Arch 249 exam 2

pagoda

multistoried Buddhist temple with eaves that curve up at the corners

Pozzolana

natural cement. The Romans made this cement with ash that was blown out of the volcano Vesuvius. it is waterproof and hardens even when it is wet.

Clerestory

part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light

Podium

pedestal; raised platform

mandapa

pillared hall of a Hindu temple

Stucco

plaster made of cement, sand, and lime for covering exterior walls of buildings

parabolic shape

resembles a parabola -commonly used in bridges and cathedrals

volcanic tuff (Italian = tufo)

rock formed after pyroclastic rocks have cooled

Mt. Mehru

sacred mountain with five peaks in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cosmology -center of all physical, metaphysical, and spiritual universes

Hemicycle

semicircular form or structure

Spandrel

the almost triangular space between one side of the outer curve of an arch, a wall, and the ceiling or framework.

Nave

the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation

Etruscans

the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted

shoden

the name of the main sanctuary of the Shinto shrine

Aisle

the portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers

Cross vault (groin vault)

the vault formed by two intersecting barrel vaults

orthogonal planning

type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid.

Radial vaults

vaults that run parallel to the perimeter of the structure (present in Theater of Marcellus)

Tepidarium

warm-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment

Angkor Wat, Cambodia

1120 CE begun as a temple to the Hindu god Vishnu King Suryavarman II (ruled 1113 - ca. 1150) became a state temple of Khmer Dynasty After 1177 - converted to Buddhist worship Design based upon mandala plan • entire site surrounded by a moat (symbolizes ocean)• enclosure walls & galleries• gateways (gopuras) (West-East axis)• "Temple Mountain" = symbolic of Mt. Meru (home of the gods)• central tower (215 ft tall) marks garbhagriha 5 Towers = Mount Mehru, the home of the gods

Rome, Pantheon

113-128 CE Rotunda (round cella) 142 feet in diameter, 142 feet high hemispherical concrete dome resting upon a cylindrical drum Progressively lighter aggregate in concrete• Coffers (decorative but reduce weight)• Oculus (remove weight at apex of dome; add compression ring)• Step rings on exterior direct forces to drum. Series of hidden relieving arches Religious meaning for the sun shining in pantheon

Rome, Theater of Marcellus

13-11 BCE •semicircular seating area (cavea) •capacity ca. 11,000+ •raised stage (pulpitum) •scaenae frons= elaborate stage background •freestanding (not built into hillside) annular barrel vaults exterior façade of travertine •decorated with engaged Greek-inspired columns ionic, doric, corinthian

Great Stupa, Sanchi, India

250 BCE -250 CE Maurya Period: 322-185 BCE included cremated remains of Buddha (relics) DEMARCATION: Fence/boundary/transition (Vedika) 4 Gates (Torana) ORIENTATION SEQUENTIAL MOVEMENT Circumabulation paths SYMBOLIC FORM Dome shape Multi-levels "Umbrella"(Chatra) Bodhi tree 3 jewels: Buddha, Law, Monastic life(or Buddhas past, present, future) Vertical mast (creates axis mundi) 3D representation of a 2D MANDALA

Rome, Baths of Diocletian

298-306 CE Roman Baths (thermae) Furnace complex •hypocaust (below floor heating) •Stacks of tiles beneath floor •Hollow terracotta tubes in walls Caldarium (hot room) Tepidarium (warm room) Frigidarium (cold room) Apodyterium (dressing room) • brick-faced concrete • polychrome stone revetment • groin vaults • "thermal" windows

Rome, Temple of Portunus (formerly called "Fortuna Virilis")

2nd century BCE ionic columns similar design to etruscan temple Pseudoperipteral plan (pseudo = false, peripteral = surrounded by freestanding columns)

Rome, Basilica of Constantine and Maxentius (Basilica Nova)

307-315 CE • 300 feet long x 200 feet wide • brick-faced concrete • polychrome stone revetment • groin vaults in nave, 115 feet high. • coffered barrel vaults in aisles. • clerestory above groin vaults Constantine Added apse Constantine ("the Great") lived c. 272-337 CE ruled 306-337 CE

Inner Ise Shrine, Uji-Yamada, Japan

690 CE to present located in sacred forest outer shrine (Geku) is dedicated to Touke Okami (Abundant food Great Kami) inner shrine (Naiku) is dedicated to Amaterasu-Omikami(Heaven-Illuminating Great Kami) Processional path, through gates (torii), across the Uji bridge Purification at fountains (physical and spiritual cleansing) only emperor can visit innermost part of shrine (Shoden) Made of Japanese cypress Elevated above ground Two principal posts, wooden cross beams Pitched roof covered with thatch Horizontal beams to keep thatch in place shoden is based upon an ancient granary. Shoden is rebuilt every 20 years!

Pompeii, Amphitheater

70 BCE •one of earliest surviving stone amphitheaters •oval shape ("double theater") •part built into the ground, partly supported on arches & vaults

Rome, Flavian Amphitheater ("Colosseum")

72-80 CE First permanent amphitheater in Rome •Begun 70-72 CE by Vespasian •Completed & opened 80 CE by Titus •Modifications by Domitian (81-96) Flavius Family name Freestanding oval (188 x 156 meters)•4 stories (48 m) tall 1.Tuscan Doric Columns 2.Ionic Columns 3.Corinthian Columns 4.Corinthian Pilasters Capacity ca. 45,000 - 50,000+ Radial and annular passageways/crossvaults Colosseum built upon nero's old fake lake, named after the giant statue that was nearby

Great Stupa at Borobudur, Java, Indonesia

800-850 CE Mandala Design Stupa on top of a pyramidal form, oriented to cardinal directions. Four galleries on three rising terraces, 72 smaller stupa shrines, and numerous statues of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas set in niches. Three miles of sculpted friezes showing the life of Buddha.

Shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.

Vishnu

A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world

Shinto

A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits

Travertine

A form of limestone that is deposited by hot springs or as a cave deposit

cantilever

A long piece of wood, metal, etc., that sticks out from a wall to support something above it.

gopura

A monumental entrance or gateway to an Indian temple complex.

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Theater

A place where people present plays

Pseudoperipteral

A pseudoperipteros is a building with engaged columns embedded in the outer walls, except the front of the building. The form is found in classical architecture in ancient Greek temples, especially in the Hellenistic period.

vimana (S: mountain-peak roof)

A pyramidal tower over the garbha griha of a Hindu temple of the southern, or Dravida, style.

Aqueduct

A raised channel used to carry water from mountains into cities

Buddhist temple hall

-Building that held a statue of Buddha and bodhisatvas and guardian figures

Forum Romanum

-Oldest and most important forum in Rome -market place, business district, senate, public buildings

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

mandala

A religious symbol associated with meditation, usually created with geometric patterns and shapes

Imperial Fora

-consists of several monumental fora (public square) -constructed over a period of 1.5 centuries (46-113 AD) -Center of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire -not a part of the Roman Forum -Julius Caesar initiated the building

Chaitya Hall ("cave temple") at Karli (Karla), India

100 BC - 100 CE 45 feet wide - 150 feet deep. Porch has pairs of columns, sculpted and painted decoration. Front porch (vestibule) Nave Aisle (ambulatory) Interior ceiling decorated with wooden ribs to imitate a barrel vault Stupa with chatra at back.

shikhara (N: mountain-peak roof)

A tall, curving roof, often with a parabolic profile, that rises like an artificial mountain over the garbhagriha in a Hindu temple

chatra

A triple-tiered umbrella form set atop a stupa, symbolic of the Bodhi tree under which Buddha gained enlightenment.

Pumice

A type of igneous rock that contains air bubbles

Opus quadratum

A type of roman wall facing with rectangular block with or without mortar joints.

Voissoir

A wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch; surround the keystone

Hypogeum

A word that literally translates to underground. In relation to the Colosseum, it was the area directly beneath the wooden floor of the amphitheater. It consisted of cages for animals and men and also sophisticated equipment to raise and lower men, beasts and scenery into the Colosseum.

Tuscan "Doric"

An order based on Etruscan architecture, employing unfluted columns and simplified capitals

Apollodorus of Damascus

Architect, Rome 2nd century, built Forum of Trajan and Markets of Trajan. From Damascus.

"Arch of Augustus," Perugia, Italy,

BUILT by Etruscans in 3rdcentury BCE Later taken over by Romans in 1stcentury BCE Rounded Arch to barrel vault

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

vihara

Buddhist monastery, often cut into a hill

stupa

Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or mound

Acroterion (acroterium)

Strictly, a pedestal at the corners or peak of a roof to support an ornament, more usually, the ornament itself.

Harappan culture

The Indus River Valley empire, dating back to ca. 2350 B.C.; it centered on the three cities of Harappa, Gan-weriwala, and Mohenjo-Daro. It began to decline ca. 1900 B.C.

southern style Hindu temple

The South Indian temple consists essentially of a square-chambered sanctuary topped by a superstructure, tower, or spire and an attached pillared porch or hall (maṇḍapa, or maṇṭapam), enclosed by a peristyle of cells within a rectangular court.

Cella

The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (Greek, naos) in which the cult statue usually stood.

Frigidarium

The cold-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment

Pronaos

The enclosed vestibule of a Greek or Roman temple, found in front of the cella and marked by a row of columns at the entrance.

Caldarium

The hot-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment.

garbhagriha (sanctuary or womb chamber)

The innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple where resides the murti (idol) of the primary deity of the temple. Means "womb chamber" in Sanskrit

nirvana

The state of englightenment for Buddhists.

bodhi tree

The tree under which Sidartha Gautama achieved enlightenment.

vertical axis

The vertical scale of a chart

Arena

Type of performance space with audience surrounding all sides of the stage.

Yakshi

female and male figures of fertility in Buddhist and Hindu art

torana

gateway in the stone fence around a stupa, located at the cardinal points of the compass

Brick stamps

have info on them like a persons name and where it was made -provide chronology

harmika

in Buddhist architecture, a stone fence or railing that encloses an area surmounting the dome of a stupa that represents one of the Buddhist heavens; from the center arises the yasti

Rome, Forum of Trajan

largest Imperial Forum in Rome formal, axial entrance courtyard with an equestrian statue colonnades hemicycles within colonnades Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus lawcourt (basilica) Greek & Latin libraries Temple of Divine Trajan markets Basilica Ulpiac.100-114 CE 400 feet long x 200 feet wide (not including the apses). Central nave 2 apses 2 aisles Clerestory Timber roof

Fogong Pagoda, Shanxi province, China

Fogong Temple Pagoda,Shanxi Province, China, 1056 Inspired by the stupa, built above relics of the Buddha • vertical quality inspired by Chinese watchtower design vertical element clearly visible in the landscape. Built entirely of wood• Octagonal plan, five stories• Base diameter 30.27m, height 67.3m (220 ft) • Support system is two rings of columns in each floor, but inclined toward center Wood, post and lintel; brackets to support tile roof

Horyuji Temple complex, near Nara, Japan

Founded by Prince Shotoku in 607 • burnt in 670 and rebuilt 670-714 • Earliest surviving Buddhist temple complex in Japan. Pagoda contains the symbolic relics of Buddha "axis-mundi column" Main or Golden Hall (kondo) containing the images of Buddha.

torii

Gateway of a Shinto shrine that separates the sacred world from the rest of the world

Vitruvius

Great Roman architect of the time of Augustus (27BC - 14 AD) who wrote 10 books on architecture

Trajan

Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent.

northern style Hindu temple

consists of a square garbhagriha preceded by one or more adjoining pillared mandapas (porches or halls), which are connected to the sanctum by an open or closed vestibule (antarala).

Bodhisattva

a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment

Exedra

a room, portico, or arcade with a bench or seats where people may converse, especially in ancient Roman and Greek houses and gymnasia, typically semicircular in plan.

Thermal window

a rounded arch window with three divisions, used in ancient Roman baths to bring clerestory light into vault rooms

Dome

a rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.

Tribunal

a seat or court of justice

Taberna (shop)

a single room shop covered by a barrel vault within great indoor markets of ancient Rome

Coffer

a square or polygonal ornamental sunken panel used in a series as decoration for a ceiling or vault

Rome, Markets of Trajan

Column of Trajan commemorated emperor's conquest of Dacia decorated with relief sculpture "scrolling"up the column. 19 drums of Luna (Carrara) marble interior spiral staircase Basic unit = taberna, 170 present today. Made of concrete with brick façade. Five levels up the slope of the Quirinal Hill Hemicycle façade next to forum 2-storied covered market hall brick-faced concrete cross vault (groin vault) buttresses barrel vaults

Stadium of Domitian

Commissioned by Domitian, located to the North of the Campus Martius, and mainly used for athletic events.

Torana and vedika of Great Stupa at Sanchi

DEMARCATION: Fence/boundary/transition (Vedika) 4 Gates (Torana)

linga (lingam, lingham)

a symbol of divine generative energy, especially a phallus or phallic object worshiped as a symbol of Shiva.

circumambulation

In Buddhist worship, walking around the stupa in a clockwise direction

Basilica

In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other.

Triumphal arch

In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road.

Velarium

In a Roman amphitheater, the cloth awning that could be rolled down from the top of the cavea to shield spectators from sun or rain.

corbelling

In architecture, a construction, technique in which each course of stone projects slightly beyond the one below. Corbelling can be used to create space spanning forms that resemble the arch, the vault, and the dome, thought they do not bear weight in the same way.

Forum (plural = fora or forums)

In roman towns the open space near the center used for communication and civic life

Golden Hall (Kondo)

Japanese, "golden hall." The main hall for worship in a japanese Buddhist temple complex; contained statues of Buddha and the bodhisattvas to whom the temple was dedicated -Main image hall

Buddha

Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have found a path for overcoming suffering.

Khmer

Most powerful empire in Southeast Asia of its time; modern day Cambodia

Architectural elements ("anatomy") of an arch

Picture:

vedica

Railing meant for the protection of the holy place

Brihedesvara Temple (Rajarajeshvara Temple to Shiva), Tanjor, India

Rajaraja Temple to Shiva Dedicated to Shiva, built by the Chola dynasty Lingam= aniconic image of Shiva

Diocletian

Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.

Drawing of an Etruscan temple (plan and elevation), based upon description by Vitruvius

Vitruvius described the key elements of Etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired Renaissance

chaitya hall

a Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end

Keystone

a central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together.

Engaged column

a column that is not freestanding but attached to a wall

bracket

a decorative element supporting a wall projection, cornice, or other exterior feature

barrel vaulting

a deep arch or an uninterrupted series of arches, one behind the other, over an oblong space

kami

a divine being in the Shinto religion.

Hypocaust

a hollow space under the floor of an ancient Roman building, into which hot air was sent for heating a room or bath.

Relieving arch

an arch which redistributes weight above a lintel

Amphitheater

an oval large stadium with tiers of seats

Cavea

audience seating area

Annular vaults

barrel vault in the shape of a ring, instead of a straight line -covers a space of which the plan is formed by the area between two concentric circles

axis mundi

believed to connect the heavens and the earth and regarded as the center of the world

Concrete

building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water

Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley, Pakistan

ca. 2400-2000 BCE kiln-baked bricks• gypsum plaster• bitumen (tar)• drain Citadel: upper, and Lower town "Citadel"• "Great Bath"• "Warehouse" Lower Town• orthogonal layout of blocks and streets• houses• central courtyards• drainage systems Cities gradually abandoned by 1900 BCE

Centering

center line axis importance

Thermae

complex of rooms designed for public bathing, relaxation, and social activity that was developed to a high degree of sophistication by the ancient Romans.

chakra

concentrated areas of energy aligned vertically in the body, which relate to each other as well as to specific areas of the body/mind/spirit