ARE 3.0: Pre-Design

To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for: An Underground Drainage Pipe?

0.3% minimum slope. Drainage lines can be made of clay, concrete, or plastic, and can be solid or perforated. They should have as few right angle turns as possible and meet intersections with a "y" angle.

To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for: A Paved Area?

1% or a 1.5% minimum slope for rough paving. A slope of 1% or less will appear flat. Parking areas are sloped between 1% and 5%. Standard slope for a pedestrian path is 1/4" per foot or approximately a 2% slope. Surface runoff must be directed away from structures to above or below grade disposal system.

Name two site factors that can make the construction of a basement cost prohibitive.

1. Bedrock at or just below grade. 2. A high water table. Both of these conditions affect excavations, foundation work, installation of utilities, and landscaping. The removal of bedrock through blasting or other labor intensive methods and special waterproofing considerations are often factors in making design decisions.

If a project is bid at a higher figure than the fixed limit of construction cost, what options does an owner have?

1. Ignore the fixed limit and agree to the higher bid. 2. Re-bid the project. 3. Forfeit the project and end the architect's contract. 4. Work with the architect to reduce the scope of work.

Name two methods of reducing hydrostatic pressure on a foundation wall.

1. Install a drain tile at the footing and backfill with a layer of gravel and soil. 2. Install open web matting against the foundation wall prior to backfilling with gravel and soil. The water loses pressure as it flows into the matting and runs down the foundation wall and into the drain tile. This pressure creates additional lateral loads and can make water-proofing difficult. Small cracks can be easily infiltrated by water which causes damage by freezing or flooding.

According to the IBC, what is the maximum allowable floor area per occupant in a business area?

100 square feet. The maximum floor area per occupant is determined by the occupancy type. For example: Aircraft hangars: 500sqft, Assembly: 7sqft, Dormitories: 50sqft, Classroom Area: 20sqft, Commercial Kitchens: 200sqft, Library Stacks: 100sqft, Residential: 200sqft, & Warehouses: 500sqft. The maximum number of occupants for which a building, floor or space is designed (occupant load) determines the egress requirements.

A new building is to be constructed on a two-acre site. 23% of this site is required for parking (excluding circulation). In addition, 1 accessible parking space is required for each 10,000 square feet of parking. Approximately how many parking spaces will serve this new building?

113 Parking Spaces. 1 Acre = 43,560 sqft. The average parking stall is 9'x19' (180 sqft). 43,560 (sqft) x 2 (acres) = 87,120 (sqft). 87,120 x .23 (%) = 20,038 (sqft of required parking). 20,038 / 180 = 111 (average parking spaces). 20,038 / 10,000 = 2 (accessible parking spaces). 111 + 2 = 113 (total parking spaces).

Describe the following architectural style: Gothic.

12th-15th century. Pointed arches, rib vaults, flying buttresses, spacious arcades and galleries, clearstory windows, skeletal structure and few walls.

Describe the following architectural style: Renaissance.

15th to 16th century. Use of ancient roman details grounded solidity, balance and poise.

Describe the following architectural style: Baroque.

17th & 18th century. Extensive ornamentation often symbolizing natural abundance through carvings of leaves and fruit. Expressive curvilinear forms and a sense of mass.

Describe the following architectural style: Arts and Crafts.

19th & 20th century. An expression of craftsmanship and building materials, often employed in domestic architecture, incorporating refined and skillfully crafted exposed wood joinery.

What are the two basic energy codes and what does each specify?

1: A PRESCRIPTIVE code refers to energy saving techniques in construction. The ASHRAE series (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) is a prescriptive code. 2: A PERFORMANCE code describes energy saving standards.

According to Christopher Alexander in A Pattern Language, what three factors are necessary to achieve a successful "sitting circle"?

1: A well defined area located where people will naturally pass by. Circulation should not cut through the seating area. 2: As the name implies, the seating should take the approximate shape of a circle, preferably using the architecture of the space to define or partially contain the space. A focal point such as a fireplace or window will help anchor the area. 3: A loose or adjustable arrangement of seating. Using different sofas, chairs, etc. including extra seating, allows the users to slightly modify the circle and tends to energize the group.

According to the IBC, name the ten building occupancy classifications.

1: Assembly Groups A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5. 2: Business: Group B. 3: Educational: Group E. 4: Factory and Industrial: Groups F-1 and F-2. 5: High Hazard: Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, and H-5. 6: Institutional: Groups I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-4. 7: Mercantile: Group M. 8: Residential: Groups R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4. 9: Storage: Groups S-1 and S-2. 10: Utility and Miscellaneous: Group U. Buildings with two or more uses are classified as mixed occupancies. Each portion of the building is individually classified and separated from adjacent areas by a code-regulated fire-resistant barrier.

The use of bicycles can create many safety concerns. What design solutions can be implemented to avoid a conflict between cyclists, pedestrians, and vehicles?

1: Create a separate bike path; use abandoned rail road tracks, utility easements, etc. 2: Eliminate street parking and add a designated bike path. 3: Reduce the speed limit on roads with a bike path. 4: Change vehicular traffic from one-way to two-way and add a bike path.

What are the key concerns to address when construction requires the manipulation of existing topography?

1: Due to the high cost and the affect on natural drainage patterns, modifications to site contours should be kept to a minimum whenever possible. 2: When possible, locate the length of the building parallel to contour lines. 3: Place driveways & roads parallel to contour lines or, when changes in elevation are required, do so at a slight angle to the contours. 4: Divert drainage away from the building. (A building with its length parallel to the contour lines is perpendicular to the flow of drainage).

What typical site constraints affect a grading plan?

1: Existing trees and shrubs to be saved, transplanted or removed. 2: The finish floor height of existing structures. 3: The finish grade of existing roads. 4: Existing land forms; are they worth saving or will grading cause erosion problems? 5: The property line; grade must be met at the property line and excess runoff cannot be diverted to adjacent properties.

Name five methods of improving soil bearing capacity.

1: FILL: Poor soil is replaced with the appropriate soil, sand, and gravel mix. Moisture is added and the soil is then compacted. 2: COMPACTION: Usually of existing soil with a technique similar to compaction of fill. 3: DENSIFICATION: Use of heavy pounding piles, vibration or weights to compact and fill voids. 4: SURCHARGING: Adding fill to existing soil and allowing settlement to take place with time. 5: MIXING: Addition of sand or gravel to the soil.

What three factors are used by an architect to determine building code requirements for a particular project?

1: FUNCTION: Each group is classified by a letter and a number. 2: CONSTRUCTION TYPE: For example, Type I, Type V. 3: LOCATION: Setbacks, alleys, public streets, and property lines.

In order of grain size, name the four primary soil types.

1: GRAVELS: Course granular aggregate, best drainage. 2: SANDS: Granular material, particles too small to be picked up individually, good drainage. 3: SILTS: Granular particles, too small to be seen individually. Stable but is weak when dry, swells when wet, is non-plastic, and can heave in freezing temperatures. 4: CLAYS: Fine-grained cohesive material, least stable and least predictable, plastic when wet, prone to heaving. Water drains easily through clean gravels and sands, more slowly through fine sands and silts, and almost no drainage occurs through clays.

According to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards, describe the hierarchy of rehabilitation for a historic building.

1: Identify, retain, and preserve the form and detailing of materials and architectural features important in defining historic character. 2: Protect and maintain those materials and features that define historic character by using the least degree of intervention possible. 3: Repair features when their physical condition warrants additional work, while using the least invasive means possible, such as patching, splicing, reinforcing, etc. 4: Replace an entire feature if the level of deterioration is beyond that of repair. This is appropriate only if the essential for and detailing of the feature are still evident, which would enable the feature to be accurately reestablished.

Define: Basic Road Types.

1: LOCAL: Low capacity roads with direct access to a site. 2: COLLECTOR: Connection roads between local and arterial streets. 3: ARTERIAL: Wide, high-capacity streets usually connecting to expressways. 4: EXPRESSWAY: Limited access roads with high speed, high volume circulation.

Name four examples of mass produced or pre-fabricated residential architecture.

1: Le Corbusier's "House-Machine" or "House-Tool" circa 1915-1925. Often incorporated a structural system of reinforced concrete piers and slabs. 2: R. Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion House, 1927. A hexagonal, free-standing, metal prototype. 3: Frank Lloyd Write's Usonian Houses, 1930's. Relatively inexpensive architecture for clients of modest means. 4: Moshe Safdie's Habitat, 1967. An experiment for the Montreal Internatinoal Exposition. 158 apartments comprised of 354 precast concrete dwelling boxes lifted into place by crane. Often through this type of housing, especially Dymaxion House and the Usonian Houses the architects endeavored to raise the standard of living by providing affordable, efficient housing for the masses.

Name two ways of reducing solar energy gain in a building.

1: Louvers, overhangs or baffles incorporated into the design of the building admit light and views, block direct sunlight, and can reduce energy gain by 15% or more. 2: Locate the building in the shadow of existing trees (deciduous trees allow insolation in winter months), buildings or topographical features.

In his book "The Image of the City" Kevin Lynch describes five basic elements that make up one's image of the urban environment. What are they?

1: PATHS: are streets, walkways, canals and railroads; channels along which people move. 2: EDGES: are the linear elements that are not considered paths. Walls, shores, and edges of development are all examples. 3: DISTRICTS: are medium to large areas of the city that are understood as entities because of some common, identifying characteristics. A financial district, a slum, or a neighborhood with a predominant cultural base. 4: NODES: are the junctions of paths and concentrations of a particular use that identify important places in a city. Prominent corners, subway junctions and train stations, for example. 5: LANDMARKS: can be any physical feature so long as they uniquely stand apart from its context. Some skyscrapers, cliffs, monuments and domes act as landmarks in a city.

Define: Proctor Test & Percolation Test.

1: Proctor Test. A test method used to determine the optimum relationship between moisture content and compaction of soil. Fill must be compacted prior to construction. Samples of fill are compacted according to a specified procedure and weighed to determine the necessary compaction requirements. Fill is placed onsite in a series of compacted layers or lifts of 8-12 inches. Site soil must be compacted between 95%-100% of optimum density based on laboratory testing. 2: Percolation Test. A test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Used to assess the suitability of soil for a leachfield. This test measures the time it takes a water level to drop one inch in a test hole. Test holes can be made in several locations to determine the average condition.

Name several ways to minimize the impact of construction on topsoil and native vegetation.

1: Relocate existing trees and plants prior to construction. 2: Define staging areas and routs for construction vehicles to minimize compaction and contamination of soil. 3: Whenever possible, excavation and construction should be done in phases. Soil can then be replaced quickly and stabilized using a silt fence, straw bale dam, mulch, or temporary planting. Permanent plantings should be installed as soon as possible after adjacent construction is complete. 4: Re-use site debris. Stockpile and protect topsoil for later use. Excavated rock can be used for walls or crushed for paving or aggregate. Mill cleared trees into building materials or shred into mulch for use in landscaping.

What are the four key elements that affect a project development budget?

1: SCOPE: the size of the building or project. 2: QUALITY: the quality of materials & methods of construction. 3: COST: the project budget itself. 4: TIME: The allotted time for project completion. Balance among these four elements is key to a successful project. Adjustments can be made to one or more elements in order to maintain this balance. For example, the scope of the project may need to be reduced in order to meet the budget and maintain the quality of materials. However, to maintain the scope of the project, alternate materials may need to be considered in order to meet budget requirements.

What are the four main site factors that affect the physical form of a building?

1: SITE TO STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS: Does the site have strong, dynamic characteristics, or is it flat and passive? The structure should harmonize or contrast with the visual aspects of the site. 2: SITE TO FORM RELATIONSHIPS: The lines of the site should be considered in relation to the building's form. 3: VEGETATION: Plants, bushes, and trees on a site create shapes, texture, and mass which have a visual impact on the building form. 4: CLIMATE: Cold climates require compact building forms. Hot climates require open, airy plans thta allow for good air circulation. Also, climates with substantial snow and rain are likely to incorporate sloped roof surfaces.

In chronological order, what are the five typical phases of an architect's professional services?

1: Schematic Design. 2: Design Development. 3: Construction Documents. 4: Bidding or Negotiation. 5: Construction Administration.

What is the Order of Site Work?

1: Set batter boards. 2: Remove and save top 6 inches of soil. 3: Earth Work: Grading and Excavation. 4: Rough Grading: Addition or removal of earth prior to construction. 5: Finish Grading: Preparation for landscaping prior to the end of construction.

Name two methods of Construction Scheduling.

1: THE BAR-CHART METHOD: This chart shows a list of project tasks along the vertical axis and a project time line along the horizontal axis. "Bars" are graphed showing the starting and finishing dates for each activity. While helpful for small to midsize projects, the bar-chart method assigns equal importance to each task, provides minimal information on task sequencing, and no information on task interdependencies. 2: THE CRITICAL-PATH METHOD: A method of charting the sequence of all tasks, their interrelationships, dependencies, duration, and the acceptable amount of activity float (the time between early and late starting dates and early and late finishing dates), etc. A critical-path chart has much more information than a bar-chart, and is therefore more appropriate for large and complex projects where the management of many details is necessary to work efficiently.

Name the three goals of the fire prevention code, in order of importance.

1: To protect occupants by means of an egress or a place of refuge. 2: To ensure the structural integrity of a building. 3: To enable a building to survive a fire with minimal damage.

Name three methods of cost estimating.

1: UNIT COST METHOD: Based on a cost per unit such as, per hotel room, per student, per office, etc. Another method of unit cost estimating is the cost per square foot where dollar amounts are based on data from similar building types. Used during the programming and pre-design phase. 2: SYSTEMS METHOD: More detailed than the unit cost method. Each building subsystem, such as foundation, structure, HVAC, roof, finishes, etc., is categorized and assigned a cost. Costs are reviewed and alternative systems and adjustments in quality can be made to stay within the budget. Used during the schematic design phase. 3: PARAMETER METHOD: A more detailed version of the systems method. Each component of a building subsystem is itemized by the type, quality, and quantity. For example, costs for all wall finishes are calculated based on the area for each finish specified. Allows for a detailed analysis of individual building components so alternatives can be specified to meet budget requirements. Used during design development and early in the construction documents phase.

To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for: A Lawn?

2% minimum slope up to an ideal slope of 4%. While a slope between 2% and 4% will be visible against a level structure, it is necessary to achieve positive drainage. Steeper slopes may be used though anything over 3:1 or 33 1/3% creates maintenance issues or may need additional support.

Describe the following architectural style: Art Deco.

20th century, symmetrical, rectilinear, bold geometric forms, pure and intense colors and the use of modern building materials.

Describe the following architectural style: Post Modern.

20th century. A hybrid including an essentially modern language using current technology and building materials and historical or traditional symbolism.

According to the ADA, name the accessibility requirements for the following: Maximum threshold height.

3/4" for exterior sliding doors. 1/2" for other door types and all thresholds must be beveled.

According to the ADA, name the accessibility requirements for the following: Minimum width for wheelchair passage (Door).

32 Inches.

According to the ADA, name the accessibility requirements for the following: Protruding objects.

4" Maximum for objects between 27 inches and 80 inches above finish floor, parallel to halls, corridors, etc.

According to the ADA, name the accessibility requirements for the following: Minimum clearance between two consecutive doors.

48 Inches plus the width of the door swinging into the space. Doors must swing the same direction (egress doors) or away from the space between the doors.

If the intensity level (IL) of an orchestra performing in a public park is 100dB to an audience member seated 10 meters from the stage, what will the intensity level be for a person trying to sleep 1.3 km away? (assume there is relatively open space between the concert and the sleeping person).

58dB, or the IL of a typical conversation. The sound intensity level diminishes by 6dB by doubling the distance of the receiver from the sound source. For example, if the IL for the audience member at 10m is 100dB, then at 20m it would be 6dB less, or 94dB.

According to the ADA, name the accessibility requirements for the following: Minimum width for two wheelchairs to pass.

60 Inches.

According to the ADA, name the accessibility requirements for the following: Minimum parking stall width.

96 Inches plus an accessible aisle 60 inches wide adjacent to car parking and an aisle 96 inches wide adjacent to van parking.

A new apartment building is being constructed on a long, narrow site parallel to an existing freeway. The building will be 30' from the freeway. What would function the best to reduce unwanted freeway noise?

A 15 foot wall 4 feet from the highway. A solid barrier, close to the source of the noise works best at noise reduction. The mass and stiffness of the barrier also affect noise reduction, with mass playing the most significant part. The greater the mass and the lower the stiffness, the better the noise reduction.

What may be used to restrict the construction of a mobile home on a particular tract of land?

A Covenant. Also called a restrictive covenant, it is a type of deed restriction. It is a provision in the deed that places limitations on land development by the buyer. These restrictions are intended to be in the public interest and may include; property use, building and fence locations, yard size, cost and style of architecture. As part of the deed, these restrictions may affect the decision of a potential buyer. They are commonly used to maintain aesthetic uniformity or construction quality and may be enforced for a period of years.

Which organizational concept for a school is most sociofugal?

A Grid Plan. Schools, by nature, are complex social organizations. Their design must allow for social interaction on many levels both in and out of the classroom. A grid plan results in many corridors and no central space or main circulation path to bring people together. Axial, radial, and clustered plans all promote social interaction through common spaces and circulation patterns and are considered sociopetal.

What is the most economical type of foundation system?

A Spread Footing. They use much less concrete and steel than mat foundations or piles and require minimal excavation. A decrease in material volume can be a means of reducing costs. However, higher grade materials may still cost more than a greater volume of a cheaper material. Labor (such as excavation), form building, and pouring concrete is typically more expensive than the cost of the materials.

When tall buildings act as wind breaks, what condition may be created?

A Vortex. When moving air encounters a building perpendicular to a broad face, it flows both over the roof and down the façade. The air tends to collect at the base of the building which results in a high velocity swirl of wind.

Define: Pre-Design.

A broad field of environmental analysis including issues such as land use, planning, and the evaluation of existing structures. The application of architectural programming, history, theory, and building system considerations. And the review of architectural services, responsibilities, and project management.

An architect and contractor are hired to build a residence on a small, sloping, grassy site where a swale currently exists. The owner has requested minimal environmental impact. What is the most appropriate solution for the architect and the contractor?

A caisson and raised slab will have minimal impact on the site and swale and require limited excavation. The future driveway will become hardscaped so construction impact will be localized. A french drain will disturb the natural drainage of the swale and using hand held construction equipment will be time consuming. A buttress retaining wall will require significant excavation. A grade beam may effect the swale and a crane would most likely be prohibitively expensive.

Define: Caisson.

A cast in place, concrete end bearing pile. It is formed by boring into or driving a tube into the earth, and filling the void with concrete. The base of the member can be flared for extra bearing capacity and is called a belled caisson. Borings less than 2 feet in diameter are considered piers.

Define: Occupancy Classification.

A category based upon the use-group for which a building or portion of a building is intended. The number of occupants and their activity determines the classification. When two or more of these groups co-exist within the same building, a fire-rated separation is required between them. An occupancy use permit is issued by a government authority certifying that a project complies with the specific use(s) for which it was intended. The occupancy designation cannot be changed unless the building is altered to conform with the requirements of the new use. The occupant load is defined as the number of people for which the means of egress of a building is designed.

Define: Cooperative.

A collective ownership. The owner is a tenant in a building (not necessarily residential) owned by an organization of which he is a shareholder. The entire project is owned by a single entity. That entity usually reserves the right to approve any transfer of shares which means they can select the future occupants.

What is contained in a program statement?

A concise written statement that identifies the goals, objectives, and most important aspects of a project, based on the analysis of the information gathered in the first four steps of the programing process. This statement acts as the foundation for the design process.

An unexpected foundation repair is necessary on a renovation project. How is this unforeseen expense accommodated in the construction budget?

A contingency allowance is used when unforeseen expenses are incurred on a job. The contingency allowance will usually equal 5-10% of the total construction budget, and may either be built into the various item budgets or separately identified. In either case it is common to reduce the contingency allowance as the project progresses.

Define: Flat Plate Collector.

A device tat collects solar energy for use as an energy source. Typically, te collector is an insulated aluminum box, approximately 4'x8'x6" with a sheet of glazing exposed to the sun. A black surface inside acts as the absorber plate which transfers heat by conduction to piping soldered to the absorber plate. The heat transfer medium is usually water mixed with a non-toxic antifreeze solution. Heating water is the most efficient application of solar energy.

Define: Culvert.

A drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically, a large-diameter concrete or metal pipe often used to channel water under a road.

Define: Friction Pile.

A foundation member of timber, concrete, or steel driven vertically into the soil. This member does not rest on bedrock but relies upon the friction developed in the surrounding soil to carry the load. Often a component of a grade beam.

Define: Warranty Deed.

A guarantee that the property title will be transferred to a buyer free of liens, claims, or other debts.

Define: Wale, Waler or Whaler.

A horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing, or other members such as concrete formwork. Holds vertical members and form work in line.

Define: Datum.

A horizontal plane to which ground elevations or water surface elevations are referred. Also called a reference plane. Sea level is a common plane used.

Describe the role of a Construction Manager (CM).

A key figure in the Construction Management project delivery method. A CM is added to the traditional architect, owner, contractor team. The CM is hired by the owner, usually for complex or fast-track projects where there are critical budget or scheduling issues or when an owner requires detailed construction and technical advice. CM services may be provided by architects, contractors, designers, as well as other professionals. The Construction Manager may assume one of three roles: CM-ADVISOR: The CM advises the owner regarding constructability and budget issues during the design and construction process and assists the owner in contractor selection but does not act as builder. CM-AGENT: The owner hires the CM first. The CM assumes financial authority and manages the entire project, through construction, on behalf of the owner. CM-CONSTRUCTOR: Hired by the owner when design is 30% complete. The CM advises the owner prior to construction and then builds the project, usually for a Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) based on design documents at the end of Design development.

Define: Plat Map.

A land plan. A component of a survey, typically furnished by a civil engineer, and drawn to scale, it indicates the metes and bounds (bearings and dimensions of property lines). This legally recorded document may also contain easements, streets, restrictions, lot and block numbers, and is the main reference for any site development.

Define: Air Rights.

A legal entitlement to use the space above a specified horizontal plane such as a tract of land or existing building.

Define: Easement.

A legal right for one party to use a portion of another party's parcel of land for access. For example, a utility easement allows the utility access to a portion of private property in order to install and maintain utility lines. No permanent structures may be built over the easement area. In addition to access, there are several other types of easements. These include conservation easements which prevent the development of environmentally significant land, scenic easements which might protect a view, and joint use easements which allow two or more property owners to share a common feature. An access easement that allows one party or the public to traverse someone else's property grants right of way.

Define: Steppe.

A level or rolling treeless plain usually in an area of extreme temperature ranges.

A pedestrian among the modern steel and glass skyscrapers of the 1960s and 70s and a worshipper in the nave of a 12th century cathedral are both subject to what?

A loss of human scale. The tall, flat, monolithic and often monochromatic office buildings offered little or no reference to the familiar scale of common architectural elements. Although the interior of a cathedral often incorporated intricate architectural detail, ornamental carving, painting, and stained glass, the soaring heights humbled the worshipper in the presence of God.

Define: Proforma Statement.

A means of determining a project's construction budget by listing labor and construction costs.

Define: Cut and Fill.

A method of grading used to create a level area on a sloped site. To cut is to remove soil; to fill is to add soil. Ideally, this type of grading should be limited in order to minimize the impact on a naturally occurring site. In addition, the amount of cut and fill should be balanced whenever possible. This reduces the need for delivery or removal of soil. On a topographic map, an area of fill is indicated by a solid line that bumps out towards a lower contour line; a cut is indicated by a solid line that bumps in towards a higher contour line. A slope stake is a marker used to identify where cut or fill meets the original grade.

Define: Spot Elevation.

A numerical notation of the exact height of a specific location on a site plan or topographical map. Used to identify key heights such as the base of a wall at the corner of a building.

Define: Drain Tile.

A perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to relieve hydrostatic pressure from foundation or retaining walls.

Define: Aquifer.

A permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water underground and is the water source for wells.

Define: Bench Mark.

A reference used to establish the height and location of other points.

Define: Catch Basin.

A reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain.

Define: Apartment.

A residential building in which the tenants typically rent their unit from the owner of the building.

Define: Condominium.

A residential building or housing complex in which the common elements, including the land, are owned by a single corporation. The dwelling units, however, are individually owned and can be bought and sold independent of the other owners. The owners must meet regularly to approve budget, maintenance and regulatory issues.

Define: Value Engineering.

A review process of proposed systems and materials used to explore less expensive options that will achieve the same result.

Define: Non-Conforming Use.

A special distinction for buildings that pre-date, or no longer comply with a zoning ordinance, as a result of recent changes in the code. This type of building is allowed to remain in use, but if major alterations are to be made, the building must then satisfy the code requirements.

Define: Baseline.

A surveyed line used as a reference to locate property lines, structures, etc. The line to which surveys are referred for coordination.

Define: A Transit.

A telescopic instrument usually mounted to a tripod base, used in surveying to measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, compass directions, and differences in elevations.

Define: Raker.

A temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth walls created by excavation.

Deinfe: Barrier-Free.

A term applied to spaces, buildings, and facilities that are fully accessible to anyone including those who are physically handicapped. (see ANSI and ADA Standards)

Describe the characteristics of correct vapor barrier placement.

A tight well-insulated exterior wall is critical for energy conservation and moisture control. Vapor barriers should be placed at the location where cool surfaces meet warm moist air. On the outside in hot, humid climates, and on the inside in cold climates. The vapor barrier will prevent condensation, which can promote microbial growth such as mold and bacteria and lead to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) problems.

Define: Swale.

A type of above ground drainage used to control runoff. A shallow, sloping, sometimes grassy depression incorporated into landscaping.

Define: One Acre.

A unit of land measurement equal to 43,560 square feet or 4,840 square yards. 640 Acres is equal to one square mile.

Define: Outdoor Design Temperature.

A working average of low temperatures within a particular region. It is used as a factor in determining heat loss of a building.

Define: Fixed Limit.

A written agreement signed by the owner and the architect that defines the maximum allowable construction cost. The architect has the authority to specify the quality of materials and equipment. However, if the lowest bid exceeds the agreed amount the architect may be required to revise the drawings and specifications in order to reduce the cost of construction.

Define: Fire Zone.

A zoning classification utilized by some jurisdictions to designate geographical areas of high hazard, moderate hazard, and low hazard. The classifications are based on the following criteria: Population density, street access and traffic flow, building height, and the equipment and capabilities of the local fire department. High hazard areas may require the use of certain non-combustible construction materials and may impose restrictions on building use.

Methods of settling conflicts between the contracted parties in a construction project other than litigation are commonly referred to as what?

ADR, Alternative Dispute Resolution. Litigation is costly, time consuming, and part of the public record. As a result, the construction industry has developed Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). These methods allow for the resolution of disputes without legal intervention. If methods such as direct negotiation and architect as arbitrator have failed, the two basic means of ADR are: MEDIATION: A mediator empowers the participants to resolve the dispute themselves yet has no power to force a resolution. ARBITRATION: A mutually acceptable arbitrator, knowledgeable in the construction industry, will hear arguments, evidence, etc. prior to rendering a legally binding decision. Since each successive step in dispute resolution represents an increase in the necessary investment of time and money, it is important to prevent disputes. After disputes occur, they should be resolved at the lowest level. As a last resort, binding adjudication should be employed.

Describe: Ahwahnee Principles & Hannover Principles.

AHWAHNEE PRINCIPLES: In 1991 at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite, several architects presented their collective vision of how urban and suburban planning should follow certain fundamental principles regarding community size, integration, transportation, open space, pedestrian paths, native vegetation, water and energy usage, etc. In addition to local planning issues, they presented regional principles as well as guidelines for governing new growth. HANNOVER PRINCIPLES: For EXPO 2000 at the World's Fair in Hannover, Germany, William McDonough presented a living document called Design for Sustainability. These guidelines were meant to inform the international design competitions and insure that Fair-related design and construction represented sustainable development. The principles set priorities for sustainability in the build environment and were to be implemented globally.

A convention center is planned for an urban center with a substantial catchment area, what will be one of the greatest concerns to the developer?

Access to the convention center from transportation lines. Adjacency to public transportation is vital to the success of the project. Rail and bus lines and major roads for facility access by car are of great concern for the development of a project meant to serve a large number of people. Due to the large potential user group in the urban center, the distance to the nearest airport as well as the number of hotels is not likely to be a major factor. In addition, other facilities such as arenas or malls will have little effect on the attendance at a convention center.

The Contract Documents for a project have been completed. Several weeks later, a major change in the documents is required due to a recent change in the local building codes. What is the architect's responsibility regarding the necessary changes in the Contract Documents?

According to AIA Document B141, circumstances such as changes in building codes, which are beyond the architect's control, are considered changes in the architect's services and the architect is entitled to appropriate compensation and adjustment to the schedule.

As it applies to architecture, define Sustainability.

According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, it should be our aim to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. And according to the AIA, it is the ability of society to continue functioning into the future without being forced into decline through exhaustion or overloading of the key resources on which that system depends. It is a broad social, environmental, and economic concept that addresses the needs of the future, the effect of buildings on the environment, and attempts to define the limits for consumption of resources.

Define: Albedo.

Albedo is the level of reflectivity of a material and is determined by the ratio of reflected light to the amount of light received. A low level indicates that light is being absorbed by the material as heat. A high level indicates that most of the light is being reflected away.

Name three common economic incentives used by building authorities to encourage the installation of costly automatic fire extinguishing systems.

Although local code requirements vary widely, the installation of automatic fire extinguishing systems may be rewarded by: 1. An increase in the allowable floor area between fire-rated walls. 2. A decrease in the number of required exits. 3. Reduced insurance costs.

An architect learns that the size of utility easements has not been indicated on a site survey provided by the owner. How can they be obtained?

Although the owner is responsible to furnish surveys describing the legal limitations and utility locations of the site, utility easements can be obtained from the utility company.

According to AIA Document B141, programming by the architect is considered what?

An Additional Service. Programming is not part of an architect's basic services which are based on the five standard phases of a project. Additional services include, but are not limited to, programming, project feasibility studies, and verification of owner supplied information. Although programming is the owner's responsibility, the architect is responsible for a preliminary evaluation.

Define: Yard.

An area of a site designated to be unbuilt open space, between each side of a building and the adjacent property line. Minimum sizes are defined by the setback in the zoning requirements for each; side, front, and rear.

Define: Flume.

An elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport items such as logs or fish, or to divert a stream.

Define: Weir.

An embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert a flow of water.

How does a project budget account for inflation?

An inflation factor based on the current cost of construction and various inflation rate estimates gauge what the cost of construction will be at the midpoint of construction. The difference between the midpoint cost and the original cost is added into the budget. For example, a new library with a construction cost of $10,000,000 has a construction schedule of two years at an inflation rate of .5% per month. At the midpoint of construction the inflation factor will be $600,000 [($10,000,000 * 0.005) * 12 months = $600,000] which is added to the project budget to account for inflation during scheduled construction. Furthermore, if the construction schedule is exceeded by 9 months the owner will be liable for an additional $450,000 [$50,000 per month * 9 months = $450,000) in inflation costs.

Define: Blighted Area.

Any area of a community where negative conditions have adversely affected its desirability and it is an economic or aesthetic liability to the surrounding community.

The owner of a one-story, single family residence would like to expand his undersized living room by 8 feet. The exterior wall of the existing living room is within 2 feet of the setback. What is the most likely course of action?

Apply for a variance. In this case, the living room expansion will only benefit the owner and a variance may be granted when the owner's request is in conflict with existing zoning regulations.

Describe the role of a Project Manager (PM).

As architects have become involved in more complex projects, employ more consultants for specialized work, and use fast track delivery approaches, the role of project management has become indispensable. Successful administration and coordination of these project has generated a distinct architectural discipline in order to relieve the burden on design and production teams. The Project Manager (PM) should possess leadership qualities, be trained architecturally, and have a background in design and production. To avoid confusion, within the same office all PM's should follow the same standardized procedures defined by office policy. For large offices, a project management department headed by a general partner is essential. For small offices, the same duties may be performed by principals or associates. As the central figure, a PM is responsible for the project team, and balancing design issues with the schedule and the budget, in order to satisfy the client. Specific responsibilities may include: preparing and reviewing contracts and correspondence between architect and owner, contractor, or construction manager, scheduling deadlines and meetings, monitoring job progress, billing and invoicing, and handling requisitions such as change orders.

Describe the Alternates section of the Construction Documents.

As part of the bidding documents, alternates require the contractor to provide options in the selection of materials, the level of quality, or the addition or deletion of work. The alternates are reflected in the variation in price from the base bid and give the owner a chance to alter a project in order to control construction cost.

When does a client review the design of a project?

At the end of each design phase (schematic design and design development) and upon completion of the construction documents. While these are typical client review points, it is essential that the architect understand and be flexible to the individual needs of the client in order to maintain a positive, professional relationship. Especially on larger projects where the completion of each design phase may take many months it may be important to schedule progress review meetings in order to inform the client of the project development and to seek the client's input.

Who transformed the urban planning of nineteenth century Paris?

Baron Georges-Eugéne Haussman. In 1855 Baron Georges-Eugéne Haussman was selected to transform Paris. He unified the city through the implementation of wide boulevards and long pedestrian arcades that connected various monuments and plazas. Haussmann's concept of broad avenues increased light and air for the city's inhabitants and offered better circulation for the developing industrial age in Paris.

Rome is an example of which type of city planning?

Baroque Planning. This type of urban planning links important monuments, places, and views with broad radiating streets and avenues.

Define: Staged Bidding.

Because construction on a fast track project begins before all design work is completed, contractors are awarded jobs for the stages where design has been finalized. It is the process of farming out various construction jobs to multiple contractors.

What is included in the Construction Documents?

Bidding Requirements. Contract Forms, Conditions, and Modifications. Drawings and Specifications. Addendum. These are all the documents, prepared by the architect, necessary for project administration, design communication, and obtaining regulatory approval and financing. They include the bidding documents, the project manual and, after the owner-contractor agreement is signed, the contract documents.

The number of plumbing fixtures (water closets, lavatories, drinking fountains, etc.) in a building is determined by what?

Building Codes. Building codes deal with the structural and mechanical aspects of a building and are intended for the protection of public health, safety, and welfare. The minimum number of plumbing fixtures is defined by building codes, and according to the IBC is based on the occupancy classification and the number of occupants. Floor area is regulated by building codes but has no effect on the number of fixtures. Zoning ordinances also protect the health and safety of the public they are meant to enhance the quality of life and protect property values, but are primarily concerned with land use and development issues. NFPA is the National Fire Protection Association. Their goal is to protect against loss of life and property from fire through the adoption of certain building standards.

In which building type will a long span structural system be LEAST appropriate? A: Bowling Alley. B: Auditorium. C: Elementary School. D: Casino.

C: Elementary School. An elementary school most likely houses smaller spaces that do not require the expense of a long span structural system. In all of the other answer choices it is typical of the building to have large open spaces that are uninterrupted by load bearing walls and columns. A long span structural system would appropriately meet the needs of these open spaces.

What test methods can be used to determine the bearing capacity of soil?

CORE BORINGS: Soil is removed at regular depths to determine moisture content, density, and porosity. TEST PITS: Visual inspection of the soil conditions by digging an open trench. AUGER BORINGS: An auger bit is used to bring up soil samples. Best if used in sand or clay and at shallow depths. WASH BORINGS: Samples are taken with a 2 inch to 4 inch diameter pipe which forces water to bring up the soil mix. SOIL LOAD TESTS: A method of measuring the settlement of soil by applying incremental loads of soil on a platform erected at the site. The test is complete when the soil stops settling upon subsequent loading and becomes stable.

Define: Cumulative Zoning & Incentive Zoning.

CUMULATIVE ZONING: A multi-use district or zone. Allows for residential use in commercial zones and commercial use in industrial zones. INCENTIVE ZONING: Allows waivers from specific restrictions for developments which provide certain public amenities, for example, a building may be allowed extra square footage or height in exchange for a public courtyard.

What is the Casa Milá?

Casa Milá was designed by Antoni Gaudi (1856-1934). Much of his early work can be considered a precursor to the style of Art Nouveau.

Name the project designed by Le Corbusier that represents his vision of the ideal city.

Chandigarh, the capital city of Punjab built in 1953. Planned as a living organism and based on four major functions; living, working, care of the body and spirit, and circulation, the city was built largely of unfinished concrete and exposed brick. Le Corbusier was interested in model solutions. His model of the urban environment consisted of freestanding, monolithic, high-rise, high-density business and residential towers raised on columns above open or green space. Other projects that embody this vision are the Alton Housing Estate in London by architects of the Greater London Council, 1954. Brasilia, the capital city of Brazil, by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, 1956-1960. Claude-Nicolas Ledoux preceded Le Corbusier with his concept for an ideal city called Chaux in 1804.

What is the most likely cause of heaving?

Clay Soil. Heaving is the upward movement of soil as a result of moisture absorption, frost action, or displacement from the driving of piles. Clay soil is prone to this phenomenon. To avoid heaving, the moisture content of the subsoil should remain constant at the footing. The top of the footing should be located at the frost line to avoid seasonal moisture changes.

An owner wishes to rehabilitate a historic masonry building for a contemporary use and requests that the exterior be cleaned. The architect recommendation should be what?

Clean only if heavily soiled & Clean only if necessary to halt deterioration. Since masonry is extremely susceptible to damage, cleaning should only be done by the gentlest means possible, such as low-pressure water and mild detergent. If it is determined that cleaning is necessary, a test should be conducted to determine the proper cleaning method and its long-term effects. Cleaning simply to create a new appearance needlessly introduces chemicals or moisture into the masonry. Regarding historic architectural metals such as copper roofs or bronze elements, cleaning may never be appropriate. The patina itself may be a protective coating as well as an important historic feature.

What organizational form is most appropriate for a building located in Vermont?

Compact. A compact building form has the least amount of exposed surface area for thermal conductivity and is therefore the most appropriate choice for a cold climate.

Describe the City Beautiful Movement.

Conceived as a reform movement, it was championed by advocates such as Daniel Burnham, who sought to improve the socially, morally and physically decaying cities through beautification and order. Burnham thought this would inspire a sense of community, responsibility, and civic loyalty among the inner-city poor, thereby revitalizing urban life. The beautification was to be done in the Beaux-Arts style, born out of Burnham's training and role as Director of Construction of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893). However, not all of Burnham's contemporaries were proponents of the Beaux-Arts style. Louis Sullivan felt that it was an impediment to the progress of American architecture. The first organized implementation of the movement was the plan for Washington D.C. in 1901. The commission headed by Burnham set out to recapture the spirit of L'Enfant's original design.

Define: Conditional Use & Variance.

Conditional Use: Granted by a zoning board to achieve a purpose deemed by the board to be in the public interest. A school or hospital located in a residentially zoned area, for example, may have been granted this type of permission. Variance: Special permission to deviate from the standard zoning regulations. It is sought by presenting the desired deviation before a local administrative authority (generally a board of zoning appeals or a board of adjustment). While both a variance and conditional use allow one to build outside the standard zoning regulations, the primary difference is that a variance is granted for the benefit of an individual owner, while conditional use is granted for the general public welfare.

How does Conductance differ from Resistance?

Conductance is the number of BTU's per hour that pass through one square foot of a material. Resistance is the reciprocal of conductance. In simple terms, Conductance is the amount of heat lost through one square foot of any given material per hour. Resistance, or R-value, of any material is the number of hours it would take for one BTU to pass through a material of a given thickness. The higher the R-value, or conversely, the lower the conductance, the better a material prevents heat loss.

What legal restrictions and regulations apply to almost every construction project?

Construction projects are regulated under the authority of local zoning ordinances, and building codes which are typically adopted from one or more of the model building codes.

In the interest of sustainability, describe some methods of storm-water management in site planning.

Construction projects result in increased runoff. Management systems strive to reduce the reliance on infrastructure through on-site infiltration and ground water recharging. Ideally, through a variety of systems there is no increase in runoff after site development. There are several strategies. Minimizing impervious surfaces promotes a balance of site hydrology. Consider water permeable paving or gravel in light traffic areas. Also, vegetated rooftops or open pavers with planting allow infiltration. Parking construction instead of large paved lots is recommended. Work with the existing natural drainage systems. Swales, buffers, biofiltration strips or bioretention zones with native vegetation (especially near parking areas) filter pollutants from storm-water. In addition, large projects can incorporate constructed or restored wetlands or dry ponds to further filter the water prior to being released into a stream. Re-use storm-water for irrigation of landscaped areas. Incorporating native, drought-resistant vegetation will minimize the need for potable water.

Define: Trenching.

Creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls, or to provide drainage of surface water.

Define: The Design Development Phase.

During this phase the architect completes the design work of all aspects of the building, leaving only the step of formal documentation, which is the development of CDs.

Define the IBC Egress Stair Design Guidelines.

Elevation changes less than 12" should be sloped. Single steps or short stairways present a tripping hazard and are to be avoided. Minimum width is 44". For an occupant load less than 50 the minimum width is 36". Minimum headroom is 80". For spiral stairs, 78". 12' maximum rise between floors or landings. Risers must be 4" minimum and 7" maximum. Treads must be 11" deep minimum. For dwellings, 7-3/4" maximum riser height and 10" minimum tread depth. The radius of the leading edge of the tread must be no more than 1/2" and must not project more than 1-1/4" over the tread below. Treads and risers must be of uniform dimension with a tolerance of 3/8". Stair risers on accessible paths must be closed. Open risers on non-accessible paths must prevent the passage of a 4" sphere.

Define: F.A.R.

Floor Area Ratio. A zoning regulation restricting the ratio between the total floor area of a building and the total lot area. For example, a site of 35,000 square feet with an F.A.R. of .25 would permit a building with 8,750 square feet (.25 x 35,000).

Describe the following architectural style: Art Nouveau.

French, late 19th century. Sensual, undulating, exaggerated and asymmetrical forms, either abstract or representative of nature i.e., water, fire, hair, flowing plants or flowers are all characteristics.

What is the most significant element in determining a catchment area?

Ground Transportation. A catchment area is the population base within a geographical region. Census data, surveys, and other information about the catchment area are used to assess the economic viability of a development. Boundaries of the area are determined by many factors such as transportation lines, political districts, and/or the ethnicity of the neighborhood. An analysis of ground transportation is one of the most significant factors affection a new development.

Name the IBC Egress Guard Guidelines.

Guards: Required on all open-sided walking surfaces where the level change is 30" or more. Guard height is to be 42" above the walking surface or measured vertically above the leading edge of the tread. In a dwelling, guard height may be 34" to 38". Up to 34" the guard must prevent the passage of a 4" sphere. From 34"-42" the guard must prevent the passage of an 8" sphere. A 6" sphere must not pass through the triangular space created by the riser, tread and guard.

Name the IBC Handrail Design Guidelines.

Handrails: Required on both sides of a stair except in dwellings. Must be located 34" to 38" above the walking surface or tread nosing. Circular profile handrails must be a minimum of 1.25" in diameter and a maximum of 2" in diameter. Non-circular profiles must be between 4" and 6.25" at the perimeter. Minimum wall clearance of 1.5". Projections including stringers and baseboards must project no more than 4 1/2" into the required stairway width.

Who is Sir Joseph Paxton, 1801-1865?

He designed the Great Conservatory at Chatsworth, Derbyshire, 1836-1840. It was one of the largest timber and glass structures of its time. Its ridge and furrow glazing system was a predecessor for his most notable cast-iron and glass structure, the Crystal Palace, in Hyde Park, London. Designed for the Great Exhibition of 1851, the Crystal Palace, a giant conservatory, incorporated pre-fabricated components which facilitated a construction time of only nine months. The Crystal Palace was moved and re-erected in Sydenham in 1852-1854.

What is the most efficient application of solar energy?

Heating Water. Solar hot water systems are very cost effective and an efficient means of utilizing solar energy. Although solar energy can theoretically be applied to both heating and cooling with current technology, it is much more expensive and less efficient to cool with solar energy than to heat.

The benefit of a low life cycle cost may result from a ______ cost of construction.

High. A high construction cost may indicate the use of high quality, long-lasting, or efficient building materials. This typically results in lower operational costs over the life of a building. The architect may help to evaluate the long term goals of an owner. One factor used to help establish an appropriate construction cost is the amount of time an owner expects to occupy a building. A design strategy that may reduce a high construction cost is the use of repetitive or prefabricated elements.

What is the Hotel Tassel?

Hotel Tassel was designed by Victor Horta (1861-1947), who was a pioneer in the style of Art Nouveau.

What is the Humbert de Romans Concert Hall?

Humbert de Romans Concert Hall was designed by Hector Guimard. It was completed in 1901, demolished in 1905 and is arguably his masterpiece though he is best known for his work on the Paris metro.

A new building is to include a large central space. Two options are being considered. The first is to construct a circular rotunda, and the second is to construct a hexagonal court. With a limited budget, which option will most likely be used?

If financial considerations are the determining factor, a hexagonal court will most likely be the best option. It will utilize regular rectilinear building components whereas a circular rotunda requires mostly custom curved elements, complex joint details, and custom finish work.

How did the Garden City plan incorporate early concepts of zoning?

In Ebenezer Howard's 1898 Garden City, Howard developed a concentric system of relationships among public buildings, commercial buildings, housing, industry, and agriculture that combines the best of the city with the best of the country. By relegating urban aspects to specific concentric bands, Howard incorporated one of the earliest concepts of zoning.

How did the Cité Industrielle plan incorporate early concepts of zoning?

In Tony Garnier's 1917 Cité Industrielle, Garnier created a set of drawings of an imaginary industrial city where public, residential, and industrial areas are clearly separated. While many of Garnier's inventions in Cité, like the extensive use of reinforced concrete, would prove extremely influential on future modern masters like Corbusier, it is his clear concept of separated land use that makes Garnier a pioneer in zoning.

Define: Entablature.

In classical architecture, it is the beam member in the area of construction carried by the columns and is divided horizontally into an architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Name several methods used to control erosion, due to runoff or wind, during construction.

In the interest of site sustainability, these methods have been implemented to reduce the negative impact of construction on water and air quality, and minimize the loss of topsoil and native vegetation. 1: Silt Fence: Filter fabric usually fixed to wood stakes filters fine sediment from runoff before it reaches receiving streams or storm sewers. 2: Straw Bale Dams/Earth Dikes: Strategic placement prior to grading will minimize the loss of topsoil by runoff. 3: Hydroseeding or Mulch: Temporary seeding with quick sprouting annual grass or a layer of mulch will help stabilize the topsoil. 4: Retaining Walls: A more permanent solution incorporated into the design. In addition to soil stabilization, many of these methods also protect the site from infestation by weeds and help maintain native vegetation.

Define: The Bidding or Negotiation Phase.

In this phase the CD's are presented to members of the building industry who bid on a project. If through bidding and negotiation a satisfactory price is agreed upon, the architect and winning bidder enter the Construction Administration phase.

Define: The Construction Administration Phase.

In this phase the architect works with the building contractors by observing work for conformance to the CD's; reviewing construction, test results and inspections, responding to requests for design changes, and by administering the completion, start-up, and closeout process for the owner.

Define: Metes-and-Bounds.

Indicates the legal boundaries of a specific tract of land and defines the bearings and dimensions of the property lines. Starting and closing at the P.O.B. (Point of Beginning), the property lines are defined by their length and their angle relative to north and south. The length is described in feet, using the decimal system, and the angle is represented by compass direction, degrees, minutes, and seconds. For example, one property line may read 172.6' South 51° 20' 12" west. Property boundaries are measured horizontally as a series of lines between points. They are not a measurement of the surface distance. For example, the lengt of a sloped property line will be shorter than the actual surface distance.

After completing the Schematic Design phase, what is the most significant reason NOT to proceed directly into the Design Development phase?

Insufficient project financing. A preliminary cost estimate is compiled at the end of the Schematic Design phase and it may be determined that the project is over budget. At this point, adjustments can be made to the size of the project (scope), less expensive materials can be specified (quality), or the owner may request more time to arrange adequate financing (cost). If none of these alternatives is acceptable, the feasibility of the project is questionable.

What is the IBC?

International Building Code, by the International Code Council (ICC).

What happens to lateral wind load as the height of a building increases?

It Increases. Buildings can act like the sail of a ship. The greater the surface area, the greater the total lateral force from wind. As the height of a building increases, so does the surface area (assuming the other dimensions of the building remain the same). These increases in lateral wind load make tall buildings more susceptible to horizontal deflection or drift at the top, and to overturning and shear forces at the bottom.

As a sight concern, why is erosion undesirable, and how can it be controlled?

It causes the disruption and removal of topsoil and native plant life that has evolved over centuries. The topsoil should be carefully stockpiled on site and re-used for final grading. Landscaping methods of control: PROPER SITE DRAINAGE: Minimize impervious surface areas; install natural storm-water treatment systems such as biofiltration areas, vegetated swales or other on site bioretention features. NATIVE PLANTING: Plant roots help to stabilize the soil. RETAINING WALL: This helps reduce the amount of sloped grading. APPLICATION OF RIPRAP: A facing of loose rough stone of various size helps to stabilize the sloped topsoil.

Define: Programming.

It is the process of identifying and organizing the objectives and criteria of a project. This process is essential to the success of a project and should occur prior to the design process. The four main areas of concern are form, function, economy, and time. Each of these topics should be considered with regard to the five step programming process: 1: Determine goals and objectives. 2: Compile facts. 3: Explore concepts. 4: Prioritize wants vs. needs. 5: Write a program statement. During this phase, no design solution is implied. This ensures that the analysis remains unbiased and objective. It is the process of problem identification and not of problem solving. Design is the process of problem solving.

How does a monument impact a land survey?

It represents a reference point. Whether it is man-made or natural, its location is recorded as a permanent landmark.

What are the negative aspects of building a freeway through a town?

It tends to destroy or segregate large parts of existing neighborhoods by dividing land both visually and physically. Many residents and businesses are displaced, noise pollution is increased, and sprawling suburbs based on allocated parcels are the result.

Describe the following architectural style: Federal.

Late 18th century. North America, elegant, slender or fine forms with curved or elliptical features, concealed hipped roofs, elongated windows, thin tapered columns, ornamental plaster and oval shapes.

How are building codes adopted and enforced?

Local building codes are generally adopted from one of the model codes used in the United States. The permitting process is how local governments enforce building codes. The architect or builder must submit plans for approval prior to permits being issued. During construction, building department officials inspect the project to verify that the construction is proceeding according to permitted plans.

Define: Macroclimate & Microclimate.

MACROCLIMATE: The prevailing weather conditions of a region throughout the year and averaged over a number of years. Characterized by general descriptions such as cool, temperate, hot-arid, and hot-humid. MICROCLIMATE: The modification of the prevailing weather conditions by site specific features such as bodies of water, hills, trees, paved areas and buildings. A thorough understanding of this modification can have a profound impact on site development. For example, the architect could locate a new building near a grove of trees in order to take advantage of the wind break or shading effects. Note that climate is quantitatively described by: 1. Temperature Range and Distribution. 2. Hours of Daylight. 3: Wind Direction and Velocity. 4: Amount of Relative Humidity and Precipitation.

On a renovation project, the architect is responsible to verify the accuracy of any existing drawings. How can the architect determine if a room is "square"?

Measure the length of each wall. Then take both diagonal measurements. If opposite wall lengths are equal and both diagonal measurements are equal, the walls are perpendicular. To measure wall length accurately, measure a convenient dimension from one end of the wall and mark a line. Then measure from the opposite end of the wall to the line and add the dimensions together. This will reduce the inaccuracies that result from reading a tape measure that is bent into a corner.

According to the ADA, name the accessibility requirements for the following: Handles, pulls, latches and locks.

Must be easy to grasp with one hand, require no tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist to operate. Levers or push mechanisms are acceptable.

What is the BOCA?

National Building Code, Building Officials and Code Administrators International. Used in the northeastern United States.

What is the CABO?

National Building Code, Council of American Building Officials by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

What are the negative aspects of development in a rural area?

Negative environmental impact includes: alteration of natural land forms and drainage patterns, a reduction of air quality, displacement of indigenous wild life and vegetation, an increase in traffic, and greater demand on infrastructure.

Is the telephone service considered a municipal service?

No. Snow removal, street cleaning, and fire protection as well as trash collection, mail delivery, and public transportation are all municipal services and are provided by public agencies. Telephone service and cable television are services provided by private companies. In any site development the availability, location, and capacity of municipal services and utilities must be addressed.

Define: Off Street Requirements.

Parking spaces within property lines as required by a city ordinance and often expressed as parking spaces per dwelling unit or per commercial space.

The layout of Central Park by Fredrick Law Olmstead (1857) is an example of what style of landscape design?

Picturesque. A garden design style characterized by wild ruggedness; in architecture, asymmetrical combinations of form and a variety of textures.

Define: P.U.D.

Planned Unit Development. A zoning designation in which parcels of land are developed with a combination of commercial, residential, recreational and civic uses. Disorganized development lead to the implementation of zoning ordinances that, while separating the use districts, created a monotonous and homogeneous environment. The goal of the P.U.D. is to integrate mixed use development and promote a vital and diverse community.

Define: Underpinning.

Providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing.

Compare the low-albedo of redwood to the low-albedo of concrete or asphalt.

Redwood will deal with absorbed heat in a more comfortable way. When asphalt, concrete, and slate have a low albedo the energy gets stored in the material, making it feel very hot to the touch. The redwood's insulating properties prevent this type of thermal gain, enabling a person to walk on it with bare feet during the summer.

The Piazza of Saint Peter at the Vatican is an example of what type of planning?

Renaissance Planning. Typical of Renaissance planning, space was created amid a cramped medieval town for a grand piazza, where a more modest square once stood. While Renaissance in planning, Bernini, a quintessentially Baroque architect, redesigned much of the architecture and interiors of the Piazza of Saint Peter (1655-67). In the 15th century, rulers began to display their power and wealth by improving their cities. They dressed their existing medieval buildings in facades composed of classical Roman elements. The church was part of this movement as well. Bernini designed an oval shaped colonnade of Tuscan columns, surrounding a pre-exisiting obelisk. That colonnade now defines the space as a formal piazza and organizes an otherwise haphazard urban pattern.

Define: Renaissance Planning.

Renaissance planning attempted to bring classical order to medieval streets by carving out formal plazas and squares and by adding classical ornament to pre-existing buildings. Venice is an example of a medieval town transformed by renaissance planning.

Define: Loam.

Rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay.

A Biofiltration Strip is a component of what?

Runoff Management. This is a broad vegetated surface (15' x 40' min.) that filters contaminants from storm-water on site. Unlike a swale that is a conveyance system for runoff, this component receives runoff directly from impervious surfaces in relatively thin sheets. This not only filters the water but reduces erosion, maintenance and the need for irrigation.

The foundation for a new building is to be constructed on soil with a disproportionate amount of peat. What is the best replacement material?

Sand. Sand has good drainage and bearing capacity. Peat is an unstable soil type. It is fibrous organic matter, spongy in texture, usually dark in color, and undergoing the process of decomposition. Silt and clay are both unstable soil types. Bark chips will also decompose and most likely cause uneven settling of the foundation.

The construction of a new library building is planned for a site adjacent to a noisy boulevard. What design options does the architect have for reducing the impact of noise?

Site design strategies for reducing noise: Construct an earth berm between the noise source & the building. Plant a dense line of trees between the noise source & the building. Use plant material as ground cover instead of hard paved surfaces. Building Design Strategies for reducing noise: Locate mechanical, service, and utility areas closer to the sound source, and quiet areas away from the sound source. Locate major wall penetrations (windows and doors) away from the sound source.

What information is included in a topographic survey?

Site features, both man-made and natural, including variations in ground elevation. These features include: 1. Site Contours: existing contours are shown with a broken like, proposed/modified contours are shown with a solid line. 2. Property Boundaries: including metes & bounds and easements. 3. Existing Buildings and Landmarks. 4. Utility Locations & Capacities. 5. Roads, Circulation, & Access. 6. Vegetation. 7. Any natural features such as a stream, pond, views, etc. It is the owner's responsibility to engage the services of a land surveyor (considered a professional service) and to then provide the information to the architect if requested. AIA Document G601, Request for Proposal - Land Survey, may be used between owner and surveyor.

List: Vehicle Turning Radii.

Small Cars: 16-19 Feet. Standard Cars: 19-23 Feet. Large Cars: 23-25 Feet. Ambulance & Paramedic: 25-30 Feet. Buses & Trucks: 43-50 Feet. Dimensions are approximate and vary, depending upon vehicle size and driving speed.

Define: Humus.

Soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity.

Define: Backfill.

Soil that is placed around the exterior of a foundation wall or other excavation and compacted to avoid settlement. It should be free of debris and organic material that might later disintegrate and create void spaces.

Define: Alluvium.

Soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing wate.

What is the SBCCI?

Southern Building Code Congress International. Used in the southwestern United States.

Name the three types of site circulation and how they can be organized.

TYPES: 1: Pedestrian. 2: Automobile. 3: Service. ORGANIZATIONS: 1: Separate the automobile entrances from pedestrian paths. 2: Layout pedestrian paths adjacent, and parallel to parking areas. 3: Separate automobile entrances from service entrances.

Define: Shoring.

Temporary wood or steel bracing, usually set at an angled position, and used to hold walls in place.

In the early 1900's what was the result of indiscriminate expansion and development in lower Manhattan?

The 1916 Zoning Resolution was enacted. This was the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States. Essentially, it established height limits, setbacks, and separated buildings that had seemingly incompatible uses. The need for development increased as did the use of the steel frame and the elevator. This resulted in taller and bulkier buildings than ever. In reaction, the zoning resolution aimed to preserve natural sunlight by limiting building height based on the width of the adjacent street. In an effort to further reduce imposing shadows, like a traditional wedding cake, buildings were required to step back as their height increased.

Name and define one commonly accepted method of applying sustainability to architectural design.

The LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System. Developed by the Green Building Council and introduced in 2000, this is a tool for evaluating the environmental performance of a construction project. Through the use of this voluntary system, the design team can track their progress toward earning a LEED certification. This certification recognizes that the project has met certain sustainability prerequisites regarding: site development, water conservation, energy efficiency, use of green building materials, and indoor environmental quality. It also means that the project has earned the minimum credits to achieve a bronze, silver, gold or platinum certification. The LEED mission "encourages and accelerates the global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through the creation and implementation of universally understood and accepted standards, tools and performance criteria."

Hector Guimard is best known for what?

The Paris Metro Stations. These station entrances were made from standard interchangeable iron parts cast in the naturalistic forms of the Art Nouveau style. Great attention was paid to the typography and illumination of these structures. The entrances were built throughout Paris from 1900-1904.

Where are setbacks addressed?

The Zoning Code. These codes refer to the partitioning of a city into districts, the regulation of land use, and restrictions on building volume and location within those districts.

If the construction schedule can only be formalized by the contractor or construction manager, how can the architect inform the client of time scheduling during programming?

The architect makes an estimate of total construction time during programming in order to give the client a general idea of the move-in date. The architect, however, cannot guarantee any time table for the construction schedule.

Define: Water Table.

The boundary between aerated and water-saturated soil. This plane may rise and fall seasonally. Same as ground-water level.

What factors affect a building's plan orientation, besides climate?

The building relationship to the street. The orientation of nearby structures. The aesthetics of the site.

Who is typically responsible for securing the building permit, and at what phase of the project is it secured?

The contractor, at the end of the construction documents phase. According to AIA Document A201, General Conditions, the contractor generally secures and pays for all permits, fees, licenses, and inspections. The permit is secured after the execution of the contract, which is the en of the C.D.'s phase.

Name a primary site development concern for large scale projects such as shopping malls, stadiums or schools.

The effect on site drainage. Any development will alter site drainage patterns. In larger developments, due to building coverage and the extensive paving required for parking there is a dramatic increase in the impervious surfaces. These projects limit the amount of naturally porous soil and cause a notable increase in the rate and quantity of storm runoff. In times of particularly heavy runoff, flooding and pollution of nearby watercourses is a possibility. All water must be drained away from buildings, parking areas and walks. Ideally, natively vegetated biofiltration strips, swales and other storm-water retention strategies will reduce the reliance on expensive, traditional storm-water systems.

Define: Overhead.

The general costs of operating a business that cannot be directly assigned to a project. Rent, drafting supplies, taxes, professional dues, insurance, theft, and depreciation are all examples. Salaries and benefits qualify only if the employee or principal is not doing project related work.

Define: Angle of Repose.

The greatest angle at which soil will lay without sliding. This angle varies with the size and shape of the soil grains. Generally sand and gravel have a steeper angle than silts and loams. Damp soil has a steeper angle than saturated or totally dry soil. Loose, Wet Clay or Silt: 30%. Compact Dry Dirt: 100%. Wet Sand: 80%. Dry Sand: 65%.

Define: Grid City Planning.

The grid city form can be found as the primary design pattern in cities from ancient Greece to modern Manhattan. Its prominence can be explained by its vast potential for expansion and adaption, and by its simple underlying order.

Philadelphia is based on what from of urban plan?

The gridiron street system. This urban layout incorporates public parks and open spaces as well as uniform spacing and setbacks.

What is the ideal location for an electrical equipment room?

The ideal location is at the center of a facility, because it allows for minimum lengths of thermal and electrical distribution runs. Aesthetics, noise, prime space requirements, and service accessibility may preclude this ideal location.

What aspects of urban site development are of particular environmental concern?

The impact of the building on other surrounding buildings including shade patterns, wind patterns, drainage patterns, noise, traffic, and possible industrial emissions. Unlike suburban development, urban in-fill or adaptive re-use projects often have a limited impact on the existing infrastructure.

Define: The Schematic Design Phase.

The initial underlying design in which an architect and client establish design goals, develop a party, select a design vocabulary, and evaluate concept alternatives.

Define: Pad Elevation.

The level of subgrade onto which material will be added to reach finish grade. Identified by a note not a contour line.

Define: Architrave.

The lower most division of the entablature. It spans from column to column and rests directly on their capitals.

Define: Invert.

The lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, pipe or other plumbing line. For drains and sewers, this point must be established due to the dependence on gravity.

Define: Frieze.

The middle panel of the entablature. It sits below the cornice.

Describe Exit Requirements.

The minimum number of exits required from all rooms and spaces within each story is determined by occupant load. IBC exit Requirements: (Occupant Load : # of Required Exits) 1-500 : 2 501-1000 : 3 1001+ : 4. Some one and two-story buildings may have one exit depending on occupancy classification, number of occupants and the travel distance to the exit. Maximum travel distance to a legal means of egress is dependent upon the occupancy classification and the inclusion of a sprinkler system. It is defined as the distance on each story from the most remote point to the exit, measured along a natural unobstructed path of travel. Depending upon occupancy classification, the maximum distance for buildings without sprinklers ranges from 150'-300', and from 75'-400' in sprinklered buildings.

Define: Bedrock.

The most stable soil type.

Define: The Construction Documents Phase.

The most time consuming phase. This is the assembly of all the contractually binding documents, written and graphic, necessary to communicate design and administer a project. The documents define the total obligation of the architect, the construction manager, and all contractors. CD's are the legal documents used to obtain regulatory and financial approval necessary to proceed with construction.

Define: Zoning.

The municipal regulation of building and land use. This may include height limitations, setbacks, population density control, the ratio of building to open space, provisions for parking and accessible services, and any other regulations as determined by the municipality. While these ordinances were originally intended for the protection of property rights in expanding cities they have become, along with building codes, a primary tool of urban planners and developers in achieving overall community design goals.

Define: Building Efficiency.

The net-to-gross area ratio or net area / gross area. This is often presented as a percentage. Gross Area: The total area of a building. Net Area: This area is determined by the gross area minus circulation space, mechanical space, lavatories, wall thickness, and all other spaces not assigned to the primary functions of the building. A building becomes more efficient as the net area approaches the gross area, bringing the net-to-gross area ratio closer to 1. A building such as a museum, may have a high efficiency like .82, while a hospital, where the primary functions of the building depend on a vast network of circulation and mechanical support, may have an efficiency as low as .50.

How much would highway noise intensity (I) diminish if a developer decided to build 200 feet, as opposed to 100 feet, from the edge of a highway?

The noise intensity (I) would diminish by 75%. Doubling the distance from the receiver to the sound source decreases noise intensity (I) to one fourth its original intensity. Note: Sound intensity (I) is different than the intensity level (IL) measured in decibels. Doubling the distance from the highway would decrease the IL by 6dB.

A developer is considering building a new shopping mall near a residential neighborhood. After researching the catchment area, the developer will know what?

The potential customer base. The catchment area is a specific geographic area in which a Census user group for a particular activity is located. data, surveys, and information provided by local agencies is analyzed and used to assess the viability of a development. Boundaries are often determined by the availability of transportation lines as well as physical features such as major highways and waterways. Boundaries can also be defined by factors such as voting or school districts, or the ethnicity of a neighborhood. A particular area may be located within multiple catchment areas simultaneously. For example, the catchment area for a shopping mall may encompass all or part of the catchment area from which a local factory draws its workers.

Define: Excavation.

The removal of soil from its natural position to allow for construction below grade.

Define: Master Format (MasterFormat).

The standard outline of construction materials and components developed by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI). The format, including the 16 primary divisions, was revised in 2004 and forms the basis by which the building trades organize information. For example, information regarding door hardware or window frames can be found in division 08, Openings. The CSI divisions include: 00: Procurement and Contracting Requirements. 01: General Requirements. 02: Existing Conditions (Formerly Site Work). 03: Concrete. 04: Masonry. 05: Metals. 06: Wood, Plastics and Composites (Formerly Wood and Plastics). 07: Thermal and Moisture Protection. 08: Openings (Formerly Doors and Windows). 09: Finishes. 10: Specialties. 11: Equipment. 12: Furnishings. 13: Special Construction. 14: Conveying Equipment (Formerly Conveying Systems). 15: Reserved for future expansion (Formerly Mechanical). Info relocated to Division 22: Plumbing, and Division 23: HVAC. 16: Reserved for future expansion (Formerly Electrical). Info relocated to Division 26: Electrical, and 27: Communications.

Define: Star Shaped Planning.

The star plan came from star shaped medieval city walls. As wall defenses were made obsolete by advances in artillery, they were leveled and sometimes turned into boulevards. Vienna's Ringstrasse is an example.

Define: Ecology.

The study of living organisms in relationship to their environment.

Define: Hydrology.

The study of the occurrence, movement and quality of water on a site. Concerned with water forms, drainage patterns, runoff, water table and aquifer zones.

Name and describe each of the five classical architectural orders.

The three Greek orders listed in order of least to most complex: 1: DORIC: This order has sturdy proportions, a simple capital and cornice, a frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a fluted column with no base. 2: IONIC: This order is characterized by a capital having large volutes, a banded entablature, and ofter has dentils in the cornice. The column is fluted and rests on a simple base. 3: CORINTHIAN: A decorative variation of ionic. The most slender and ornate of the Greek orders, Corinthian is characterized by an inverted bell shaped capital with volutes and rows of acanthus leaves, and by an elaborate cornice. While the size may vary, each element inn the orders was proportionally generated by a column-base diameter to column-height ratio. For example, a column can be described as seven diameters high. The Romans contributed two additional orders: 4: TUSCAN: A simpler version of the Doric order, Tuscan has a plain frieze, a bare cornice and unfluted columns. 5: COMPOSITE: This Roman adaptation of the Corinthian order differs only slightly in its elaboration of the capital, which uses larger volutes, and in similar subtle variations throughout.

According to the IBC, the number of accessible parking spaces for a project depends upon what?

The total number of spaces provided & the type of facility. Where parking is provided, the number of accessible spaces is determined by the total number of parking spaces provided for the entire facility. However, for hospital outpatient facilities, 10% and for rehabilitation and outpatient physical therapy facilities 20% of all spaces must be accessible. (Total Spaces Provided : Minimum Accessible Spaces): 1-25:1, 26-50:2, 51-75:3, 76-100:4, 101-150:5, 151-200:6, 201-300:7, 301-400:8, 401-500:9, 501-1000:2% of total, 1000+:20 plus one for each additional 100 spaces.

Define: Cornice.

The upper most division of the entablature. It consists of a molded projection that crowns the construction.

Define: Construction Management.

There are three basic methods of approaching a construction project (project delivery): Design-Bid-Build, Design-Build, and Construction Management. Each one defines the relationship and responsibilities of the owner, architect and contractor, and has distinct characteristics regarding construction, cost, scheduling, and risk. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT is often used in large or complex building projects when budget and scheduling issues are critical. This method was developed as a result of owner demand for technical advice early in the process. A consultant may be contracted by the owner to act as advisor, agent or constructor, during design and construction.

Define: Design-Build.

There are three basic methods of approaching a construction project (project delivery): Design-Bid-Build, Design-Build, and Construction Management. Each one defines the relationship and responsibilities of the owner, architect and contractor, and has distinct characteristics regarding construction, cost, scheduling, and risk. DESIGN-BUILD is used when the owner requests that a single entity be responsible for both design and construction services. The owner has one contract with the architect/contractor. This method eliminates the potential conflict between the architect, as an owner's agent, and the contractor.

Define: Design-Bid-Build.

There are three basic methods of approaching a construction project (project delivery): Design-Bid-Build, Design-Build, and Construction Management. Each one defines the relationship and responsibilities of the owner, architect and contractor, and has distinct characteristics regarding construction, cost, scheduling, and risk. In the most common type, DESIGN-BID-BUILD, an architect is hired by an owner. The design documents are bid upon by various contractors and the acceptable proposal with the lowest bid is usually selected to build the project. The owner has a separate contract with both the architect and the contractor.

According to the Unified Soil Classification System (U.S.C.), how are soils classified?

They are classified by grain size as well as other physical characteristics. They fall into three main categories, Coarse-Grained Soils, Fine-Grained Soils, and Highly Organic Soils, and are further defined within each category. COARSE-GRAINED SOILS: Gravels: Well Graded (GW) and Poorly Graded (GP). Also, Silty Gravels (GM) and Clayey Gravels (GC). Sands: Well Graded (SW) and Poorly Graded (SP). Also, Silty Sands (SM) and Clayey Sands (SC). FINE-GRAINED SOILS: Silts and Clays: Inorganic and organic mixtures of fine sand, silt and clay with various levels of compressibility and plasticity. The designation M (silts), C (clays), O (organics) followed by a designation for compressibility and plasticity, either L (low) or H (high). For example, CL: Inorganic clays of low plasticity, including gravelly, sandy and silty clays. HIGHLY ORGANIC SOILS: A special classification (PT). This includes peat, leaf branch particles, grass or other organic material that may have undesirable building characteristics.

Describe the architecture of the Greek temples.

They were meant to be approached from all sides. The freestanding monuments had no backdrops.. The frieze, columns and three-stepped terrace wrapped completely around. Conceptually, the building indicated no designated entrance or approach. They were designed for outward effect. Temples were designed essentially as an exterior presence since they were monuments for the exclusive use of gods and goddesses and not intended for worshipping or congregating. They were the principal building form in Greek cities. Temples were the main focus of the built environment. Since they were dedicated to the gods, no other structure, such as a palace, should compete for prominence. They did not incorporate timber trusses. Although the roof structure incorporated timber members, the principle of the roof truss was not understood at this time. Interior-tiered colonnades were used to support the roof.

Name a significant drawback of the New Town Concept developed in Great Britain as a result of the New Town Act of 1946.

This concept originally aspired to produce self-sufficient, planned communities. In actuality, these towns remained suburban and dependent on larger urban centers, mostly for employment. Crawly, Harlow, Stevenage, Basildon, etc. in England and Columbia, Maryland and Reston, Virginia in the United States, for example. Typically criticized for their standardized rigidity and lack of the dynamics found in a town that has developed over time.

Define: Homes Association.

This is an organization created to manage shared facilities in a detached or attached housing development. Membership is guaranteed by ownership in the development and this organization acts as the governing body.

Define the term Green as it applies to building materials and sustainable design.

This term is meant to evoke the color of lush and healthy vegetation and refers to the environmentally friendly quality of the material. Due to their complex composition and methods of manufacturing, building materials cover a broad range of "greenness". Common characteristics include: sensitivity toward non-renewable resources such as oil and ore, non-toxic, recyclable content and recyclability of the material itself, energy and water efficiency, and sensitivity to the "greenness" of its own manufacturing process. An excellent way of promoting sustainability through the use of green products is to incorporate indigenous stone or plant material into a project. A green building is one that is sited, built, operated or renovated using the principles of sustainability. Typically, the initial cost can be 5% to 15% more than a conventional project. However, the life cycle cost savings of a green building are generated from energy and maintenance efficiency as well as worker productivity due to improved lighting and ventilation design.

Regarding building codes, what is IBC?

Through the joint efforts of various model code organizations, the International Code Council (ICC) was established in 1994. They developed a single comprehensive and and coordinated set of model codes with the intention of unifying the existing national codes. These codes include: Building, Fire, Electrical, Mechanical, Zoning, Energy Conservation, etc. Their model building code is called the International Building Code (IBC) and it contains no regional limitations.

What is the primary purpose of plumbing codes?

To protect the health and safety of the occupants of a building from water-supply contamination. They also set a standard for pipe sizing and pitch to control unpleasant odors from sewage gas and blocked drains.

What are the factors in evaluating public transportation?

Transportation systems are an integral part of the landscape and shape a city's design and geometry. The various systems themselves must be designed as a single entity and work harmoniously with the existing conditions and natural topography to be most effective. Older cities typically integrated transportation systems early in their development. A dense urban core may preclude introducing a new system or hinder the expansion of an existing system due to cost and the disruption of the population. Small developing cities are often comprised of a single populated corridor that lends itself to bus or light rail systems. They must consider the possibility of over crowding caused by a centralized system or a reduction in ridership due to a new highway. Except in a dense urban center where parking and traffic delays are an issue, the automobile is the commuter's preferred mode of transportation. Their decisions are based on a variety of issues but reliability and convenience often outweigh costs.

Define: Storm Drain.

Underground conduit used to carry rainwater, not sewage, from a catch basin to a paved channel or body of water. Controls runoff and erosion in high-density areas with impervious surfaces. Diameter is determined by the region's rainfall in inches per hour.

What is the UBC?

Uniform Building Code, by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO). Used in the western and central United States.

Define: Uniform Soil Classification System (U.S.C.).

Used to determine drainage potential, bearing capacity, and erosion potential. Classified by grain size and physical characteristics such as well-graded, uniformly-graded, gap-graded, organic and inorganic. Other characteristics include: COLOR: Indicates the amount of organic matter, drainage and fertility. TEXTURE: Indicates the ability of the soil to hold water and its workability. STRUCTURE: Flattened, granular, or chunky; the degree of drainage, aeration, and ability to hold water. DEPTH: The degree of fertility and availability of minerals.

What is the main drawback of solar energy?

Utilization of solar energy may increase the complexity and scope of a project and add substantially to the initial cost. However, savings may be realized over time through a lower life-cycle cost. Economic decisions must be based on a realistic payback period, reliability, and ease of maintenance. As the cost of conventional energy continues to increase, solar energy will become a more affordable alternative.

Define: Equinox.

Vernal Equinox: Approximately March 21st. Autumnal Equinox: Approximately September 22nd. When the sun crosses the plane of the equator and the day and night are of equal length. Two times each year when the sun is half way between the summer and winter solstice. In the northern hemisphere, the summer solstice is June 21st and the winter solstice is approximately December 22nd.

A client proposes construction of a vacation home on an undeveloped plot of land. What are the architect's principal concerns in analyzing this site?

Views. Pedestrian and Automobile Accessibility. Soil Conditions. Solar Orientation. Utility Access. Municipal Service. Wind Patterns. Zoning. Easements. Deed Restrictions. Land Values.

Riparian rights refer to what?

Water Rights. These water rights entitle a landowner whose property is adjacent to a river or other body of water the use of that water for various purposes including; irrigation, generating electricity, transportation, and fishing as well as other municipal or industrial uses.

Define: Sheet Flow.

Water that drains in a thin layer across a sloped surface, pavement, grass or landscape. The runoff is directed to a gutter or channel, and then storm sewer or natural water course.

Describe the following: Well-Graded Soils, Uniformly-Graded Soils, Gap-Graded Soils.

Well-Graded Soils: Has a good representation of all particle sizes, in proportionate quantities, from the largest to the smallest. The smaller particles fill the voids between the larger particles. This proportioning generates stability through increased grain-to-grain contact. Uniformly-Graded Soils: Consists primarily of particles that are all approximately the same size. A type of Poorly Graded Soil. Gap-Graded Soils: Consists of both large and small particles but the continuity of gradation is interrupted, typically by the absence of intermediate-size particles. A type of Poorly Graded Soil.

What type of foundation system would most likely be used for expansive soil?

When this soil condition occurs near the surface, the best type of foundation system is pile or caisson foundation piers that bear on stable soil below. A continuous concrete grade beam is then used to connect the piers. Clay soil tends to increase in volume with an increase in water content and decrease in volume when dry. Building foundations must be isolated from this soil due to the stress caused by heaving.

How do natural lighting conditions affect one's choice of orientation for a building?

While many theories of building/sun orientation exist, most agree that principal facades ideally face south (in the northern hemisphere) for optimal living conditions (warmth in winter and coolness in summer). The quality of light is also a concern. Southern light tends to be direct, bright, and intense while northern light is more evenly diffuse. Most importantly, all of these generalities must give way to regional and local conditions. The location of a 2nd building or other microclimate condition may trump any general rule of orientation.

Describe the best way to provide security and promote a sense of safety for the occupants of residential buildings.

While there are various devices designed for personal protection, window bars, security alarms, etc. the best way to provide security is through the involvement of the neighbors. Communities with street activity, homes with front porches, and homes that are visible to one another, all promote security through mutual observation and passive surveillance. The safety of children is also a concern. Exterior play areas and public spaces should be protected and clearly visible from within the residence. Ideally, these areas should be easily monitored from the space where parents spend most of their time.

With regard to site development, what are the architect's primary concerns?

•Pedestrian and vehicular circulation/transportation network. •The disposal of runoff and the effects of surface drainage. •Landscaping. •Access to services and public facilities. •Natural and artificial lighting. •Site access for emergency vehicles. •Security. •Subsurface conditions and topography: A high or fluctuating water table may cause excavation or foundation problems such as heaving. Bedrock near the surface may interfere with subsurface construction such as basements or foundations and may add significantly to the const of construction. Unstable soil due to the presence of clay or organic material may require alternative foundation systems or extensive regrading.