arch 2

What are the spatial and spiritual values associated with Bernini's design for the piazza leading to St. Peter's.?

*obelisk at center, two fountains to side *from central vantage point, columns appear to line up in a single row *Appears like a mother wrapping her arms around the visitors

Describe the architectural composition of the facade. How does the design of the facade compare to Italian Renaissance buildings such as palazzos and villas?

- Balustrade at roofline - Colonnade with pairs of Corinthian columns - Rusticated ground floor - Central pediment with Minerva and Muses --------- The façade is divided into five parts (French) -Rusticated ground floor (Renaissance) -Colonnade with pairs of Corinthian columns (Renaissance influence) -2 clear floor levels divided by frieze and projecting cornice. (Renaissance) -Central pediment with Minerva and Muses -Balustrade along roofline (Renaissance)

Which of the classical orders does Bramante use for this building and how does he adapt the decoration to suit a Christian monument?

- Central circular plan - Exterior and doric frieze have symbols of St. Peter and instruments of the Christian liturgy

What was so innovative about this design and what did the patron hope to accomplish?

- One of the oldest planned squares and it was built all in the same style - Henry IV wanted to bring some culture to the city - Continuous arcade and a meeting space

Describe the plan of Vierzehnheiligen: how does it reflect Baroque developments of the basilica plan?

- Ovals, circles, ellipses intertwining - Central focus is the shrine to the helper saints

Describe the architectural elements seen on the façade of the church. What are some of the specific ancient Roman buildings that provided Alberti with inspiration for this design?

- Pediment, curved arch, coffered ceiling in archway, Corinthian pilasters - Inspired by the basilica of Constantine and Roman Baths - Inspired by the temple of Fortuna Virilis and Arch of Titus

How would you describe the function and design of the buildings around the square?

- Townhomes for housing royalty in Paris, until the revolution - Arcades on bottom with shops, residences above

Describe the design of the garden in the Court of the Lions: what does the plan represent, symbolically? How does it compare to the garden in the Taj Mahal? Where did the lion sculptures originally come from and why is it unusual to see them in this place?

- Walled garden divided into four parts by water channels leading away from a central fountain. - Lions came from 11th century palace from the jewish ruler Banu Nagrallah. - Compares to Taj by water canals dividing the garden

Quwwat al-Islam Mosque, Iron Pillar, and Qutb Minar, Delhi, India, 12th-13th centuries///////////////// What does the name of this mosque mean? Who built it and why? (Quwwat al-Islam mosque)

-"Might of Islam" -The great military commander Qutbuddin Aibak built this complex as a sign of political and military power.

What is the purpose of a mosque and what are some of the architectural requirements for its design?

-A mosque is a Muslim house of prayer. -A mosque requires a covered hall orientated towards Mecca & a place to wash.

What are some of the materials, designs, and architectural elements used to decorate the exterior and interior of the building?

-Building materials: brick, glazed tile. -Construction techniques: pointed arch, iwan, muqarnas vaults and domes -Decoration: muqarnas, polychrome glazed tiles, calligraphy.

How is the building designed to serve the business and residential needs of the owner? (Medici Palace)

-Built around cortile = central courtyard -Ground floor: for business, public access -Second floor: piano nobile, private family rooms. -Third floor: bedrooms

What is significant about the location of the Quwwat al-Islam mosque and why does it have so many re-used architectural elements in its structure? Where did these pieces originally come from and what would their reuse here say to a visitor?

-Built on the site of a previous Hindu Temple. -Built with "spolia" (re-used architectural elements) from 27 Hindu Temples destroyed by Qutbuddin as recorded on the main entrance. -The re-used pieces serve as a political and religious symbol of Qutbuddin's power.

Who are the principal architects involved in the rebuilding of St. Peter's, and what did each of them contribute to the finished basilica?

-Giacomo della Porta: finished the dome. -Domenico Fontana: dome engineer. -Carlo Maderno: nave addition and main façade. -Gianlorenzo Bernini: flooring of the nave and narthex, decoration of interior, baldacchino, piazza.

How do the plan and interior compare to a Renaissance church, like the Church of San Andrea in Mantua, by Alberti? What new architectural and design elements have been added?

-Interior of church has elongated oval nave = interaction of axial and centralized plans -Oval dome on drum with windows -Vertical emphasis provided by wall pillars that emphasize centrality within longitudinal plan.

What is the purpose of the baldacchino? How does it incorporate symbolism that reflects its purpose and also the patronage of the Barberini family?

-It serves to create a sort of holy space above and around the table on which the Sacrament is laid. -The bronze came from bronze of of the Pantheon's portico, a reuse of historic material sanctioned by the Pope over popular opposition. "What the barbarians failed to do, the Barberini did" -Barberini Propaganda: Coat of arms, laurel leaves, and bees.

When was the Iron Pillar originally made and for what purpose? Why is it here in the mosque?

-The Iron Pillar was built in the 4th century by the Gupta king Chandragupta II as a monument to Vishnu, a Hindu god. -It now serves as a trophy of military conquest.

Medici Palace, Florence, Italy, 1444, Michelozzo Bartolomeo [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 293-294.]//////////////////////////////////////////// . What was the original purpose of the Medici Palace? How does the appearance and location reflect the status of its owners? What is the building used for today?

-The Medici palace served as both the Medici's residential home, and also as the headquarters of their banking business. -The sheer size of the palace originally designed as a sort of cube, was for at least a century the most direct and efficacious symbol of the political and cultural primacy of the Medici in Florence. The palace's location in the middle of town also highlighted the power of the Medici family. -The building is now a museum.

What is the Qutb Minar? What are some of the forms of decoration seen on the exterior?

-The Qubt Minar is essentially a large minaret, or place to call the faithful to prayer. -The balconies are supported by muqarnas corbels. -The Minar is made of bricks covered with intricate iron carvings and verses from the Qur'an.

The Alhambra Palace, Grenada, Spain, 13th-15th centuries [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 172-175]//////////////////////////////////// What type of complex is this? Who built the part that dates to the 13th-15th centuries? (The Alhambra Palace)

-The complex is both a palace and a fortress. -Originally constructed by The Nasrid Dynasty.

What are some of the architectural elements of the façade that were borrowed from Classical Architecture? (palazzo chiericati)

-The façade is divided into three parts (tripartite design): central section and loggias to side. The façade has two superimposed orders of columns, Doric on the lower level with Ionic above. The facade also features Roman arches and triangular pediments. The first and second levels are separated by a frieze.

Where did the 'Vatican Obelisk' come from originally? What is the point of installing it in the plaza leading up to the basilica of St. Peter?

-The obelisk came from Egypt. -It was moved as a symbol of superiority, as a cross was placed on top upon its arrival in Rome. The current location

How does the building use Classical elements and principles on the facade?

-The tripartite elevation is emphasized by horizontal stringcourses which express the Renaissance spirit of rationality, order. -The Corinthian cornices (10' tall, 8' projection) supported by acanthus-leaf modillions or large brackets were copied from ancient Roman architecture. -Selective use of classical elements, including cornice, dentils, and Corinthian columns.

What are some of the characteristics of this building that define the 'Palladian facade'?

-Tripartite facade -Loggia above portico -Triangular and round pediments above windows, engaged Ionic columns on pedestals. -Two levels are separated by a frieze of Doric entablature with triglyphs and metopes.

1. What sort of information did Palladio include in his Four Books on Architecture and why did it become such an influential work? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 317-318.]

-contains Palladio's own designs, pictures, and information on the orders of architecture, domestic architecture, public buildings, town planning, and temples -the book's clarity inspired other architects to follow his examples leading to the birth of Palladian Architecture

How does the design of Il Gesù (façade, plan, and elevation) draw inspiration from Alberti's S. Andrea in Mantua? In what way does it show innovation?

-resembles in plan with transverse barrel vaulted chapels flanking longitudinal barrel vaulted nave - differs by producing clear sightlines and acoustics - strong axial emphasis

Mosque and külliye of Süleyman the Magnificent, Istanbul, Turkey, 1550-1557 [Buildings Across Time, pp. 164-167, lecture] //////////////////////////////////// * Who was the patron and who was the architect of the mosque and külliye of Suleyman? *What is significant about the location of this mosque? *Describe the design elements of the Suleyman mosque in Isstanbul, including the plan, section, and interior elevation. What are some of the distinctive forms of architectural decoration found inside? 4.) Some buildings found in Kulliye What do they provide to the community and what does this tell us about the sultan's patronage to the ottoman society? 5.) How does the design and decoration of a mausoleum such as that of Suleyman contribute to its purpose? Why is the octagonal shape significant?

1.) Patron was Suleyman. Architect was Koca Sinan 2.) The third hill of Istanbul was a former location of a palace. He also chose the location for the dramatic possibilities of the landscape. 3.) Central plan mosque with large central dome flanked by two half domes. Domed aisles configured as to allow the entire building to fit in a square shape. Exterior section of arcade and gallery. Interior elevation: one story of an open nave and aisles creating a single space for worship. An arcade and clerestory above. The dome is placed on decorative pendentives. Calligraphy. 4.)mosque and cemetery found in the center, four madrasas (schools), caravanserai, hospital, community kitchen, public baths, and more. 5.)The octagon is the transitional geometric form between the circle, representing heaven, and the square representing earth...[thus] the number eight became associated with paradise. Emma Clark, The Symbolism of the Islamic Garden.

What do we know about the career of Inigo Jones? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 335-338.]

??????????Traveled to Italy twice and carried a copy of Palladio's Four Books of Architecture with him to Italy. Also traveled to Denmark. Acquired knowledge first-hand. In Italy as early as 1601, then traveled to Denmark and back to Italy. Read Palladio's "four books of arch" and visited Vicenza

Banqueting Hall, Whitehall Palace, London, England, 1619-1622, Inigo Jones [Buildings Across Time, pp. 335-337, Lecture]////////////////////////////////// What is the purpose of this building?

??????Entertainment, palace housed english monarchs

Who was Sinan and what did he contribute to the development of Islamic/ Ottoman architecture? [Buildings Across Time, pp. 164-165.]

A distinguished engineer and architect who has been compared to Michealangelo. Abducted as a child to convert to Islam by the Ottoman army was in the military.Shezade mosque complexMosque of sulyman the magnificent or Kulliye

Vierzehnheiligen, near Bamberg, Germany, Johann Balthazar Neumann, begun 1744. [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 364]/////////////////////////////////////// Why was the church of Vierzehnheiligen built on its location?

A young shepherd had visions of 14 helper saints here

Fatehpur Sikri, India, city, Friday mosque and gateway, ca. 1568-1571 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 162-163]////////////////////////// /////////////////// Who built Fatehpur Sikri and what motivated him to do this?

Akbar, who built it out of celebration after his son was born

Why is the Foundling Hospital known as the 'first building of the Renaissance'? What are some of the classical principles used by Brunelleschi? What are some of his innovations?

Brunelleschi applied classical design principles based on Classical Roman and Italian Romanesque architecture to a new building type. The use of round columns with classically correct capitals in conjunction with a dosserets (or impost blocks) was novel. So too, the circular arches and the segmented spherical domes behind them. Also novel was the proportional logic. His modular design was based upon the distance between columns. This desire for regularity and geometric order was to become an important element in Renaissance architecture. other name for it "Ospedale Degli Innocenti".- established by Guild of Silk Manufacturers and goldsmith-civic patronage by merchants.-all man are created equal, emphasis on liberty and individual choice.

What are some of the materials used on the façade? How does the decoration relate to the purpose of the building?

Brunelleschi applied classical design principles to new building type.Use of round (not pointed) arches looks back to Roman (not Gothic) architecture• Use of columns and capitals and decorative details inspired by Roman architecture.Modular design based upon distance between columns(intercolumniation)•Intercolumniation and height of the columns (20 feet) =diameter of arches = depth of loggia

What are the origins and characteristics of Baroque architecture? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 341]

Catholic Church - Council of Trent - Dynamic and dramatic architecture

How does the design and decoration of the interior reflect Baroque objectives?

Central coat of arms with IHS, the monogram of Christ and symbol of the Jesuits. Inscription on frieze acknowledges patronage of Cardinal Farnese.

How does it express the wealth of its owner, inside and out?

Gables decorated with strapwork initials (ES = Elizabeth of Shrewsbury) Division into stories emphasized by horizontal frieze and string course. Famous for its number of windows, which are taller in each successive story. Symmetrical plan.

Palazzo Chiericati, Vicenza, Italy, 1550-52, Andrea Palladio [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 318-319.]///////////////////////////////////////////////// Who commissioned Palladio to build the Palazzo Chiericati?

Girolamo Chiericati Chiericati family

What roles do courts, gardens, and water play in the design of the Alhambra?

Gives it symmetry and the water is reflective like a mirror As with the Tomb of Humayun and the Taj Mahal, this layout is thought to symbolize the Qur'anic vision of paradise—a garden below which four rivers flow with water, wine, honey, and milk—and the courtyard was originally planted

How does the design and decoration (inside and out) illustrate this purpose?

Glorifying the reign of James I, first of the Stuart monarchs.

What are some of the rooms found inside and how does this relate to its purpose?

Ground floor was entrance area, family lived on floor above. Top floor for state apartments. View of Long Gallery and High Great Chamber with Flemish tapestries and painted plaster sculpture.

Place Royale (Place des Vosges) Paris, France, 1605-1612 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 331-332]////////////////////////////////////////// Who commissioned the construction of the Place Royale (Place des Vosges) in Paris?

Henry IV

What historical events led to lack of Renaissance influence in England? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 333.]

Henry VII broke off from the Church of Rome because he insisted on divorcing any wife who wouldn't bear him a son. The pope eventually got tired of the king's requests and stopped granting them. This split resulted in very few churches or religious foundations, secularization of architecture.

What are some of the forms of decoration found in the architecture of Islamic south Asia? How does this compare to what we have seen in Ottoman Istanbul? The Nasrid architecture in Spain? Safavid Isfahan?

Islamic: paradise gardens, muqarnas squinch, ornamentals, calligraphy, architecture of conquest (spolia), shows elements of Persian and Hindu architecture, forms: ogival arch, hypostyle mosque with many interior columns and a large courtyard, muqarnas and sculpted letters, chatris, screens (jali), and bulbous domes compares- Spain: lobed and horseshoe arches, tranquil courtyards, ornate carvings, tile work with geometric and nature-based motifs, Istanbul: dome on pendentives, lots of light, semidomes and columns, Isfahan: dome on squinches, pointed arch, muqarnas

Foundling Hospital, Florence (Ospedale degli Innocenti), designed 1419, built 1421-1444 [Buildings Across Time, p. 290, Lecture]/////////////////////////////////////////// What is the purpose of this building? Who paid for the Foundling Hospital and why is this significant?

It was a children's orphanage.

St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy, 1506-1656 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 344-347]////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// What is significant about the location of the basilica of St. Peter in Rome?

It was built on top of St. Peter's tomb

The Tempietto, Rome, Italy, begun 1502, Donato Bramante [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 303-304.]//////////////////////////////////////// Who commissioned the building of the Tempietto in Rome?

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain

Describe the facade of the main building and its decoration (Taj Mahal)

Large iwan, central bulbous dome on the drum, with four other domes Pilasters with chevron pattern, Inlaid decorations of flowering trees and planes and semiprecious stones

Church of San Andrea, Mantua, Italy, 1472-1494, Leon Battista Alberti [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 296-297]/////////////////////////////// 1. Who commissioned the construction of this church?

Ludovico III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, England, 1590-1597, Robert Smythson [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 334-335.]/////////////////////////////// Who paid for this house (patron) and how can we tell? Who was the architect?

Robert Smythson, Gables decorated with strap work initials (ES = Elizabeth of Shrewsbury)

What are some of the characteristics of the façade that are typical of French Baroque architecture?

Rusticated masonry Corinthian pillasters ------------ -Both palaces feature a distinctly French 5 part facade. -The Palace at Versailles doesn't feature an open gallery like the Louvre does. -Both palaces also feature rustication on the ground floor.

Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1631-1647 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 168-170]////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Who built the Taj Mahal and why? What are the principal elements of this complex and what purpose do they serve?

Shah Jahan for his wife tomb, gardens, mosque, gateway Shah Jahan; built as a tomb for his wife. Complex includes gateway, garden, tomb, mosque, guest house. Entrance @ south, through a main gateway, set on an axis. Square garden divided by water canals.

Why is it located on this particular spot?

St. Peter was martyred

Describe the plan of the garden and explain why the paradise garden design would this be doubly symbolic here.

Symmetry axiality; enter through the south main gateway aligned with the tomb square garden divided by water channels flowering trees and plants as a symbol of rebirth/immortality

Il Gesù, Rome, Italy, 1568-1576, Giacomo Vignola, Giacomo della Porta [Buildings Across Time, pp. 341-343, Lecture]////////////////////////// Who built the Church of Il Gesù in Rome (patron and organization)? How can we tell, just by looking at the façade?

The Church of Il Gesù was commissioned by Cardinal Allessandro Farnese to be the mother church of the Jesuits, a Catholic religious order. Giacomo Vignola was the primary architect until his death in 1573, upon which Giacomo della Porta finished the project.

The Louvre, Paris, France. East façade built by Louis Le Vau, Charles Lebrun, and Claude Perrault, 1667-1670 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 365-366]////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// What is the purpose of this building and who commissioned this phase of its construction? (The Louvre)

The Louvre Palace was built as a fortress by Philip II in the 12th century.

Karlskirche, Vienna, Austria, 1716-1725, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 359-360.]/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// What historical events led to the construction of the Karlskirche?

The church was commissioned by the emperor Charles VI in fulfillment of a vow that he made in 1713 during an outbreak of the plague

What are some of the Baroque characteristics of the facade of the church?

The facade features three aedicules with triangular and round pendentives above. The aedicules are surrounded by colossal Corinthian columns and pilasters. -The upper section contains three more aedicules along with pediments and corinthian pilasters. Volutes link the upper section with sides. -The decorative elements contain a central coat of arms with IHS, the monogram of Christ and symbol of the Jesuits. Inscription on frieze acknowledges patronage of Cardinal Farnese.

Why would the rock-face stone and rustication be appropriate for this type of building? (Medici Palace)

The transition from the rusticated masonry of the ground floor to the more delicately refined stonework of the third floor makes the building seem lighter and taller. The ruggedness also emphasizes the buildings impenetrability.

How does the design of the Friday Mosque, its gateway and mausoleums reflect its history and patronage?

borrows elements from hinduism and buddhism architecture, sahn contains the body of Salim Chisti

. How does Hardwick Hall reflect Renaissance design principles in its exterior façade?

long gallery, high great chamber with Flemish tapestries and painted plaster sculpture. Division into stories emphasized by horizontal frieze and string course. Famous for its number of windows which are taller in each successive story

Royal Mosque (Masjid-I Shah), Isfahan, (modern Iran), 1611-1630 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 161-162.]////////////////////////////////// What are some of the developments that took place in Isfahan under the Safavid rulers? Who built the Royal Mosque and how does it relate to the Royal Maidan?

orthogonal plan, streets running at right angles parts of town linked with bazaar/ caravanserai; a new square (Royal Maidan), mosque (Masjid-i shah), palace, shops.

What are some of the types of buildings found in the city of Fatehpur Sikri? How do they exemplify the distinctive architectural forms and decoration that are found in Mughal buildings.

other buildings include temples, which were torn down and replaced with mosques, tomb of salim chishti. includes palace, mosque, tombs, bazaar

What are some of the architectural forms and decoration found in the Hall of the Abencerrajes?

square floor plan with series of squinches rising to a star shaped drum, and muqarnas vault

What is found inside the main building and how does this relate to its purpose? (Taj mahal)

tombs of Shah Jahn and his wife Mumtaz Mahal Staircases, prayer hall so people can come and pray

Look at the façade and identify three design elements based on either ancient Roman or Baroque Italy

triumphal columns, triangular and round pediments, corinthian columns and pilasters, roman arches, dome