ARCH 301 Exam 2

Romanesque Revival (1880-1900)

1. Asymmetrical façade. 2. Round or polygonal towers. 3. Round, thick arches over doors & windows. 4. Stone or brick walls, often rough faced.

Three Historical Forces of Gothic Architecture

1. Growing societal stability. 2. Changing attitudes toward women. 3. Appearance of universities.

Two Historic Romanesque Architecture Forces

1. Pilgrimage. 2. Monasticism.

Structural Elements of Gothic

1. Rib vault. 2. Pointed arch. 3. Flying buttress.

Gothic Revival Style (1840-80)

1. Steeply pitched roof. 2. Decorated gables with projecting trim. 3. Windows in shape of pointed arches. 4. Porches with flattened, pointed arches.

Historic Forces of Renaissance Architecture

1. Strong cities & nationstates. 2. Geographic exploration. 3. Fracturing of religious unity. 4. Scientific & technological discoveries.

central plan

building arranged around a central point (Byzantine)

Cruciform plan

building in shape of a cross (Western) symbolized christ on cross Typically, main entry on west & most sacred spaces on east

St. Peter's Dome

• 137 ft. in diameter. • 452 ft. above floor. • Set on a base with 16 windows. • Supported by 4 massive piers 79 ft. thick.

Old St. Peter's

• 326 A.D. • Built on site where St. Peter buried. • Pilgrimage church thus large. • Exterior simple & unadorned.

Hagia Sophia

• 532-37AD • Church of Holy Wisdom. • In Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). • Illustrates Byzantine tradition & a centrally planned church.

Pendentive

• A curved, triangular support that allows a square space to support a dome. • Dome's thrust down countered by halfdomes & heavy buttresses (heavy stone masses).

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)

• A sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, & architect. • Proud independence & daring innovation. • Forms that express life & power.

Interior of Notre Dame Cathedral

• Accommodates 9,000 people. • Impresses by its size, light, & uplift of vertical lines.

Gothic Architecture

• Also a religious architecture. • Begins in France in early 1100s. • By end of 14th C., dominant architecture throughout Europe. • Elaborate stone buildings climbing into the sky. • Powerful vertical movement. • God as beauty. • Architecture as mystical experience.

Pala d'Oro

• Altarpiece of Gold. • Made in 14th century. • Some 3000 precious stones mounted in gold.

Gothic Revival K-State Halls

• Anderson Hall (1879, 1882, 1884) • Holtz Hall (1876) • Farrell Library— original "Collegiate Gothic" wing (1927) • Hale Library— "Postmodern" (1997)

Medici family

• Bankers to Europe. • Family controls Florence, 1400- 1500. • "Golden Age" of Florence. • Lavish patrons of the arts.

Renaissance Architecture

• Begins in Italy c.1350. • 14th-16th centuries. • Literally means "rebirth." • Reaction against religious tone & style of Middle Ages. • Movement back to classical ideas of Greece & Rome. • Architect no longer seen as craftsman. • Rather, a creative artist searching for aesthetic truth. • An architecture of the individual. • Geometric order, regularity, & balance.

Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris, France)

• Begun in 1163, finished 1345. • Built on island in the Seine River. • Setting for major religious & political occasions.

Campanile

• Bell tower 192 feet high. • 14,000 tons. • Begun in 1173; not finished until 1370. • Tilts 16 feet off center (6 degrees) because of unstable earth foundation.

Baptistery

• Building for baptisms (performed only 3 times/year)

Cathedral of Pisa

• Built in mid-1100s in Pisa, Italy. • Dome over crossing. • Broadly projecting transept.

Rome as Arts Center (1495-1530)

• By end of 15th C., Florence lost leadership in arts. • Rome becomes the artistic capital of Europe. • Series of strong, ambitious popes.

St. Peter's, The Vatican

• Center of Roman Catholic Church. • Smallest independent state in world.

St. Spirito, Florence

• Church begun in 1436. • Shows Brunelleschi's mature style. • Interior plan in multiples of crossing square. • Nave's height two times its width. • Sense of measured regularity. • Self-sufficient stillness replaces flowing movement of Gothic. • As if one has walked into a perspective drawing.

Palazzo Farnese (begun in 1515)

• Designed by Antonio da Sangallo (1483- 1546). • Called "the most imposing Italian palace of the 16th century." Windows of Palazzo Farnese • Straight 1st floor pediments give a flat, pressed down quality that anchors building. • 2nd story triangular & rounded pediments alternate between rising & remaining in place. • 3rd story pediments broken by round arch seems to lift building toward sky.

Dome of Duomo (1417)

• Duomo—Cathedral of Florence ("our home"). • Begun in Gothic style in 1302. • 140-foot span of crossing too great to use Gothic vaulting. • Competition in 1417 to design a solution.

Laurentian Library, Florence

• Established by Medici family in 1444. • 1st public library in Europe. • Expands in 1524 & Michelangelo does design. 2 Major Parts 1. Reading room. 2. Vestibule (entry) with stair. Stair • Rounded, center part seems soft & malleable. • Flanking sides sharp-edged & rigid. • Sense of energy, motion, & tension.

Romanesque Revival K-State Halls

• Fairchild Hall (1894) • Kedzie Hall (1897) • Holton Hall (1899) • Calvin Hall (1908) • Dickens Hall (1908)

Palazzo Rucellai, Florence

• Finished 1451. • Palazzo: a city house for wealthy families. • Façade a regular grid of vertical & horizontal lines. • Cornice: A projecting, decorative, horizontal edge. • Pilaster orders are Doric (1st floor), Ionic (2nd), and Corinthian (3rd). • Applies façade pattern of Colosseum to a flat façade.

Foundling Hospital, Florence

• Finished in 1424. • A children's orphanage. • At front an arcaded loggia— a covered passageway. • Round arches springing from classical columns.

Chartres Cathedral

• French, destroyed in fire, 1194, & rebuilt in Gothic style. • Dedicated to Virgin Mary. • One of best preserved cathedrals, esp. stained glass.

Transepts

• Horizontal, north -south arms of plan. • Space for worship and special events

St. Sernin

• In Toulouse, France. • A pilgrimage church. • Remains of St. Sernin.

St. Mark's Church

• In Venice, Italy. • Said to house remains of St. Mark. • Constructed largely of brick. • Includes Western & Byzantine elements. • Pointed domes & lavish decoration (Byzantine). • Walls covered in gold-backed mosaics, with figures of apostles, saints, & angels.

Roman basilica

• Large public halls containing many uses—e.g., law courts & business offices. • Plan could house many worshippers. • Basilica had axial plan. • In church, allowed for a procession from secular to sacred. • Also served to focus attention on high altar.

Axial Plan

• Layout of church arranged along west/east axis. • Symbolizes sacred journey. • West: symbol of materiality & worldly life. • East: sun (son) as symbol of Christ.

Venice

• Located on northeastern coast of Italy. • Major trade center in 11th- 15th centuries. • City of islands, boats, & bridges.

Nave

• Lower vertical arm of cross. • The space for worshippers. • From Latin navis—ship

Narthex

• Main entrance to church on west. • Originally, a columned porch.

West Facade of Notre Dame Cathedral

• Majestic & balanced. • Divides into three vertically & horizontally. • 3 portals—formal entrances. • Left: Portal to Virgin. • Center: Last Judgment. • Right: Portal to St. Anne.

Chancel

• Most sacred space of church east of crossing. • Contains high altar. • Reserved for clergy & choir. • Also called the choir

Romanesque Architecture

• Mostly churches of 11th & 12th centuries. • Begins in France. • Round arches & blunt, heavy walls ("like the Roman"). • "a calm strength." • a noble gravity." • "a reserved dignity."

Church of St. Denis

• Near Paris & rebuilt in 1137 in Gothic style. • Envisioned by Abbot Suger. • Saw light as divine expression. • "Shine with wonderful and uninterrupted light."

Villa Capra (begun 1567)

• Near Venice. • Also known as Villa Rotunda. • Built on a hilltop with excellent views. • Central plan with dome-covered rotunda. • 4 identical facades and projecting porches. • Each porch like façade of Roman temple. • Dome unusual— associated with church architecture. • Floor plan symmetrical. • Organized around a circular central hall. • Embodies selfsufficiency & formal completeness.

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)

• Originally a sculptor & goldsmith. • Invents a system of geometric perspective. • allows space to be presented in 3 dimensions.

Andrea Palladio (1508-80)

• Originally a sculptor. • In 1570, writes Four Books on Architecture. • Great influence outside Italy, including Thomas Jefferson. • Best known for villas—country houses.

Donato Bramante (1444-1514)

• Originally trained as a painter. • Develops Renaissance form of central-plan church. • Tempietto - Means "small temple." • Finished 1503. • Marks spot of St. Peter's crucifixion. • Looks like a small Roman temple.

Leon Battista Alberti (1407-1472)

• Originally, a writer & philosopher. • Writes Ten Books of Architecture, a book on architectural theory. • Beauty: "The harmony of all parts in relation to one another."

Plan of St. Gall

• Plan for ideal monastery community. • A great church & some 30 other buildings. • Would serve some 270 people, including 100 monks. • Drawn on several sheets of calf skin sewn together. • 44 inches x 30 inches.

Interior Plan of St. Sernin

• Plan grid based on crossing square. • Each nave unit is ½ size of crossing. • Each aisle unit is ¼ size of crossing. • Barrel-vaulted nave that is long, low, & narrow. • Light enters nave through lantern above crossing.

Doge's Palace (Venice)

• Rebuilt in 1340 & 1424. • Center of Venetian government & home of the Doge—appointed leader of Venetian Republic.

"Golden Age" of Florence

• Renaissance begins in Florence, Italy, c. 1350. • City wealthy in wool trade. • Art & architecture supported by prosperous merchant class ruling city.

Romanesque Architecture Interior Space

• Round arches & barrel vaults. • Piers—thick stone columns supporting vaulted ceilings. • Clearly defined interior spaces. • Spaces horizontal, long, & narrow.

Romanesque Architecture Form

• Simple geometric shapes clumped together. • Sense of heaviness & horizontality broken by vertical towers.

Stabilizing of Campinile Tower

• Soil-extraction tubes inserted beneath tower's north side. • Small amounts of sand slowly removed. • Feb. 1999—mid 2001. • Tilt reduced ½ degree. • Repeatable if further settling.

Aisles

• Spaces parallel to nave by which worshippers enter nave. • From Latin ala—wing

Crossing

• Square where nave & transepts intersect. • Symbolizes human heart & emotions like hope, love, & belief. • Above the crossing is a lantern — central tower

Piazza San Marco

• St. Mark's Square. • Heart of Venice. • Place of major religious & political events

Apse

• the semicircular projection on the east side of the church. • Vaulted roof. • Symbolizes head of Christ on cross.