everything is oriented toward the South. Chang'an is a planned city oriented to cardinal directions. Was the ancient Han capital and near the eastern end of the Silk Road, which allows for trade of luxury goods and diplomatic exchange.

Temple of Artemis

Temple in Ephesus. Most important sanctuary of largest ionic temple. One of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Larger than temples in Western Greece. Double peripteral style.

Temple of Portunus, 2nd c. BCE

Temple in Rome, later example from temple of Jupiter. Small typical Republican temple. Frontal, on a high base, partly enclosed with engaged columns on the exterior cella wall.

peripteral

Temple that's surrounded by columns. Having a single row of columns all round; a temple surrounded by a single row of columns.

Forbidden City, Beijing

The Hall of Supreme Harmony is in this city. Built by the Ming and Q'ing dynasties. The concentric walls protect the imperial city at the center. Heart of imperial city of Beijing. Axial arrangement. Walls and moat surround city.

Temple of Apollo

The culmination of the sacred path with the platform built of heavy masonry that makes a flat rectangular base for the centerpiece of the site,"this", a Doric temple of which there are only a few column pieces remaining. We know that the temple enclosed the site of the oracle inside it, and that the oracle continued to be consulted. Materials from temple came from surrounding hills. The frieze in the pediment on this temple shows man's battle against nature.

Treasury of Athens

The most famous treasury

Ionic order

The second of the three classical orders. Characteristics: Distinctive capital form, called a volute Base Entablature: architrave Tall slender shafts (Erecthian, Temple of Athena Nike, Temple of Artemis)

cornice

The top projecting section of a classical entablature The two parts that make the slanted roof of the temple on top of the columns.

pediment

The triangular area between cornice and ranking.

capital

The upper part of the column. The top of the column shaft

Athens

This city, its agora, or marketplace, and its acropolis, or citadel, represent the ideals of the fifth century Greek city-state. Together they represent the architectural embodiment of democracy, the city as a communal organization, removed from but still revering its roots in its natural setting. Because of this, the city is a model of urban ideals.

Borobudur, Indonesia 700-800 CE

This is the largest Buddhist monument in the world. It consists of a step pyramid with nine superimposed terraces, and each terrace is lined with reliefs that are read by the worshipper who walks around the terrace. The top three terraces are circular and are crowned with a central stupa. It was constructed as a focus of an adjacent monastery that has since disappeared. As a complex central circle within a square plan, its form relates to the Hindu temples at Angkor. Like Hindu sites, it combines abstract forms and surfaces entwined with detailed reliefs.

Parthenon, temple to Athena Parthenos, the virgin.

This most famous Doric building contained a huge gold and ivory statue of Athena by Phidias, the sculptor of the Zeus statue in Olympia. The sculptural decoration of the building is the interior frieze representing the Panathenaic procession, and the exterior frieze with metopes, representing mythical battles. Proportions of it were carefully planned and have been exhaustively studied. Columns are swelled (entasis). In such bad shape because of explosion. Relief of Panthenaic Procession

bouleuterion

council house, for the meeting of the council of citizens' representatives to discuss and to vote in this early democracy, of rule by the people.

temple

develops from the megaron, king's hall, to the temple, the god's hall. Not a congregational building, it is the embodiment, in a natural setting, of the god's presence. As Greek civilization matures and cities develop, it is sometimes the centerpiece of the city, the focus of civic values, and sometimes erected in a pastoral or wild natural setting. It was a focal point of the Greeks' early cities, recalling the city's origins and its relationship to its patron gods. The development of the Doric style represents the development of its form from the royal Mycenaean megaron to a heavy, primitive wood building to a fully developed building type that changes slightly in many ways over several centuries to suit the god and the topography of the site.

Temple to Zeus

father and lawgiver of the gods, 460 BCE: This 5th c. Doric temple is taller in proportion than the archaic Heraion and larger overall. The temple held a gold and ivory statue of Zeus sculpted by the sculptor Phidias, who also made the statue of Athena for the Parthenon in Athens.

Propylaia

gateway building, designed to serve as a protective gate and a frame for the first views of the acropolis. You reach it by a winding sacred way. The Parthenon is viewed at 3/4 from this temple.

stoa

long buildings at the sides of an agora, which were used for meeting and for commerce. Used for commercial purposes and gathering. Covered walkway to shelter from heat.

Doric order

First and simplest of the classical orders. Characteristics: no base, short shafts, simple echinus and abacus. The Roman of this was similar but had a base. Origins of archaic "this" are said to be in wood construction. Most famous: Parthenon

cella

Forms core of Greek temple (interior). Proceeded by porch area

concentric order

Fortification introduced from East by the crusaders, consisting of one complete defense system inside another.

Olympia

Founded on a flat plain at the confluence of two rivers, it is very different from the sanctuary of Delphi. The athletic matches, held every 4 years, were founded by Herakles (Hercules) in 776 BCE, in memory of Pelops, the athletic hero and king for whom the Peloponnesus is named. The games were held even in times of war, because a sacred truce allowed athletes to compete in spite of warfare. The sanctuary is set below a small mountain, Mt. Kronos, named after the father of Hera and Zeus. The Olympic games, which we celebrate every 4 years worldwide, are the legacy of the games here

Panathenaic Way

From the Port-Piraus through the city gate, through the agora, and on to the acropolis

courtyard house

Organized like the Chinese city. Double and single houses. Triple=forbidden city. Walled on the street. Used for light and air in the house. No windows look out to the street. Serves as private outdoor room. More private rooms are further in. Romans used similar ideas.

Great Temple, Madurai, India, 1623

Ornate gopura, or gates, visible. Wall painting of Madurai shows the concentric mandala pattern. Includes a tank

Megaron

Mycenaean king's ceremonial hall. PREDECESSOR OF GREEK TEMPLE! Porch room, then King's hall. Two columns in front of parch

Miletus

a planned city by Hippodamus, with a grid plan that included large residential blocks. It also has its agorae, bouleterion, theater and temples.

chaitya

a rock-cut shrine in basilican form with a stupa at the endpoint

Temple of Athena Nike

a small amphiprostyle Ionic temple that overlooks the Propylaia. Amphiprostyle columns. Continuous frieze.

Capitoline Hill: Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus 509 BCE

Civic capitol of Rome. Temple: like a doric order but with base. Dedicated to three gods: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva--three interior cellas. No columns in back (not peripteral like Greek temples, no peristyle). On a base with stairs only at front. Limited access. Main civic temple of Rome. Frontal orientation.

Forum Romanum

Cloaca Maxima, Curia, Basilica, House and Temple of Vestals. Heart of the city. Equivalent to agora in Athens.

Hippodamus

Designed the grid for the Greek city, Miletus

Cloaca Maxima

Drainage system that Romans built in Forum Romanum.

Two Temples to Hera

Hera, the patron goddess of Paestum, was the sister-wife of Zeus, king of the gods. She would have been identified here with agriculture on the well-watered plains around the city, a source of its wealth. There are two temples to Hera at Paestum: an early one from the 6th cent. BCE, and a later one from the early 5th c. BCE. The fact that there are two Hera temples side by side makes possible a comparison of the development of their architecture. Both are Archaic Doric order temples, with all of the components of the mature order. However, the older of the two temples has exaggeratedly cushion-like capitals, and the entasis of the column itself is exaggerated. The columns appear to stand alone, more like a grove of individual trees than a unified building. The later one, however, shows a refinement of these exaggerations and appears as a unified whole. The individual pieces are refined to the point at which they no longer defy the making of a single unified building.

Hall of Supreme Harmony

In the Forbidden City. Imperial audience hall raised on stepped plinth. An official delegations waits to be received here. Only platform and roof are visible, screen walls are de-emphasized. Heavy sheltering roofs over a raised earthen plinth. Post beam construction=traveated. Bracket framing...roof eaves cantilever far outside the building posts and beams support the heavy terracotta roof.

Delphi: Sanctuary of Apollo

Is a wild, mountainous place, location of an ancient oracle, and the reputed navel (omphalos) of the world. Apollo, god of the sun and of reason, struggled with Pythia, serpent goddess of the underworld, and killed her. The main temple is a commemoration of the triumph of human reason against wild natural forces. The combination of the rational abstraction of the temple set in this steep, wild site represents a period in the Greek consciousness at which human beings became aware of their dominance over nature, but likewise aware of their inability to approach the power of the gods.

Elements of Delphi

Main elements of "this" site: sacred way; treasuries, Treasury of Athens; Temple of Apollo (later: stadium and theater)

brackets, bracketing system

Member projecting from a vertical surface to provide a horizontal support. See corbel or cantilever. Seen in Supreme Hall of Harmony.

SOUTH ASIAN ARCHITECTURE: Hindu and Buddhist Architecture

Mohenjo-Daro, India, 2500-1700 BCE Angkor Wat, Cambodia, 10th -12th c. CE Great Temple, Madurai, India, 1623 Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, begun 275 BCE Rock-cut halls, Ajanta, India Chaitya, Karli, India, 1st c. BCE Stupa, Borobudur, Indonesia, 8th c. CE

frieze

Part of a classical entablature, above the architrave and below the cornice. In Doric, it was divided into triglyphs and metopes. Often used for a band of figure carving.

frame

Part of the bracketing system

metopes

Part of the frieze of a Doric entablature, one of the spaces between the triglyphs, at first left plain, later sculptured.

gopura

Plural of goporam

peristyle

Ring of columns around temple. A row of columns (1) round the outside of a building (usually a Greek temple) or (2) round the inside of a courtyard

Chaitya, Karli, India, 1st c. BCE

Rock-cut chaitya hall with stupa at the end.

Rock-cut halls, Ajanta, India

Rock-cut chaitya halls used by monks for prayer. Subtractive architecture. Caves carved out. 29 caves

forum

Roman market place or open space for assemblies, normally surrounded by public buildings.

Aurelian Walls 3rd c. CE

Wall surrounding Rome

Servian Walls 6th C. BCE

Walls around city

Great Wall, 221-206 BCE, rebuilt 14th-17th c. CE

Was the first initial fortification in China and then later united into one continuous wall by Qin Shi Huagdi. Original wall built with pounded wall. Rebuilt with brick

volutes

What distinguishes a doric order from ionic order. It's the type of capital form that rounds in at the sides. The spiral scroll.

Temple of Vesta

With the sacred hearth of Rome tended by an order of "civic nuns" called Vestal Virgins. There was one sacred flame in the middle lit all day long.

Mohenjo-Daro, India, 2500-1700 BCE

a large, gridded city with defensive walls, and extensive, advanced engineering systems for controlling water. The architecture is entirely brick, and includes palaces, baths, granaries among streets and gates. The Indus Valley cities began to decline around the time of the Aryan invasion into the Indian subcontinent.

mandala

a variant of the perfection of the supreme principle. This sacred diagram had strict proportional systems, based on the forms of the square and the holy mountain home of Shiva. The base of the temple is a square plan and the massive masonry structure above represents this "mountain." The exterior surface is richly patterned and sculpted with nature-based forms, representing Hindu beliefs. The mathematical and nature-based forms in the building unite two aspects of Hinduism. Cities and temples were designed on mathematical principles, which were based in Hinduism, the idea of "this" Represents both Hinduism and Buddhism. Reflected in Angkor Wat temple and Great Temple.

Temple to Hera

archaic Doric: originally the site was dedicated to Hera. This early temple is called the Heraion, and was first built of wood. It was gradually rebuilt of stone. This temple is honored by a number of votive treasuries built by city-states, as at Delphi.

Sanchi, India: the Great Stupa

begun 273 BCE by Asoka Asoka's stupa may have contained the remains of the Buddha himself. Later it was encased within the larger stupa, and gateways and walkways around the base were added. Besides the stupa, the rock-cut temple is also important to the Indian Buddhists. In this case the temple is cut out of living rock, and the shrine, or stupa is within. The walls are carved with rich murals depicting the Buddha and incidents from his life or the life of his disciples. Part of a large complex of buildings. Serves as a reliquary.

sikhara

central "mountain" tower over the shrine. Mountain peak. Displayed in Angkor Wat.