ARCH250 Exam 2

What are some of the developments that took place in Isfahan under the Safavid rulers? What types of structures did they build?

- A covered bazaar and caravanserai link the older part of town to the newer section created by the Safavid rulers, built a new square (the Royal Maidan) with a palace, mosque (Masjid-i shah), and shops - Was laid out on an orthogonal (grid) plan, with streets running at right angles w/ palaces and gardens to the west. - four-iwan type - Mosque had to be tilted in an angle to face Meccs

What is the purpose of a madrasa, such as the Madar-i Shah Madrasa in Isfahan? How would you describe the plan of the complex and its structures?

- A madrasa is an Islamic theological and legal school - Designed like a four-iwan mosque, with two-story arcade and a central garden courtyard. - There are canals that cross in the center, a design that evokes a paradise garden.

Masjid-i Shah, Isfahan, Persia (modern Iran), 1611-1630 1. Who commissioned the building of this mosque? 2. What type of mosque is this? What are some of the rooms included in the complex? 3. What are the distinguishing characteristics of the entrance facade? 4. What are some of the materials and techniques used in its structure and decoration?

- Badi' al-Zaman Tuni and Ali Akbar al-Isfahani - It is a Four-Iwan plan: has a dome over the center which means it is a central mosque - The axis of the complex changes (45 degrees) so that the prayer hall is oriented towards Mecca - Dome and minarets of prayer hall from outside, dome is decorated inside and out with glazed tiles, iwan at entrance to prayer hall has muqarnas vault, inside decorated with glazed tiles and calligraphy.

Cathedral of Florence, Italy (Santa Maria del Fiore) Begun in 1292 by Arnolfo di Cambio, with 14th century belltower (campanile) by Giotto, dome by Brunelleschi completed 1436. 1. What has Massimo Ricci been doing to learn about Brunelleschi's methods of construction? 2. Why did the Florence Cathedral remain unfinished for so long? What were some of the challenges? 3. What do we know about the training and early career of Filippo Brunelleshi? 4. What are some of Brunelleschi's inventions that allowed him to build the dome? 5. What material is the dome made of and what are some of its most visible characteristics?

- Built a replication ⅕ size of the dome Spent 40 years of life trying to understand the method. He has been building a dome of his own for nearly 25 years in a park. His dome is 1/5th the size of the actual dome. - city couldnt find an engineer or architect so sclae made it impossible at the time. It was going to be expensive. Did not have technology to complete. Had no solution to complete. Couldn't do centering because it was too tall. - Trained as an artsmith but study architect and went to florence to pursue. At 23 years old, he entered a competition for a church. The bronze door on the church makes him one of the finalists. He used humanism which is new. - Employed a Gothic pointed-arch cross-section instead of a semicircular one. Created a double shell of radial and concentric ribs. Portable centering that supported concentric courses of masonry. - size lantern, 2 domes on each side, outer shell. Largest DOME the world has EVER known. Appears to one single solid structure but it is acutally 2 domes, 8 sides. 170 feet high Contains over 4 million bricks. Interior dome covers an open nearly half the length of a football field

Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1631-1647 1. Who built the Taj Mahal and why? What are the principal elements of this complex and what purpose do they serve? 2. Describe the plan of the garden and explain why the paradise garden would this be doubly symbolic here. 3. Describe the facade of the main building and its decoration. 4. What is found inside the main building and how does this relate to its purpose?

- Built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan on the south bank of the Yumuna River. It is a tomb for his wife, Arjumand Banu Begum (nickname: Mumtaz-i Mahal, meaning 'Chosen of the Palace') - Mainly everything is divided into four parts. Symmetrical design. Central space occupied by a square garden, divided by water canals= char-bagh. Planted with flowering trees and plants as a symbol of rebirth and immortality - Made of white marble with inlaid black and yellow marble, decorated with chevrons, floral imagery, plant motifs resting for all eternity - The tomb

The Tempietto, Rome, begun 1502, Donato Bramante 1. Who commissioned the building of the Tempietto in Rome? 2. Why is it located on this particular spot? 3. Which of the classical orders does Bramante use for this building and how does he adapt the decoration to suit a Christian monument?

- Commission from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. - Circular building draws attention to the location where St. Peter was believed to have been martyred (crucified). - Correct use of Doric Proportions. vessels of the Christian liturgy (chalice, paten, ciborium, vessels for water and wine, censer)

Church of San Andrea, Mantua, Italy, 1472-1494, Leon Battista Alberti 1. Who commissioned the construction of this church? 2. Describe the architectural elements seen on the façade of the church. What are some of the specific ancient Roman buildings that provided Alberti with inspiration for this design? 3. How do the plan and elevation compare to an older Gothic church like Notre Dame at Laon, France, and a later Baroque church, such as Il Gèsu in Rome, Italy?

- Commissioned by Ludovico Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua - Alberti decides to build from scratch when he began but died a week after it began. Facade combines elements of an ancient Roman temple and triumphal arch. Has Latin-cross plan, has naves, apse, transept, dome - Triumphal Arch, Central arch with barrel vault, coffered ceiling, engaged composite capitals support, entablature with frieze.

Villa Barbaro, Maser, Italy, 1557-1558, Andrea Palladio 1. Who commissioned Palladio to build this villa? What is the purpose of a rural villa like the Villa Barbaro? 2. What led Palladio to use columns and a pediment in his design of house facades? 3. How do the interior paintings contribute to the sense of space?

- Daniele Barbaro and his brother Marcantonio. Villas were country estates of wealthy landowners as well as working farms. - Vitruvius says (incorrectly) that ancient Greek built temples to look like houses, so Palladio decided to design houses that looked like ancient temples.... - The interior was decorated with paintings by Paolo Veronese that were illusionistic, used 2D and 3D architectural elements to suggest windows, doors, sculpture, objects.

How does the Byzantine church of Haghia Sophia influence the form of the central plan mosque?

- It influenced the central plan because Sinan thought that The Haghia Sophia wasn't elegant enough. His plan was to make a new central mosque but he wanted it to be better - The central plan church was found in the eastern Mediterranean and Orthodox Church and the basilica. Has Middle Byzantine mosaic of the Virgin and child in apse of Christian church.

What is the purpose of a mosque and what are some of the architectural requirements for its design?

- It is a Muslim house of prayer oriented towards Mecca, Place to wash before before prayer, Covered Hall for prayer, Orientation towards Mecca - The Courtyard (Sahn) and at least one fountain in the center of the courtyard - Prayer Hall is big rectangular space divided in three rows - Central Area is covered by the dome, wall oriented towards Mecca (Quibla Wall) - Includes a Minaret, Mihrab, Calligraphy, and a Minbar

Medici Palace, Florence, Italy, 1444, Michelozzo Bartolomeo 1. What was the original purpose of the Medici Palace? How is the building designed to serve the needs of the owner? 2. How does the building use Classical elements and principles on the facade? 3. How does the appearance and location reflect the status of its owners? Why would the rock-face stone and rustication be appropriate for this type of building? 4. What is the building used for today?

- It served as a residence (townhouse), and was a place of business, banking. Expressed power and prestige of family through architecture - Selective use of classical elements, including cornice, dentils, and Corinthian columns. - Each level distinguished by rustication and graduated textures (rock-faced stone up to smooth ashlar). To be able to notice the status of each level - Ground floor for business, public access. Second floor = piano nobile, private family rooms.

The Alhambra Palace, Grenada, Spain, 13th-15th centuries 1. What type of complex is this? Who built the part that dates to the 13th-15th centuries? 2. What roles do courts, gardens, and water play in the design of the Alhambra? 3. Describe the design of the garden in the Court of the Lions: what does the plan represent, symbolically? How does it compare to the garden in the Taj Mahal? 4. What are some of the architectural forms and decoration found in the Hall of the Abencerrajes

- Nasrid Dynasty, it is a palace/fortress - Patio of Myrtle Trees has the central rectangular pool, with the arcaded galleries across the short sides with rows of myrtles parallel to the pool on the long sides are reflected in its smooth surface. Patio of Lions has a fountain in the center - It is thought to symbolize the Qur'anic vision of paradise, a garden below which four rivers flow with water wine honey and milk. Taj Mahal has square garden, this one is divided into fours. - Hall of Abencerrajes is covered with a splendid murqanas vault in the shape of an eight-pointed star.

Fatehpur Sikri, India, city, Friday mosque and gateway, ca. 1568-1571 1. Who built Fatehpur Sikri and what motivated him to do this? 2. What are some of the types of buildings found in the city of Fatehpur Sikri? How do they exemplify the distinctive architectural forms and decoration that are found in Mughal buildings? 3. How does the design of the Friday Mosque, its gateway and mausoleums reflect its history and patronage?

- New capital built by Jalil al-Din Akbar, the 3rd Mughal emperor, ruled 1556-1605. Built in celebration of the birth of Akbar's son Jahangir in 1569. The palace designed to resemble a tent encampment but built of permanent materials, red sandstone. - The building reflects arched and domed forms familiar from examples in Iran but some of the detail also borrows elements from the Hindu and Buddhist architecture of India, a blend that contributes a distinctive quality to Islamic buildings - The east-west axis through the Friday mosque aligns with Chisti's hermitage, which was already on the site.

Santa Maria presso S. Satiro, Milan, Italy, 1482-1492, Donato Bramante 1. How does the plan and interior of Bramante's church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro in Milan compare to Alberti's church of San Andrea? 2. Why was he unable to build a traditional choir and how did he overcome this challenge?

- Plan of church based on Latin-cross basilica, with banded barrel vaults in nave and transepts, dome above crossing. - An existing street restricted the site east of the crossing, preventing Bramante from adding a conventional choir. He created a low relief that has the convincing appearance of a barrel-vaulted choir. With this illusion, he created the rest.

Who was Sinan and what did he contribute to the development of Islamic/Ottoman architecture?

- Sinan served as court architect in Constantinople. Also reigned general sultans.

Mosque and külliye of Süleyman the Magnificent, Istanbul, Turkey, 1550-1557 1. Who was the patron, and who was the architect of the mosque and külliye of Süleyman? 2. What is significant about the location of this mosque? 3. Describe the design elements of the Süleyman mosque in Istanbul, including the plan, section, and interior elevation. What are some of the distinctive forms of architectural decoration found inside? 4. What are some of the buildings found in the külliye? What do they provide to the community and what does this tell us about the sultan's patronage to Ottoman society? 5. How does the design and decoration of a mausoleum such as that of Süleyman contribute to its purpose? Why is the octagonal shape significant?

- Sinan was the architect, Suleyman was the patron - Built on the third hill of Istanbul, on the location of a former palace - four minarets. Ten balconies on the minarets supported by muqarnas (suleyman was the 10th sultan). Calligraphy on the domes, Purple decoration, flying buttresses on the domes, and pointed arches with polychrome voussoirs - buildings include four madrasas (schools), caravanserai (markets), community kitchen, hospital, public baths, and a house for sinan. - The octagon is the transitional geometric form between the circle, representing heaven, and the square represents earth. #8 became associated w/ paradise

Describe the layout of a public bath, such as the Hammam of Hürrem Sultan. What is its purpose and what do public baths contribute to society and city life?

- Structure is made of rubble masonry, dome with lantern supported on octagonal drum. - Particularly important for Muslims, for whom bathing is proscribed by the faith. - Mens entrance on left, women on right. Interior with central fountain, followed by warm room and hot room

What sort of information did Palladio include in his Four Books on Architecture and why did it become such an influential work?

- Studied the antiquities of Rome and interpreted the texts of Vitruvius and classical proportions - Developed theory of harmonic proportions rooms w/ proportions

What do we know about Alberti's career? How did Alberti's book, On the Art of Building, contribute to an understanding of the elements and principles of Classical Architecture?

- Wrote De re aedificatoria (On the art of building) 1846 - Descriptio urbis Romanae (description of the city of Rome) 1443 - Acted as architectural consultant to the Papacy; saw architecture as a way to address societal order - Gives a first-person account of what ancient Rome looked like

Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy, renovation of facade, 1456-1470, Leon Battista Alberti 1. What are some of the challenges faced by Alberti in designing the façade of Santa Maria Novella? 2. How do his solutions reflect the earlier local traditions as well as his own interest in Classical proportions and decoration? 3. Who was the patron of this project and how is this reflected in the façade?

- build façade of church with tall nave and short aisles and keep completed lower part off façade. - Add new central portal (coffered arch) and Corinthian half-columns, plus upper story and scrolls. *Classical - Built by the Dominican Order, façade completed by Leon Battista Alberti in the Renaissance in a commission from Giovanni Rucellai

Il Gesù, Rome, Italy, 1568-1576, Giacomo Vignola, Giacomo della Porta 1. Who built the Church of Il Gesù in Rome (patron and organization)? Who were the architects? 2. What are some of the Baroque characteristics of the facade of the church? 3. How does Il Gesù compare to Alberti's church of San Andrea in Mantua?

1. Cardinal Allessandro Farnese donated funds to build the church (Patron) and Giacoma Vignola began to build the church but he died and Giacoma della Porta finsihed the project 2. Baroque was a didactic, theatrical, dynamic, and dramatic style. 3. both have nave and apse, dome and lantern, and barrel vaults, chapels on the sides, no aisles

Queen's House at Greenwich, England, begun 1616, Inigo Jones 1. How did Inigo Jones learn about the architecture of Renaissance Italy and the work of Palladio in particular? 2. Who was this built for? What was the purpose of this building? 3. How does the exterior of the building reflect Palladio's work and ideas?

1. Carried a copy of Palladio s Four Books of Architecture with him to Italy then Introduced Renaissance classicism and Palladian design into England. 2.anne of denmark(queen of King James 1), residential palace 3. Introduced Palladian ideas to England: tripartite façade, classical orders.

St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, 1506-1656 1. What is significant about the location of the basilica of St. Peter in Rome? Why did the Pope decide to tear down the original church and build a new one? 2. Who are the principal architects involved in the rebuilding of St. Peter's, and what did each of them contribute to the finished basilica? 3. Where did the 'Vatican Obelisk' come from originally? What is the point of installing it in the plaza leading up to the basilica of St. Peter? 4. What is the purpose of the baldacchino? How does it incorporate symbolism that reflects its purpose and also the patronage of the Barberini family? 5. What are the spatial and spiritual values associated with Bernini's design for the piazza leading to St. Peter's.?

1. Church built during reign of the Roman emperor Constantine above the tomb of St. Peter. The structure of the building was falling apart, so a decision was made to tear it down and build a new church. 2.Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno Bramantes plan is a Greek Cross with dome on drum Giacomo della Porta (architect) and Domenico Fontana (engineer) complete the dome Michelangelo's plan Pope Paul V commissioned Carlo Maderno to change plan from Greek cross to Latin cross-longer nave and aisles- to accommodate congregation. Provide processional space Carlo Maderno completes the nave addition and the main facade. Design that steps out and lead eye upward, but dome no longer visible. Gianlorenzo Bernini then became the offica architect of St. Peters 3. 4. -Marks the tomb of St. Peter - He puts his coat of arms on it 5.

Place Royale (Place des Vosges) Paris, France, 1605-1612 1. Who commissioned the construction of the Place Royale (Place des Vosges) in Paris? 2. What is the purpose of this complex and how would you describe the buildings around the square? 3. What was so innovative about this design and what did he hope to accomplish?

1. Henry IV 2. Exploited symbolic and political value of architecture to confirm his right to rule. Arcades create portico around square and provide access to shops. 3. Royal ceremonies Promenade for all the citizens of Paris. Residential district with houses and shops. Hoped to show the world of his power

Karlskirche, Vienna, Austria, 1716-1725, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach 1. What historical events led to the construction of the Karlskirche? 2. Look at the façade and identify three design elements based on either ancient Roman or Baroque Italy. 3. How do the plan and interior compare to a Renaissance church, like the Church of San Andrea in Mantua, by Alberti? What new architectural and design elements have been added?

1. The Plague of Vienna 2. 1)Pair of columns with reliefs scrolling up, scenes from the life of St. Charles Borromeo 2)Draws inspiration from the Column of Trajan in Rome, 100-114 CE 3)Two columns may be reference to the columns in the temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. 3. si ya saben como me pongo pa ke me invitan jk, Similar, ovigal nave and Rococo elements.

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London, Christopher Wren, 1675-1709 1. What events led to the reconstruction of St. Paul's Cathedral by Christopher Wren? 2. What are some of the design elements of the façade and interior based upon Renaissance and Baroque developments in Europe?

1. The fire of London burned down most of the city, including the church. 2. Octagonal dome surrounded by smaller domes

1. What does the term Rococo mean, and how would you describe its appearance? 2. Who built the San Antonio missions and for what purpose? How do the architecture and decoration of the churches reflect Baroque principles of Europe?

1. french, seashells coquille 2. Ludovico Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. The plan resembles a cross

Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire, England, 1580-1588, Robert Smythson 1. Who built this house (patron)? Who was the architect? 2. How does Wollaton Hall reflect Renaissance design principles in its exterior façade? 3. What are three common characteristics shared by the houses built by Robert Smythson? 4. What are some of the rooms found inside and how does this relate to its purpose?

1.Built for the Sir Francis Willoughby. Architect Robert Smythson 2. Wood paneling below has Doric frieze (Renaissance influence), but medieval hammerbeam trusses support the roof. 3. 1)Gables decorated with Flemish strapwork: curvilinear relief 2)Classical orders used for facade: pilaster, balustrades, 3) Basement used for kitchens and service rooms 4) idk I think Square plan with towers at corners based upon a design by Serlio, but derived from the medieval fortified castles. At center is "Great Hall", based upon medieval design. Long gallery to house visiting courtiers.

Versailles, France: Garden André Le Nôtre ca. 1661, Palace Louis Le Vau, Jules-Hardouin Mansart, ca. 1669-1710. 1. What are the main buildings and features of Versailles built under Louis XIV? 2. Describe the architectural composition of the facade. How does the design of the facade compare to Italian Renaissance buildings such as palazzos and villas? What are some of the characteristics of the façade that are typical of French Baroque architecture? 3. How were the buildings and gardens designed to reflect the glory of Louis XIV?

1.French 5 part façade. No open gallery. Rustication on ground floor. 2. The façade is divided into five parts (French) -Rusticated ground floor (Renaissance) -Colonnade with pairs of Corinthian columns (Renaissance influence) -2 clear floor levels divided by frieze and projecting cornice. (Renaissance) -Central pediment with Minerva and Muses -Balustrade along roofline (Renaissance) 3.All rooms were decorated to the highest levels of design to represent his wealth. Paintings depicted him as a god.

Vierzehnheiligen, near Bamberg, Germany, Johann Balthazar Neumann, begun 7144. 1. Why was the church of Vierzehnheiligen built on its location? 2. Describe the plan of Vierzehnheiligen: how does it reflect Baroque developments of the basilica plan? What is the central focus of the church? 3. How does its interior design and decoration compare to Die Wies?

1.On this spot a young man who was a shepherd saw a vision of fourteen NOTHELFER " holy figures" so that is why they built the church there 2. it incorporates ovals, circles, and ellipses intertwining, the central focus is the shrine to the helper saints 3. Much more baroque.

Château, Chambord, France, 1519-1547, Domenico da Cortona 1. Who was this castle built for and what was its purpose? 2. How does its plan and elevation reflect older, medieval castles? In what ways is it different? 3. How does the façade demonstrate an understanding of the Classical orders? What elements are seen here?

1.where the king and his nobles maintained elaborate châteaux or castles for leisure, entertaining, and attending to the pleasures of the hunt 2.Central keep has Greek cross in square plan, with suites of rooms in each corner connected by corridors. Century Walls are the same Central spiral staircase may have been influenced by a design of Leonardo da Vinci. People going up do not meet people coming down. 3.Not smooth or rusticated walls, just masonry w decorated pilasters, horizontal string course

What are some of the forms of decoration found in the architecture of Islamic south Asia? How does this compare to what we have seen in Spain? Istanbul? Isfahan?

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What is the meaning of the term Renaissance, and what does this tell us about the relationship between 15th century Italy and ancient Roman architecture?

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