ARE: SPD + PPP

Angle of Repose: Loose wet clay/silt Compact dry clay Wet Sand Dry Sand

Angle of Repose: greatest angle which soil will lay without sliding Loose wet clay/silt: 30% Compact dry clay: 100% Wet Sand: 80% Dry Sand: 65%

Blighted Area

Any area of a community where negative conditions have adversely affected its desirability and an economic or aesthetic liability to the community.

Asbestos Health Hazards (3 known)

Asbestosis: non cancerous chronic respiratory disease cause by accumulation of fibers in lungs Lung, Stomach, Colon cancer Mesthelioma: rare cancer in thin membrane lining of chest and abdomen

Life Cycle Analysis

Assessment of environmental impacts of product in each phase of its use, from raw material to disposal

Auger boring

Auger drill fastened to rod to bring soil to surface. most efficient in sand and clay because the bit is easily obstructed. has limited depth (50').

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)

EPA regulation that dictates requirement of ACM removal before remodel/demo

Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA)

EPA regulation that handles asbestos in K-12 schools, requires that all facilities be inspected

Test pit

Excavation of open pit that allows for visual examination and ability to take samples, can determine depth of water table, typically not excavated below water table

Broadacre City

FLW, 1932, each person has an acre, rise of suburbia, came under criticism by jane jacobs

Industrial Revolution Planning

Factory System: work force had to be close to the factory, source of power, and transportation = population increase in factory town → overcrowding, filthy, devoid of open space, and recreational activities.

Industrial Revolution Planning

Factory-based, proximity important, production, dense population and innovation

Land could be transferred and used however the owner pleased

Fee Simple

How to improve soil bearing capacity (5):

Fill: poor soil replaced with appropriate soil/sand/gravel mix compaction: usually of existing soil with a technique similar to compaction of fill densification: use of heavy pounding piles/vibration/weights to compact and fill voids surcharging: adding fill to existing soil and allowing settlement to take place with time mixing: addition of sand or gravel to soil

Measures the amount of flame and smoke a material generates

Flame Spread Rating / Smoke Developed Ratings

Bulk Moisture

Flow of water through holes, cracks, and other discontinuities into basement walls

Frost Action

Freezing and thawing may cause ground to heave, in areas of such occurrence, foundations should be located below frost line

Division One

General Requirements, establishes administrative/procedural duties of contractor, architect, owner during construction

Baroque Planning

General: The concept was applied first for forest landscapes and later applied to towns Connector: Boulevards were used to unite the various parts of a larger, often expanding city. Focus: Plazas were used as a convening public forum in a compact town Example: Vista avenues in Versailles used in French landscape architecture to make large expanses of terrain visible

Core boring

Intact cylindrical sample extracted by drilling through all types of soil and rock. most reliable but most expensive, results recorded in log book

Easement

Legal right of government or land owner to use one's property for specific purpose. -Utility easement (no structures can be built over this) -Conservation easement (prevents development of environmentally significant land) -Scenic easement (protects a view) -Joint use easement (2+ parties share common feature) -Access easement (traverse land for right of way)

Steppe

Level or rolling treeless plain usually in an area of extreme temperature ranges.

Provides a tool for determining long-term costs for the total building

Life Cycle Costing

Deed Restriction

Limitation on use of property: typically by original developers.

Restrictive Covenant

Limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. (ex. aesthetics: color palettes, vegetation, fencing, pet control, or storage)

Bearing Capacity Bedrock Well graded gravel/sand Compacted sand/fill Silt/Clay: 1,000-4,000 psf

Max pressure a foundation soil can take Bedrock: 10,000 psf Well graded gravel/sand: 3,000-12,000 psf Compacted sand/fill: 2,000-3,000 psf Silt/Clay: 1,000-4,000 psf

ADA Parking Max from building: 7-50 lot 51-100 lot 101-150 lot

Max from building: 200' 7-50 lot: 2 51-100 lot: 3 101-150 lot: 5

Hydrostatic Pressure

Occurs when water at foundation is under pressure, can be remedied with geotextiles, gravel fill below floor slab, positive slope away from building, or sump pumps

Capillary Action

Occurs when water wicks into the cracks and pores of porous building materials, such as masonry blocks/concrete/wood. Can absorb water in any direction - even upward

Soft soil is encountered on site:

Often economical to remove and replace with compacted fill, compacted in 6 inch layers, typical soils obtained and subjected to a Proctor test.

Savannah city plan

Oglethorpe 1770s first colonial town laid out on grid system groups of 40 houses bound by major streets and each section has public square

Drain Field

Septic tank discharges into underground drain field, potential health hazards and water pollution must be considered, soil must be relatively pervious, tiles comprising drain field should be placed at very gentle slope of about 1 inch in 24 feet.

Flat Plate Collector

Solar energy collector. In an insulated aluminum box, approx. 4'x8'x6inches with a sheet of glazing exposed to the sun. Black surface inside acts as the absorber plate which transfers heat by conduction to piping soldered to the absorber plates. Heat transfer medium is usually water mixed with non-toxic antifreeze solution. Heating water is the most efficient application of solar energy.

Environmental remediation

Removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water.

what is a preliminary cost estimate based on?

SF cost estimates based on occupancy, size and type of construction; could also be based on unit costs [cost per person, per bed, etc]

Behavior Setting

Space with definable boundaries and objects where typical pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time

Sociopetal

Spaces, Buildings, Rooms and Furniture designed to bring people together

Stipulated/Lump Sum

Specific amt. agreed upon as the total

Material Limits

Specifications for minimum quality standards and means for determine the strength of a member to resist a given load. • Typical materials include concrete, wood, glass, steel, masonry, aluminum, and gypsum • New materials are permitted if their preference level can be proven and accepted by the review board

Contours point "up" towards higher elevation

Swale/Valley

Gravel

Well drained, able to bear loads (+2mm), poorly graded gravel (uniform in size) is good for slab-on-grade construction

Sand

Well drained, can serve as foundation when graded (.5-2mm)

Swamp

Wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water , substantial number of hummocks

Accessory Use Area

a space or room that is an accessory to a main occupancy but that does not exceed 10% of the floor area of the main occupancy. It does not need to be separated from the main occupancy with a fire barrier. Ex: a small gift shop in a hospital

Fire Doors

The fire rating classification of the wall into which the door is installed dictates the required fire rating of the door. The location of the wall in the building and prevailing building code establish the wall's fire rating.

Walter Gropius

architect, 1910-50s, Germany, boston -founder of Bauhaus school, pioneer of modern architecture and international style -emphasized the 'gesemtkunstwerk' or total work of art

Le Corbusier

architect, 1910-50s, france -pioneer of modern architecture -distanced himself from past, based designs on functionality without ornamentation -five points of architecture: 1.) pilotis (reinforced concrete stilts) 2.) free façade (non supporting walls designed however) 3.) open plan (no structure in the way) 4.) ribbon windows (for unencumbered views) 5.) roof garden -Modulor: continuation of architectural scale and proportion based off human body, golden ratio, fibonocci numbers, and double unit.

Ludwig mies van der rohe

architect, 1920s-50s, Germany/Chicago pioneer of modern architecture "less is more" and "god is in the details" sought a rational approach

Philip Johnson

architect, 40s-2000s, new England -modern architect that worked in simple materials and glass. -glass house and seagram building

Louis Sullivan

architect, late 18-1900s, Chicago -father of modern skyscraper - critic of Chicago school, mentor to FLW, inspiration to Prarie school -used steel frames with terra cotta to create tall buildings that emphasized verticality -believed that exterior of building should reflect its structure and function. ornamentation derived from nature rather than classical architecture of the past.

Charles mckim

architect, late 1800s, Germany/boston. member of mckim/mead/white brining beaux-arts architecture to America. boston public library, penn station, Ny herald building

Buckminster Fuller

architect/engineer/inventor, mid 1900s, LA -developed geodesic dome, and futuristic prototype housing

Clarence Stein

architect/planner, early 1900s, NYC -proponent of garden city movement -collaborated with henry wright to design rayburn, NJ - garden suburb known for it's superblock layout. total separation between car and pedestrian.

World's Columbian Exposition

burnham + olmstead, Chicago, 400th anniversary of columbus' arrival. prototype of what they thought a city should be -showed desirable results that could be achieved through organized effors -followed beaux arts principles and French neoclassical architecture based on symmetry, balance and splendor.

Cost Index

calculated by averaging costs in a number of major US cities. It is intended to be a construction cost indicator. The indexes can be used to apply costs from one part of the country to another and to escalate past costs to the expected midpoint of construction of the project being budgeted Example: Cost Index in Miami is 950. Cost Index in Fort Lauderdale where you will be building is 1040. If the expected construction cost estimate is $ 1, 400,560 based on prices in Miami, what will be the expected cost in Fort Lauderdale? 1. Divide Higher index by Lower Index: 1040 ÷ 950 = 1.095 2. Multiply the result by the base cost: ($1,400,560)(1.095) = $1,533,613.20

Width of ADA car space, van space

car: 96" van: 132" both require 60" access aisle

Exaction

concept where a condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires part of the land to be dedicated to public use

Debt service/cost of money

cost to pay off a construction loan for a project. It is considered to be an ongoing cost over many years; it is not part of the original project cost

Bond

debt security issued by a government entity to raise money to finance a construction project;

General Requirements

describes specific procedures that contractor must follow

Congenital drainage systems

designed to control flooding during large, infrequent storms - must cost-effectively manage flooding, control storm bank erosion, and protect water quality

OSHA

designed to protect workers who handle ACM and other hazardous materials

Utilization Ratio

determines the amt. of time spend on billable work as a % of the total time the employee is compensated UR = billable hours / total hours

Multiple of Direct Salary Expense (DSE)

everyone's direct salary/wages multiplied by factor to cover fringe benefits (ex. insurance), overhead and profit

Percentage of cost of work

fee based on percentage of construction cost

General Obligation Bond

finances acquisition or construction of specific public facilities and to purchase property that does not collect revenue. principal and interest on these bonds are paid for by general taxes (ex. schools, museums, libraries). does not encourage private development.

Public enterprise revenue bond

finances facilities for revenue producing public enterprises. bonds are paid off from revenues generates by facility through the charges they impose (airports, parking garages, hospitals)

Proforma

financial analysis of a building project which involves cost/return on investment

pro-forma

financial analysis of a building project which involves cost/return on investment

Conventional mortgage

fixed or adjustable interest rate; secured by the property purchased; when debt is repaid borrower has clear title to the property.

Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense (DPE)

fringe benefits included in direct salary/wages, that expense is multiplied by a factor to cover overhead and profit

Calculating Slope

g=v/h x 100

Fire Zone

geographic districts generally classified as high, moderate or low hazard based on population density, building height, street access, and congestion that affect fire department response time, and the fire department's equipment and competence

Cluster development

grouped but more densely sited than in conventional developments. remaining land is common open space

Court pattern

groups units to face into a common open space

Warranty deed

guarantee that property will be transferred to buyer free of liens, claims or other debt

gantt/bar chart

illustrates start to finish fates of a project broken into activity

Drip Line

imaginary line on ground level described by outermost branches of a tree

Shopping Centers

it is a group or series of shops all oriented to be accessed by the automobile. creation of a convenient and attractive project, which offers maximum merchandising potential for tenant stores. Keep in mind the tenant mix, convenient access to the shopping center and the separation of pedestrian and vehicular areas. There 3 types of shopping centers: Neighborhood Center: convenience goods, and personal services. Often built around a supermarket or drugstore. (Ex: Hammocks Center) Community Center: in addition to convenience goods and personal services, it provides for the sale of soft goods (clothes), hard goods (hardware). (Ex: Wal-Mart) Regional Center: it is built around one or more major department stores and provides general merchandise, furniture, and home furnishings. (Ex: Dadeland Mall)

arbitration

legal technique for the resolution of disputes outside the court system, still legally binding

subrogation

legal technique where an insurer takes over for a party for whom it has made a payment [eg damage to a property under construction caused by a contractor is covered by insurance company, who then sues subcontractor in the owner's name]

contractual/indemnification

liability assumed by contract where contractors agree to hold owners/architects harmless for damages that are the result of specific events

Second Empire

like Italianate by with mansard roofs

Egress stairways

must be completely enclosed because vertical shafts provide the most readily path for fire and smoke spreading upward from to floor. Note: stories include basement, not mezzanine. 44" wide when load >50 36" wide when load <50 risers: 4-7" treads: <11" 12' distance between landings, vertically handrail extension beyond top riser: 12" beyond bottom riser: depth of 1 tread

General sales taxes (general tax revenues) and property taxes

ney collected is put in a general fund and used as required by that jurisdiction. They are typically used to fund public works, used to provide ongoing operation and maintenance of existing facilities and normal capital improvements (Ex: replacing curbs, remodeling schools...). → General tax: any tax imposed for general governmental purposes → Property tax: based on the value of property being taxed: ad valorem tax

Subdivision exaction

not used to fund construction, rather they are requirements that developers either dedicate some land for public use or contribute cash for the purchase of land and facilities made necessary by local governments.

Materials that cannot be used in any type of construction (4)

peat muck expansive/swelling soils collapsible soils severity of post construction damage possible

Fire partition

provides a continuous barrier from floor of underside of the floor or ceiling above, or to ceiling of fire-resistance rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly. Ex. corridor walls, walls separating dwelling units.

Fire wall

rated wall used to separate single structure into separate construction types or provide allowable area increased by creating what amounts to separate buildings even though they are attached. must extend continuously from foundation to or through the roof. ex. wall separating rowhouse units

Barrier-Free Provisions:

regulations which provide accessibility to buildings and sites for persons with disabilities.

Passive Solar Cooling

shading/natural ventilation/radiative and evaporative cooling, ground coupling

Bridge Loan

short‐term loan used to quickly purchase property or to finance a project that must begin immediately while waiting on another lender to approve a long term loan;

Prescriptive Code

specifies techniques, materials and methods - simple

Amortization

spreading payments over multiple periods

MasterFormat

standard for organizing specifications and other written info for commercial and institutional projects

drainage slope design surface drainage: away from building: drainage ditches: max. for grassed area: max. for stable soil:

surface drainage: .5% away from building: 2% drainage ditches: 2-10% max. for grassed area: 25% max. for stable soil: 50%

Numeric Method

system for calculating space requirements - classifies physical facilities into use categories (ex. classrooms, labs, library, etc) which require a certain index (multiplier) -factors needed to compute an index: 1.) ft/user, 2.) hours/week 3.) % of time

Disposal Field

system of trenches and loose popes through which septic-tank effluent may seep into surrounding soil. aka drainage or absorption field

Special sales tax

tax imposed for specific purpose. requires majority vote. ex. fund a transportation project

Fast-track scheduling

technique to save on overall time in completing an entire project by combining the architect/engineer schedules with the builder's construction schedule. It requires close coordination, staged bidding, and it is typical to hire a construction manager to supervise the construction process to establish a degree of control over cost and time, and establish responsibility. Oversights and corrections are to be expected; they are an integral part of fast-track scheduling. Note: fast-track scheduling is considered to be an additional service for the architect. Fast-track scheduling males it possible to construct a high-quality building in 10- 30% less time than a conventional construction contract.

Unbundling

when an owner structures their own project teams, lead by a third party PM

Critical Path Method

→ Activities: divide the project into concise tasks (numbered circles). No activity can begin until all activities leading into a circle have been completed. → Solid Arrow: beginning and end point of an activity; they have a duration. → Dummies: dashed arrows indicating dependency relationships. Dummies are not activities themselves, therefore they have no duration. They are used to give each activity a unique beginning and ending number, and to allow establishment of dependency relationships without tying in non-dependent activities. → Event: is a moment when a preceding activity has been completed and the following activity may begin. → Milestone events: important points of the construction process. → Interface events: events common to two separate network diagrams. → Path: a diagram has several paths, from start to finish, and each having varying total time duration. → *Critical Path (heavier arrows): the total project time established by the path with the longest total required time. → Critical activities: activities along the critical path. Delaying the starting time of any critical activity or increasing their duration will delay the completion of the project. → Float paths: all paths in the network, other than the critical path. It is the difference between the critical path and any other path. It is a measure of the extra time available for an activity or group of activities. This extra time allows for delays to occur in one or more activities along the path. As long as the float time is not exceeded, no delay in project completion time will result.

Development impact fees

ts charged to developers for off-site infrastructure improvements made necessary by new development. (Ex: hookup fees for utility service...)

Blanket loan / Blanket Mortgage:

used for the purchase of land that the developer intends to subdivide and resell; generally includes a clause that releases each subdivided plot from the loan as it is purchased and a portion of the debt is repaid;

Life Safety Code

used in conjunction with the building codes by some jurisdiction but it is not a legal code. It addresses construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to minimize danger to life from fire including smoke, fumes, or panic. It does not address general fire damage prevention or building construction features that are normally part of the fire or building codes. The life safety codes also address egress - number and location of exits in a building.

For every 1,000 SF of shopping space, how much for parking?

3,000 - 4,000 SF

When is grade separation required (at intersection)?

3,000 cars per hour +

Minimum clear width at doorway passage point / door clear opening width @90 degrees

32" (2'-8") with a maximum doorway depth of 24" (2'-0") Note1: if the doorway depth is greater than 24" provide a 36" clear door opening Note2: Exception: doors not requiring full user passage may have a clear opening of 20". Note3: clear width is measured from the face of the door and the opposite stop.

Wheelchair passage width

32" clear at point, 36" continuous

ADA Continuous clear width

36"

2 wheelchair passing width

60"

Width of landscape strips

7' with trees 4' with grass/dirt

When is a traffic light required?

750 cars per hour +

Parking layout for lot with attendants

8' x 18' stalls and 20' aisles

ADA headroom min.

80"

Accessible route headroom min clearance

80" If vertical clearance <80", provide a guardrail or other barrier, ex. under a stair

Typical Parking Space (+ TYP Accessible Parking Space)

9'-0" wide, 18'-0" - 20'-0" long Accessible: 8'-0" wide, 5'-0" access alley for care or 8'-0" for vans adjacent to the space

Cars/lineal feet of curb 90 degrees 60 degrees 45 degrees 30 degrees

90 degrees: 11/100 (most efficient, but difficult to maneuver) 60 degrees: 9/100 45 degrees: 8/100 30 degrees: 5/100 (uneconomical)

Romanesque

900s-end of 1100s medieval Europe round headed arches, arcades, symbolism, sometimes squished elements to fit into tight spaces

Changes in level: <1/4" 1/4" = 1/2" >1/2"

<1/4" : no edge treatment 1/4" = 1/2" :beveled with slope no greater than 1:2 >1/2" : must be ramp

Conditional Use

A building that is permitted in an area that it isn't zoned for, to benefit the public (ex. elementary school in residential neighborhood) Conditional Use Permit: issued in interest of public welfare.

Spot Zoning

A change in the zoning for a specific area/rezoning, can be achieved through political manipulation as well as legitimate reasons

Construction Scheduling

A construction schedule may be established by the contractor or construction manager, but it is most often estimated by the architect during programming so the client can have an idea of the total time from conception to move-in. Keep in mind that this is just an estimate; the architect can in no way guarantee any estimate of the construction schedule to the client like design scheduling, construction scheduling can be affected by many variables, where most can be controlled, and others not. → The time required for construction scheduling depends on some of the following factors: 1. The size and complexity of the project; 2. The weather; 3. Labor availability & labor disputes; 4. Material delivery time; 5. The quality and completeness of the architect's drawings and specification; 6. The management ability of the contractor to organize his/her own forces and subcontractors; 7. New construction or remodeling project; 8. Site conditions; 9. The architect-engineer - some or more demanding than others; 10. Lender approvals; 11. Agency and governmental approvals- permit...

Mulch

A material (such as decaying leaves, bark, or compost) spread around or over a plant to enrich or insulate the soil. Generally used to help conserve moisture, control temperature, prevent surface compaction, reduce runoff and erosion, improve soil structure, or control weeds.

Ordinance

A municipal law.

How much time would a bid package/solicitation of bids require? -mid size project (20,000 SF) -large projects (100+ workstations)

-2 weeks -3 weeks include site factors, elevator access, building access, and dumpster/recycling use

MasterFormat divisions related to sitework (6)

-2: existing conditions -3: concrete -31: earthwork -32: exterior improvements -33: utilities -34: transportation

Planning organization -Linear -Grid -Radial -Cluster -Central -Axial

-Linear: single circulation path. flexible and expandable and can be curved or straight to accommodate site conditions/building orientations -Grid: easily modified: 2 sets of parallel circulation paths that intersect at regular intervals -Radial: 2+ circulation paths that extend from central node or focal point -Cluster: loose groups around a central element -Central: more formal than clusters, focus secondary elements toward a single primary space -Axial: 2+ major circulation paths that intersect

Type of cost estimating for each phase: -Pre-planning: -Programming: -SD: -DD: -CD:

-Pre-planning: unit costs (per person, per bed, per SF, etc) -Programming: unit cost system (cost per SF), based on similar building types and/or functions of spaces -SD: based on major elements of each building system (MEP, structure) -DD: detailed components (curtain walls, storefronts, ceilings, etc) -CD: unit rates for construction competes, assembles and systems.

A client proposes construction of a vacation home on an undeveloped plot of land. What are the architect's principal concerns in analyzing the site?

-View -Accessibility -Soil conditions -Solar orientation -Utility access -Municipal service -Wind patterns -Zoning -Easements -Deed restrictions -Land values

4 types of road alignment:

1. Simple 2. Reverse (100' min tangent) 3. Compound (avoid) 4. Brokenback (200' min tangent)

Design-Build

1. Single entity responsible for design and construction 2. Types of design-build firms: Company which has construction and design staff Construction Company hires an architect Development Company hires an architect and construction staff Joint venture comprised of an architect firm, construction firm, and developer firm → Steps: 1. Owner issues a request for proposals to selected firms The owner can have an architect do the conceptual design and include it in his/her request for proposals which may reduce cost when hiring a design-build firm 2. Selected firms submit proposals and cost for design, design development, and construction to the owner 3. Owner selects a firm 4. Chosen firm designs, develops documents, and build the project → Advantages: 1. One firm is responsible for design and construction 2. Cost is determined early in the process 3. Conflicts between designer and constructor are minimized 4. Facilitates fast-track construction → Disadvantages: 1. Owner's input is minimized in the design of the project 2. Owner has no representative to protect his/her interest but can hire one outside of the selected firm 3. Any design change would likely require a change order that the owner will have to pay for 4. Dispute may arise regarding the scope of the work 5. Quality issues may arise and be difficult to address if the owner's decision to select a firm was solely based on the lowest bid

Vehicle Turning Radii: 1. Small Cars 2. Standard Cars 3. Large Cars 4. Ambulance 5. Busses/trucks

1. Small Cars: 16-19ft 2. Standard Cars: 19-23ft 3. Large Cars: 23-25ft 4. Ambulance: 25-30ft 5. Busses/trucks: 43-50ft

Width of circulation aisle

12'-0" wide

Homestead Act

160 acres free and transferred to private ownership provided a person built a house and lived on the land for five years

Accessible route cross slope

1:50 max

Ecosphere and Biosphere

"The Natural Step" Ecosphere: 5 miles of earth's crust Biosphere: 5 miles into troposphere

Residential Planned Communities (RPC)

(housing development pattern) allows the developers to integrate residential, commercial, and industrial uses, and to divide the land into different density areas, based on the village-neighborhood-town concept. Example: Columbia, Maryland.

Daniel Burnham

-architect/urban planner. later 18-1900s, Chicago -instrumental in developing skyscraper, key contributor of Chicago school, and director of world's Columbian expo. -masonic temple building - 21 stories with skeletal frame: one of first skyscrapers. -prepared plan of Chicago

Most common sources for lead poisoning (3) and health hazards from exposure

-deteriorating lead based paint -lead contaminated dust -lead contaminated residential soil hazards: children: brain/nerve damage, behavioral/learning problems, slowed growth adults: reproductive problems, high blood pressure, nerve/memory problems

Floodplain characteristics (5)

-high water table -poor drainage -deep, uniform soil, regular expansion and contraction -not good foundation, but excellent for agriculture -could be adapted into manmade concrete channel or canal such as in LA or south FL

FFE items related to sitework/design:

-outdoor furniture, signage, planters, artwork, window voerings, awenings, custom lighting, AV

Utilities

-sanitary & stormwater take precedent because of gravity -center of road reserved for wastewater, though in denser areas there may be two lines on each end of street; diameters range up to 4' and length up to 20', maintained at constant slope, generally lowest structures below street level. -all utility lines for next 5 years installed before street is paved -trunk (main) lines shouldn't be located in major traffic arteries

When are pile foundations used?

-when soil strata beneath structure is incapable of supporting conventional footings. may be timber, concrete or steel. more costly, (not constructed more quickly, don't outlast spread footings, and don't support greater loads)

Door clearance

1'6" on pull side

5 steps of programming

1) Establish goals / Establish objectives: goals indicate what the client wants to achieve and why. They establish the direction of programmatic concepts that ultimately suggests the physical means of achieving goals. Ex: increase the daily informal interaction between students and teachers. 2) Collecting facts / Collect, organize, and analyze data: the facts describe the existing conditions and requirements of the problem, which should not only be collected, but also organized, using such tools as the program outline format (see definition). Examples of facts to be collected and organized include, but are not limited to, site conditions, space adjacency needs, money available for construction, building code requirements, etc. 3) Uncovering concepts / Formulate relationships: develop abstract ideas that are functional solutions to the client's problems without defining the physical means that should be used to achieve them by using programmatic concepts (see definition). Ex: A programmatic concept to increase the daily informal interaction between students and teachers: provide common spaces for mixed flow in circulation patterns. 4) Determining needs / Establish priorities: this step balances the desires of the client against the available budget or establishes a budget based on the defined goals and needs; wants have to be separated from needs. During his step one or more of the four elements of cost (quantity, quality, time, and budget) may have to be adjusted to balance needs against available resources. 5) Stating the problem: this step summarizes the essence of the problem in just a minimum of four statements, one for each of the major considerations of form, function, economy, and time. These statements will be the bridge between programming and the design process.

4 major considerations of programming

1) Form: relates to the site, the physical & psychological environment of the building, and the quality of construction. 2) Function: relates to the people and activities of the space or building and their relationships. 3) Economy: concerns money; initial cost, operation cost, and life-cycle costs 4) Time: the schedule for design, construction and occupancy.

Pro forma

1)a financial projection for the development of a project meant to determine if the project is feasible, given estimates on potential income and the cost of developing the project. 2) It is a mean of determining a project's construction budget by listing labor and construction costs

Maximum length of block

1,600'

1. Avoid intersection where the angle of roads is less than: 2. Don't offset intersections less than: 3. On major roads, intersections separated: 4. Freeway on/off ramps distance:

1. 80 degrees 2. 150' 3. 800' 4. 1/2-1 mile

Types of finish materials in building construction tests

1. ASTM E84 / Steiner Tunnel Test - surface burning characteristics of building materials: test samples in a narrow chamber that has a controlled flame at one hand. The result is a materials flame spread rating. Class A (I), B (II), C (III) → Class A (I) is the most fire resistant. 2. NFPA 265 / Room Corner Test: sometimes required in addition to the ASTM E84 test for textile interior finishes or instead of it. It determines the contribution of interior textile and ceiling covering to fire growth. 3. NFPA 286 - evaluating contribution of wall and ceiling interior finish to room fire growth: it evaluates materials other than textiles and addresses displacement during the ASTM E84 test.

Development loan types (5)

1. Blanket loan: developer purchases land that they intent to subdivide and resell. When it's sold, the lot is released from the loan, and debt is repaid as part of selling price. 2. Bridge loan: quickly granted and used to close on a property/start construction while waiting for the official (long term) loan to be approved. 3. Mezzanine loan: used by developer to pay a variable amount of interest during project development (starts low and gets really high % rate at end). considered a gamble, stock in company is collateral if revenue isn't produces by sale or lease at the end to repay the loan. 4. Conventional mortgage: borrow money at fixed or adjustable rate - and when it's paid off, borrower has clear title to what was purchased. 5. Deed of trust: title is held by trustee, foreclosure can happen under power of sale.

Total Construction Cost

1. Building Costs All work related to the structure and its systems using unit cost figures (ft2 x cost per ft2) 2. Site Development 10-20% of Building Costs Off-site work: all improvements outside of the property lines of the project, i.e. Utilities and services required to make the development operable. On-site work: all improvements within the property lines of the project but excludes the building itself, i.e. landscaping, parking. 3. Contractor's overhead and profit* 5-40% of total construction cost

3 types of separation intersections:

1. Cloverleaf (most common, series of right turns, two level interchange) 2. Direct-Left (when 2 expressways intersect) 3. Diamond (When expressways meet secondary roads, up ramps: 3-6%, down ramps, 8%

5 types of flexible zoning

1. Conditional Use Permit: allows a non-conforming use to be permitted, has to go through special hearing and provide some sort of public benefit (ex. hospital in residential zone) 2. PUD (cluster concept) 3. Floating Zone 4. Incentive/Bonus Zoning: zoning requirements waived if developer provides bonus feature, ex large public plaza in exchange for additional floors, incentives can be given for street widening, providing unobstructed view, inclusion of public spaces, preservation of open space, etc. 5. Contract Zoning: agreement between developer and local gov't giving additional restriction in exchange for a benefit, ex. heigh restriction in exchange for being granted a conditional use

5 components of design decisions

1. Cost 2. Function 3. Aesthetics 4. Time 5. Sustainability

Road types (4)

1. Expressways 2. Arterial Streets: major circulation, connecting to expressways 3. Collector Streets: connect local & arterial 4. Local Streets: Site Access extra: service/frontage road: parallel to expressway providing access to adjacent properties

Type of Building Surveys (3)

1. Field measurements (taken by hand) 2. Laser Scanning (remotely measures existing spaces 3. Photogrammetry (establish control points and hand survey to get base coordinate system)

Slope Design (flat/moderate/steep/very steep)

1. Flat Area: <4% (good for anything, parking at 1.5%-5%) (storm drains between .3 and 1%) 2. Moderate: 4-10% (buildings and walks, drainage ditches) 3. Steep: 10+% (difficult to walk on, buildings become expensive) 4. Very Steep: 25+% (should be landscaped to prevent erosions) 5. 50%+ (must be terraced to prevent erosion)

1. Concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center 2. Concentric circles with elevations getting lower towards center

1. Hill 2. Depression

Process: Create Planning Diagrams (3 steps)

1. Matrix Chart: numerical values of required relationships (1 = adjacent, 2 = no relationship, 3 = separate) are assigned to each program space with regard to the others 2. Bubble Diagram: Create loose drawing of circles that indicate required adjacencies, priorities or relationships, and relative sizes. 3. Block Diagram: More accurate, though still preliminary, layout of spatial organization based on bubble diagram, but with accurate sizes.

What three factors are used by an architect to determine building code requirements for a particular project?

1. Occupancy (classified by letter & number) 2. Construction Type (Ex. Type I, Type V) 3. Location (Setbacks, alleys, streets and property lines)

Kevin Lynch's Image of the City, 5 terms about cities' "legibility"

1. Paths (streets/sidewalks/trains) 2. Edges (perceived boundaries) 3. Districts (city sections identified by some identity) 4. Nodes (focal points, intersections) 5. Landmarks (readily identifiable objects which become reference points)

Primary concerns for site design: (8)

1. Pedestrian and vehicular circulation / transportation network 2. Surface drainage and runoff 3. Landscaping 4. Access to services and public facilities 5. Natural and artificial lighting 6. Site access for emergency vehicles 7. Security 8. Subsurface conditions / topography (fluctuating water tables, heaving, soil stability0

4 levels of site security

1. Perimeter Protection: ex. fence, bollards, changes in elevation, landscaping, etc. 2. Access and Parking: controlled gates, guard stations, sally port (2 secure gates with space for authorization in between), illumination, signage, monitoring 3. On-Site Security: signage, landscaping, sight lines, lighting, etc. 4. Building Envelope: materiality, authorized entrances, surveillance, etc.

Reducing sound from noise source (3):

1. Positioning building as far from noise as possible 2. Solid barrier constructed as close to the source as possible (effectiveness increases with height and proximity) 3. Trees attenuate higher frequency sounds

Types of Site Surveys (3)

1. Preliminary: Basic for preparation of architectural drawings 2. Construction: Precise condition of site and adjacent structures 3. Possession: Records completed development (2 types) 3a. Geodetic: precise, following spherical shape of earth 3b. Plane: more common, assumes flat plane of earth

4 Treatments applied to historic structures (most historically accurate to least)

1. Preservation: little work, inconspicuous interventions 2. Rehabilitation: retain and repair, some replacement ok 3. Restoration: remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with restoration period 4. Reconstruction: new construction to look how something existed in earlier time

Secretary of Interior's hierarchy of rehabilitation for a historic building:

1. Preserve form and detailing of materials and architectural features important to the historic character. 2. Protect and maintain materials by using the least degree of intervention possible. 3. Repair features when their physical condition warrants additional work. 4. Replace feature if it is beyond repair. Appropriate only if essential form and detailing are still evident, which would allow it to be accurately reestablished.

Soil Types (7)

1. Rock/Bedrock: solid, strong support. 1a. slate/shale: fine textured soft rock 1b. boulders: detached rocks 1c. decomposed rock: disintegrated masses (pebbles) 2. Haropan: gravel/slay/sand mixture, good foundation type 3. Gravel: smaller rock particles 4. Sand: loose particles, good foundation, good drainage 5. Silt: fine-grained sedimentary material, mud when mixed with water (dusty) 6. Clay: plastic when wet, hard when dry, may shrink and swell, not stable 7. Quicksand: mixture of sand and moving water

Properties for which soil may be tested (6)

1. Specific gravity, to determine void ratio 2. Grain size, for permeability, frost action, shear strength 3. Grain shape, for shear strength 4. Liquid and Plastic Limits, for compressibility and compaction 5. Void ratio, for compressibility 6. Unconfined compression, for shear strength Soils engineer writes report and suggests type of foundation and allowable soil bearing pressure

Construction Slope %: vertical/horizontal x 100 1. Storm Drains 2. Sanitary Sewers 3. Street Surface Drainage 4. Planted or Large Pavers 5. Lawns 6. Planted Banks 7. Parking Lot 8. Automobile Ramps 9. Sidewalks/Streets/Paved Driveways

1. Storm Drains: .3% min 2. Sanitary Sewers: .4-1.4% 3. Street Surface Drainage: .5% min 4. Planted or Large Pavers: 1% min 5. Lawns: 25% max 6. Planted Banks: 50% max 7. Parking Lot: 5% max 8. Automobile Ramps: 8% max 9. Sidewalks/Streets/Paved Driveways: 10% max

6 LEED Categories

1. Sustainable Sites 2. Water efficiency 3. Energy/atmosphere 4. Materials/resources 5. Indoor air quality 6. Innovation/design Minimizing construction

Space/Site Planning Hierarchy (4)

1. Total Building Group: all buildings in complex/master plan (ex. medical campus) 2. Component Building: Individual building in a group (ex. acute care hospital) 3. Activity Center: Spaces related to each other by function (ex. surgery dept.) 4. Space Unit: Individual space within a center (ex. pre-op suite)

Methods of estimating cost (6)

1. Unit Cost System (Programming) - cost per square foot based on recent experience - it enables estimators to apply cost data accumulated from one building to a different building type, provided the design and performance criteria are similar. 2. Building Subsystem (Schematic design) - enables comparison between different conceptual solutions. 3. Component cost system (Design development) - enables a more precise selection of components and systems. 4. Composite Unit Rates (Construction documents) - these rates are for construction components, assemblies, and systems and are required for pre-bid estimates, final cost checks, the contractor's cost breakdown, and used as a basis for verifying the contractor's payment requests. 5. Parameter method: (Construction documents) involves an expanded itemization of construction quantities and assignment of unit costs to these quantities. It makes it possible to evaluate the cost implications of each building component and to make decisions concerning both quality and quantity in order to meet the original budget estimate. Instead of using one number for floor finishes, the cost is broken down into carpeting, unfinished concrete... 6. Matrix costing: (Design development) it is a way of comparing and evaluating alternative construction components. In this method, a matrix is drawn showing, along one side, the various alternatives, and, along the other side, the individual elements that combine to produce the total cost of the alternatives.

8 basic categories of land use

1. agricultural 2. commercial 3. government 4. industrial 5. institutional 6. natural resources 7. open/conservation 8. residential

How to determine land value (4 methods)

1. comparison method: compared to similar parcels, most accurate is current data is available 2. development method: use estimates of what it would selling price, time and cost to develop, and net sale price 3. residual/income approach method: estimate potential income from improvements that yield highest return (used in highly developed areas) 4. allocation method: used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get value of the land

Road paving materials in order of preference (6)

1. concrete 2. asphalt concrete 3. gravel 4. decomposed granite 5. stabilized soil 6. graded and compacted earth shaped for drainage

Types of ownership (5)

1.) Fee simple/fee absolute: most common. owner has "absolute ownership" (taxes, easements, deed/covenant restrictions apply) and can do whatever they'd like with the property. 2.) condo: sole ownership of property, shared ownership of common elements. 3.) Co-op: ownership of a number of shares of stock of a corporation that owns land 4.) leasehold: aka rental agreement. 5.) Sale and leaseback: owner sells property and leases it back long-term at a fixed rate, in order to raise money by offloading a property to someone who wants to make a long-term investment. typically done for tax purposes.

Types of owners (4)

1.) joint tenancy: each tenant has a share in the whole development which passes to survivors after death 2.) partnership: business built on share of partners. after death of one, partnership may be dissolved and assets are distributed to remains partners/estate of deceased. 3.) corporation: business independent of shareholders. after death of one, their share passes on and does not affect business. 4.) trustee: person/company who holds property or authority for the benefit of another (401k, will, charity, etc.)

Width of typical street (+ curb for minor and heavy traffic streets)

11'-0" - 12'-0" Minor Street: + 4" roll curb or gravel Heavy Traffic: 6" concrete curb and gutter

Gothic

1100-1300s, Europe -popular for religious structures, features development of pointed arch, buttressing, and ribbed vaults -allowed for thinner walls, larger glass windows, and vaults to be constructed over bays

Beaux Arts Architecture

1670s-1960s, Europe and US -academic neoclassical arch. styles taught at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in paris slightly over-scale details, bold sculpture, deep cornices, swags, flat roof, hierarchy of spaces, arched windows, arched/pedimented doors, classical details, symmetry, sculpture, murals, coordinated artwork

Federal/Adamesque

1790s-1820s, USA style originating in Pompeii -delicate detail and ornamentation, 12 over 12 windows, circular window in pediment, pilasters that create arcade, splayed/point lintel, finely carved moldings, fan/transom lights around doorway.

Greek Revival

1840s-1860s, USA looks like a temple with chunky details, arched columnist with correct proportions, full pediment, correct entablature (cornice, frieze, architrave), 6 over 6 windows, squared lintel, earlier examples have lower pitched roof -facades in antis (2 columns & 2 pilasters)

Gothic Revival

1850s-1860s England -sought to revive medieval forms in contrast to neoclassical/beaux arts styles prevalent at the time. associated with churches -steep, pitched roof, painted arches, verge board, wall dormers, irregular "L" shaped plan, flat buttressing

Italianate architecture

1865-1880, England/northern Europe/US -modeled on 16h century Italian renaissance arch. w/picturesque aesthetics -very tall/elongated feeling with irregular or symmetrical plan, 2 over 2 long narrow windows, painted bracket, cupula, corner quoining, squared columns with chamfered corners, cast iron details, heavy hood moldings, multiple story bay windows, shallow dormers and narrow double leaf doors.

Richardsonian Romanesque

1880s, USA developed by HH Richardson, basically a masonry version of the shingle style

Queen Anne Style

1880s-1900s, US hybrid with shingle style that emphasizes many wild colors, scalloped shingles, gable screens (combined verge board) turrets/towers, irregular floor plan, clapboard siding, starburst motifs, weathervanes/finials, 1 over 1 windows TYP, cube/pyramid roof, slate wallhangings/roof, chamfered bays, oriel windows, big windows with little on top

Prairie School

1890s-1920s, US low and wide projections that emphasize horizontally, broad eves, stucco facades, windows and doors tucked under eaves for privacy

American Four Square

1890s-1930s USA typically a cube, with a door and window on first floor nad 2 windows on second, hipped roof can be applied to any style

Colonial Revival

1890s-1930s, US excessive in every way, classical columns, 8 over 8 sash windows or any # over 1 windows, blown out of scale details, swans neck pediments

Bungalow/Craftsman

1913-20s, US low, small, modest construction with Japanese influence, square battered columns, exposed rafter tails, emphasis on craftsmanship in design, wide eaves, ideas borrowed from shingle style, considered a dignified middle class home

International Style

1929, US, western Europe -effort to industrialize craft traditions, which led to the Bauhaus school led by Gropius

Art Deco

1929, us -vertical/stripped down gothic that seems to go on forever to the sky, any ornamentation is replaced with mechanics, and alludes to speed and industry

New Town

1940s, autonomous with greenbelt , but means you'd depend on cities for jobs Concept: it is an extension of the idea that entirely new communities can be built away from the crowding and ugliness of existing cities. These new towns were suppose to be autonomous centers surrounded by a greenbelt, but they never became truly independent because they lacked significant employment centers; they still depended on nearby cities for jobs

Christopher Alexander

1970s architect, CA -wrote a pattern language which describes practical architectural language called 'generative form.' provides rules to follow but leaves aesthetic and design decisions to architect. methods for construction for everything from regions to hardware systems.

Separation of exits

2 exits are required in an non-sprinklered building, the distance between the doors must be equal or greater than 1/2 of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served 2 exits are required in a sprinklered building, the distance between the doors must be equal or greater than 1/3 of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served 3 or more exits are required, 2 must conform to the diagonal distance rule, and the third and additional exits must be at a reasonable distance apart, so that if one is blocked, the others will be available

End Bearing Pile

2-3x cost of spread footing, driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata

Clearance between cars

20"

Cul-de-sac Minimum length: Turnaround:

200' 80'

Minimum 2-way road width for low-moderate road and driveways

24'

Typical distance to an exit

250' , 75' travel distance

Programming

4 main areas of concern: form, function, economy and time. 5 step process: 1.) Goals/objectives 2.) compile facts 3.) explore concepts 4.) prioritize wants vs. needs 5.) write a program statement no design solution implied - ensures that analysis remains unbiased and objective. process of problem identification and not of problem solving. design is problem solving.

Limit site disturbance at what distance around building?

40' beyond building 25' beyond permeable improvements 5' beyond curb

Width of 2 lane highway with 9' shoulders

40'-0" - 42'-0"

Square footage per car for circulation

400 SF

Cul-de-Sac length and turn-around

400' max with 80' turn around

One Acre

43,560 square feet

Exit Corridor minimum width

44" or 3'-8" → Doors and handrails cannot project in a corridor more than 7" into the required width when fully up; → Project horizontally from either side of the corridor a max. of 1 ½" for trims and other decorations, and 3 ½" for handrails.

min clearance at door in series

48" if not possible, doors must be automatic

Slope into parking lot: In multiple story lots, max slope:

5% max slope into parking lot In multiple story lots, ramps 15% max, 8' transitions

Accessible route slope maximum

5% or 1:20 slope (1" rise for every 20" of distance) Note: any slope greater than 1:20 is considered a ramp.

Occupancy

A ASSEMBLY B BUSINESS E EDUCATIONAL F FACTORY / INDUSTRIAl H HAZARDOUS I INSTITUTIONAL M MERCANTILE R RESIDENTIAL S STORAGE U UTILITIES 2. Accessory : a space or room that is an accessory to a main occupancy but that does not exceed 10% of the floor area of the main occupancy. It does not need to be separated from the main occupancy with a fire barrier. Ex: a small gift shop in a hospital 3. Incidental : a space or room, not exceeding 10% of the floor area of the story where it is located, which is incidental to a main occupancy and has the same qualification has the nearest main occupancy, but must be separated from the main occupancy by a fire barrier. Ex: linen collection room on the same floor as hotel rooms

Levels of Soil

A: topsoil B: minerals C: partially weather/fractured rock D: bedrock

Thermal Inertia

Ability of a material to store head (concrete/masonry store heat in arid climate and release it slowly at night)

Renaissance Planning

Aesthetic was a priority Radial boulevards and secondary streets Vistas Wren and Haussmann attention to aesthetics of urban design. Recalled the principle and forms of the classical world in architecture & town planning Layout: city plans combined symmetrical order and radial layout of streets focused on points of interest. The primary organization was overlaid on a grid of secondary streets or over existing road systems. Used the town square/classical forum/plazas that served as a gathering place as well as a setting for principal public buildings.

Collective vision of how urban and suburban planning should follow certain principles

Ahwahnee Principles Community size, integration, transportation, open space, pedestrian paths, native vegetation, water and energy use

Air Pollution Temperature Inversion Phenomenon

Air temp at ground level lower than higher elevations, causing heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants

Testing & Material Standards

All approved materials and construction assemblies referenced in the building codes are required to be manufactured to accepted methods or tested approved by agencies according to standardized testing, or both. The following are the principal standard agencies and testing laboratories: 1. ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials: publishes standards and test procedures; it does not actually perform tests, but its procedures and standards are used by testing agencies. 2. NFPA - National Fire Protection Agency: develop standards related to the causes and prevention of destructive fires. 3. Industry trade groups: standard writing organizations that have an interest in a particular material, product, or filed of expertise, such as ASHRAE (American Society for Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers) 4. ANSI - American National Standard Institute: does not develop or write standards; it approves standards developed by other organizations and works to avoid duplications between different standards. 5. NRTL - Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory: when a standard describes a test procedure or requires tests in its description of a material or product, a testing laboratory must perform the test. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is one of the most well known NRTL's. → Note: UL: When a product successfully passes the prescribed test, it is given a UL label. There are 2 types of UL labels: Listed label: passed safety test and is manufactured under the UL follow-up services program. Classified label: samples of the product were tested for certain types of uses only.

Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation

Allows for new additions/alterations to be different from older structure, but must be complementary Takes precedence over state/local regulations -standards must be met if Federal Tax Investment Credits are to be involved;

First Settlements

Amoebic, haphazard layout. Important pieces @ center Layout: Living quarters surrounded the granary, the temple, and the palace Security: Walled in or situated in a tactical position for protection

Percolation Test

Amount of time it takes water in a test hole to drop 1 inch

Debt Service

An additional, long term cost to the owner, to pay off construction loan for a project. Typically not included in original project cost.

Variance

Applied for by an owner on a private site to ask to deviate from an ordinance.

William LeBaron Jenney

Architect, late 1800s, Chicago father of the American skyscraper -home insurance building - first fully metal framed building, 8 stories

Pierre Charles L'Efant

Architect/civil engineer, 17-1800s, NYC -plans for federal city in DC that followed Baroque planning elements including radial avenues, sight lines, ceremonial space, and respect for natural topo. -dismissed from project and city plan developed by Andrew Ellicott. -in 1901, partial redesign used his plans, including the development of the national mall where his largest avenue was originally intended.

Pedestrian Circulation: Area of person: Easy movement: Crowd movement: No movement: Sidewalks: Collector walks:

Area of person: 3 sf Easy movement: 13sf Crowd movement: 7sf No movement: 3sf Sidewalks: 5'-0" min. Collector walks: 6'-0" = 10'-0"

ACM

Asbestos Containing Materials

Design Temperature

Average temperature that a mechanical system is designed for

What to do if there are underground streams

Avoid and be cautious of siting of structure

Azimuth vs. Altitude

Azimuth: Degrees E-W Altitude: Angle from horizon

Vertical Road Alignment

Max 10% slope

Alluvium

Soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water

Macroclimate

Based on latitude, elevation, proximity to water. ex. island/coastal: constant / moderate temperature arid/desert: low humidity & greater temperature variation mountainous: winds forced to rise

Microclimate

Based on solar radiation, angle between ground and altitude Greatest sun rays: perpendicular to ground Winter Solstice: Least hours of sun and low sun angle Summer Solstice: most hours or sun and high sun angle Vernal/Autumnal Equinox: equal hours of sun and dark *microclimate affected by its ability to absorb radiant energy. ex. a planted area will absorb and store heat during day and release it when temperature drops. structures and paving however produce extremes of heat and cold in direct relation to the sun during the day and cold at night.

US Survey System Baseline Standard Parallel Principal Meridian Guide Meridian Benchmark Metes and Bounds (4) Divisions

Basis for much of the legal description of non-urban areas outside of the original 13 states. Baseline: Parallel (line that follows latitude of earth) used as basis for E-W layout of US Survey System Standard Parallel: Parallel between baselines in US Survey Principal Meridian: Meridian (N-S line that follows longitude of earth) Guide Meridian: Meridians between principle meridians Benchmark: point of reference used to establish height and location of other points. Metes and Bounds: verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached. property boundaries measured horizontally as a series of points, not surface distances. ex. sloped property line shorter than actual surface distance. Check: 24 miles on a side and divided into 16 townships Township: 6 miles on a side, divided into 36, 1-mile section Section: 1 square mile containing 640 acres Quarter Section: 1/2 mile on each side

Diffraction

Behavior of sound, light, or other waves when it passes through a small opening

Piazza St. Peter

Bernini 1650s-1660s Rome -designed so that greatest # of people could see pope give his blessing -doric columns so as not to compete with palace-like façade by carlo maderno, but done at a huge scale to evoke emotions and awe

Water Table

Between zone of aeration and saturation: building foundations should be well above this level. underground in which the soil is saturated with water. The water generally follows the slope of the grade above, but it may vary slightly. Boring logs will reveal whether groundwater is present and how dip it is. Sites with high water tables - 6 to 8 ft below grade, can cause problems with excavations, foundations, utility placements, and landscaping

Patrick Geddes

Biologist/town planner, late 1800s, france -introduced concept of 'region' to architecture -believed that by changing spatial form, it would be possible to change social structure as well -emphasized preservation of human life and energy rather than superficial beautification

The connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life

Biophilia

Biofiltration Strip

Broad vegetated surface (15'x40' min) that filters contaminants from stormwater on site. Receives runoff directly from impervious surfaces in relatively thin sheets. Filters water, reduces erosion, maintenance and the need for irrigation.

Peat

Brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter. It is widely cut and dried for use in gardening and as fuel.

Process of ensuring that systems are designed, installed, and functionally tested for effective operation

Building Commissioning

Building Line

Used to achieve planned street patterns.

Sheet Flow

Water that flows across paved surfaces

Infiltration Basin

Catches stormwater runoff and retains it until it can seep into ground

Occupancy Classification

Category based on user-group for which a building or portion of a building is intended. Number of occupants and their activity determine this classification When 2+ use groups co-exist in same building, fire-rated separation is required between them. Occupancy use permit issued by gov't authority certifying that project complies with its intended use. Occupant load is number of people for which the means of egress for a building is designed.

Wind Patterns

Change with seasons, use coniferous trees to shield buildings from wind, 70-80 mph standard <50 fpm = unnoticeable 100fmp = pleasant 250fmp+ = drafty/annoying

First city to establish a 'historic district' as a response to growing # of aging buildings from theft, demolition, and neglect

Charleston SC

Three most common types of asbestos

Chrysotile (white, 95% of asbestos found) Amosite (brown Crocidolite (blue)

Book suggesting that quality of urban space is more important than architectural form

City Planning According to Artistic Principles, Camillo Sitte -public square should be seen as a room -churches and monuments should be integrated

Baron Haussmann

Civic planner, 1800s, paris. -plan to rebuild and modernize paris. -built new wide tree lined boulevards, placed regulations on facades/heights/parks/faciliites/monuments. -influenced by street revolutions, now streets were too broad for rebels to build barricades and military could assemble and get through.

Framework for designing self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities

Clarence Perry's The Neighborhood Theory -no major traffic through residential areas, arterial streets should form a perimeter -interior streets should utilize cul-de-sacs and curves -population determined by number of people to support one school, ~160 acres/ 10 familes per acre -school @ center, 1/4-1/2 mile walk without crossing any major streets -services on edge -10% of land dedicated to parks/open space

Macroclimate and Building Design

Cold: compact form, small surface area large, south-facing windows, minimal on north interior materials with high thermal mass summer shading for glazing dark/medium dark colors Temperate: rectangular E-W buildings, slightly to east summer shade, sun onto glazing south-facing openings block winter wind medium colors Hot-Humid: shade all openings large openings, high ceilings, cross ventilation light materials, minimize thermal mass light colors Hot-Arid: *need to reduce heat gain. compact forms with small surface area minimize openings, or deeply recess openings shaded glass (more effective), or insulated glass provide shade maximize thermal mass light colors *N. latitudes: heat transmission through walls is critical S. latitudes: through roof is critical

City Beautiful

Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893, Daniel Burnham, John Root, Frederick Law Olmstead Symmetry, classical buildings, formal courts, reflecting pools, promenades - begins city beautiful movement and interest in urban planning

Muck

Combination of soil and water, has a higher mineral content than peat. decomposed to the point where the original plant parts cannot be identified.

Effective Temperature

Combined effects of temperature, humidity, and air movement.

Affirmative Covenant

Commits a buyer to performing future duties (ex. payments for common charges)

Contours closer together at the top

Concave slope

Eugene Emmanual Viollet-le-duc

Considered first restoration architect. Developed methods for building preservation. buildings should be restored to what they should have been. Now discredited by contemporary preservationists, but work still influential.

What to do if soil is soft clay, water bearing sand or silt

Construct deeper foundations or drive piles, remove poor soil

CSI

Construction Specifications Institute: one of the master specifications available. prewritten texts that include majority of requirements. Prior to this, data systems were unable to adapt to rapidly expanding body of construction knowledge. CSI and AIA joined together to develop classification system: 16 divisions that only one correct place exists for each product, based on the most prevalent use of that product.

Construction Management

Construction management: activities over and above normal architectural and engineering services conducted during the pre-design, design, and construction phases that contributes to the control of time and cost. CMA: construction manager as agent/advisor - administers design contracts, acts as the owner's representative to the design team, manages the construction contracts, as well as non-construction activities on the site. He/she has no financial responsibility. CMC: construction manager as constructor - vendor relationship with the owner. He/she has a financial responsibility to the construction project. He/she is brought into the project before the design phases are completed to help with constructability.

An unexpected foundation repair is necessary on a renovation project. How is this unforeseen expense accommodated in the construction budget?

Contingency is used when unforeseen expenses are incurred on the job. Usually 5-10% of construction budget.

Change in elevation between set distance

Contour Interval

Who is responsible for securing a building permit, and when?

Contractor, at the end of CDs.

Contours closer together at bottom

Convex slope

Trenching

Create shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage of surface water

Defensible Space

Crime prevention through environmental design, Oscar Newman

Contours point "down" toward lower elevation

Crown/Ridge

Potability Test

Evaluates drinking water for bacteria, pH, color, odor, hardness, etc.

Amortization

Decreasing or accounting for an amount over a period of time.

Compost

Decayed organic material, used as organic fertilizer when mixed with nitrogen and soil. principal purpose is to permit the organic materials to become crumbly and reduce the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the material.

Noise (decibel) Sleeping/studying/whispering Conversation/comfort Safety threshold Concert

Decibel: smallest difference in 2 sounds that the human ear can detect Sleeping/studying/whispering: 30 decibels Conversation/comfort: 50-60 Safety threshold: 85 Concert: 90-100 Trees thin out high frequency noises. Each increase of 10 decibels the human ear perceives as 10x as loud. On freeways, doubling the distance between the source and ear reduces level by 6 decibels. Winds add "white noise" that blurs any one sound frequency. Walls close to a noise source reduce high frequency, but midway between the source and the ear does nothing.

3 ways to improve soil strength

Density is a rough measure of strength, soil improvement=reduction in void volume 1. Add compacted cinder or ash 2. Use lots of short piles to compress upper layer 3. Sheepsfoot rollers

Performance code

Described functional requirements, but leaves methods up to designer

Retention Pond

Designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely, designed to have drainage to another location when the water level gets above pond capacity

Greek Cities

Developing with special facilities, temples (typically at highest ground), and the agora. Layout: laid out like the first human settlements but more developed. More activities required more and separate spaces. A rectilinear pattern of blocks was used to form a town. Security: Enclosure wall was irregular and determined by the topography

Field Pattern

Development around amorphous, natural features, ex. natural topo of LA, or old cow paths of NE into roads

Bracing

Diagonal supports for sheeting, most common: rakers

Culvert

Drain or channel that permits passage of water below ground, typically a large diameter concrete or metal pipe under a road

Wash boring

Drilling test hole to locate bedrock beneath compact soil, pipe driven into soil while water forces material to surface. can penetrate everything except rock, can be extended 100'+, but material is often mixed and boulders may be mistaken for bedrock

Dry Sample Boring

Drive pipe with special split sampling pipe @ end, soil samples every 5"

Friction Pile

Driven into softer soil, friction transmits load between pile and soil. Bearing capacity limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil.

Organization Patterns: Dumbbell Doughnut Grid Radial Field

Dumbbell : straight path connecting to ends, double loaded but could be subject to site constraints Doughnut: loop of dumbbell Grid Radial: paths from central Field: no strong direction

Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

Gross Area/Site Area

Surcharge

Earth which is above the top of a retaining wall

Personal Space

Edward T Hall Intimate: 6-18" Personal: 1'6" - 2'6" Social: 4'-12' Public: 12'

Egress doors

Egress Door size: 36" wide with a clear width of 32"min., and 80" high min. The maximum width of swinging doors is 48"; Egress doors must be pivoted or side-hinged; Egress doors must swing in the direction of travel when the area served has an occupant load of 50 or more or is a group H occupancy; Egress doors must not swing into a required travel path, they can be recessed to avoid this problem; Egress doors must not swing into a required travel path more than 7"

Flume

Elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport things like logs and fish

Invert Elevation

Elevation at bottom (flow line) of pipe

Swale

Elongated depression in land that is seasonally wet, usually vegetated, normally without flowing water

Weir

Embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert water flow

Utility Easement

Enables utility company to run service lines over private property

Incentive Zoning

Encourages private developers to provide public amenities in exchange to build larger/taller structures.

Caisson

Essentially very deep spread footing, holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured. belled or socketed

Gridiron System

General: encouraged by the Ordinance of 1785 which established the rectangular survey system / ubiquitous system of the USA. The system divided the country into a grid of Checks- 24 miles square, each subdivided into 16 townships (6miles on a side), each further divided into 36 sections (1mile square) Concept: regularly planned public open spaces and uniform spacing and setbacks of buildings. NOTE: See further description under "Survey" section

Catchment Area

Geographic area from which participants in an activity are drawn (market/trade/etc) - varies in size and type, but it's where a facility derives its users.

Proctor Compaction Test

Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable density of soils and aggregates

Sir Joseph Paxton, 1801-1865

Great Conservatory at Chatsworth, Derbyshire. One of the largest timber/glass structures of its time. Ridge and furrow glazing system was predecessor for his most notable cast-iron and glass structure, the Crystal Palace, in Hyde park. Designed for the Great Exhibition of 1851 - giant conservatory incorporated pre-fabricated components which facilitated a construction time of only 9 months.

Sociofugal

Grouping of people arranged so that each person arranged so that each can have privacy from others

Temperature increase due to greater absorption, retention and generation of heat

Heat Island

Percolation

Infiltration of soil

Lewis Mumford

Historian/author, 1950s-89s, NYC use of language/symbols sets us apart from animals -critical of urban sprawl, structure of modern cities partially responsible for social problems in society. urban planning should emphasize organic relationships. -medieval city basis of ideal city -modern cities are too much like roman cities (sprawling megalopolis which ended in collapse)

Cribbing

Horizontal 2-4" boards placed between soldier beams to hold soil in place during excavation

Albedo

How much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface [0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror (rate is a fraction)] Materials with low albedo better in temperate climates (ex. wood instead of stone paving)

Humus

Humus: Soft, dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity / well-decomposed, more or less stable part of the organic matter found in mineral soils

Conditional Covenant

If restriction is violated, land will revert back to original owners.

Reform Movement

Improve sewer, reduce crowding, improve water

Shakkei

Japanese landscape technique to visually extend the foreground into the distance and surrounding context and blend new construction into it to blend the 3 together

Thermal Expansion

Materials expand and contract due to temperature variation

Exits cannot pass through:

Ktichens, storerooms, closets, and through rooms that can be locks

Plat Map

Land plan - component of a survey, typically furnished by civil engineer, drawn to scale, indicates property lines. May also contain easements, streets, restrictions, lot and block numbers, and main reference for a site development.

Georgian

Late 1760s/1790s England/colonial America -general buildings were 5 bays with 2 stories and a cenral door, double gambrel roof, quoining, heaving detailing (molding profile, keystone), thick chimney, 12 over 12 windows small compared to building mass, and mutule blocks

Shingle Style

Late 1880s, USA/new England -closely related to masonry, mimics shape of stone, has shingles used as membrane, cavernous openings in gable are emphasized, as well as overall volume instead of details, gambrel roofs have curve edges, shingles curve around corners and protrusions

Radiant City

Le Corbu, 1935 Vertical towers & green spaces

Trench Drain

Linear drainage device used to collect and conduit water

Roman Planning

Location: Town's location depended on the productivity of the surrounding regions & territorial control for strategic land areas. Layout: Used the rectilinear form of blocks to form a town. Security: Enclosure wall were regular General: Had 2 main intersecting streets: cardo and decumanus.2 types of Roman towns: Commercial town/oppidum, Military camp/castrum

Cartridge Drive

Loop distributor-collector drive with access to the local road, dispenses cars one at a time, necessary when amount of parking exceeds 400-500 cars, also called distributor drive

Detention Pond

Low lying area designed to temporarily hold set amount of water while slowly draining into another location. Mostly for floor protection when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding

Invert

Lowest point in surface of drain/sewer/pipe/etc. should be established during planning because the effluent (out flowing of water) must flow from the lowest point where the sewer lines leaves the building to the main sewer. Note: the actual connection of the building sewer to the main line must occur above the invert of the main line at any given point in order to interfere with the free flow

Minimum curb radii @ major, minor streets

Major: 50" Minor: 12"

Frost Line

Maximum depth at which soil will freeze, footings should extend 1' below this level.

Proforma Statement

Means of determining project's construction budget by listing labor and construction costs.

U-Factor

Measure of heat transmission where a low u-value has a slow heat loss or gain (brick wall) and a high u-value has a rapid heat loss or gain (window), measured as the number of BTUs that pass through 1SF every hour

Slump Test

Measures consistency of a mix. ex. concrete vs. mortar vs. grout are composed of cement, water, sand and gravel (mortar is lime instead of gravel). Cement will be relatively stiff because of its tightly controlled water-cement ratio. Mortar is less stiff, and grout (which is poured between wythes in a brick wall or into the cells of hollow concrete masonry) is quite fluid.

Tax Increment Financing

Method cities use to issue bonds to pay for civic improvements (sewers/streets) with the intention that it will stimulate development in that area. During redevelopment, taxes are based on the pre-improved assessed value of the property. After redevelopment, taxes (and assessed value) increase due to the improvements. The difference in tax increments is used to repay the bonds.

Min ramp width: ramp length: landing length: handrails if:

Min ramp width: 36" ramp length: 30' landing length: 60" handrails if: rise 6" or run 72"

New Urbanism

Mixed use, variety of housing types within walking distance of shops/office (seaside FL) Concept: attempt to counter the many undesirable aspects of city development (urban sprawl, automobile dependence, environmental deterioration, housing segregation, loss of farmland, single use development. One of the primary design features is the development of neighborhoods intended for mix use. It promotes the connection of neighborhoods and towns to regional patterns of bicycle and public transportation, and pedestrian systems. It encourages buildings to be integrated with their surroundings, and supports the preservation and reuse of historic structures.

Spread Footing

Most economical, delivers load directly to soil area of footing = load/safe bearing capacity. Appropriate when good soils are found at a shallow depth. Spread footings on compacted fill economical where max. depth of fill is about 5'.

Cumulative Zoning

Multi-use district or zone. Allows for residential use in commercial zones and commercial uses in industrial zones.

Clay

Must be removed, too stiff when dry and too plastic when wet (.002mm)

Gross Area

Net Area (commonly used areas) + circulation (structure/MEP/service)

Building Efficiency

Net Area/Gross Area ranges from 60-80 any percentage below 60% is considered inefficient Efficient means that an area is functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of space. To increase the efficiency of a building, usually, circulation layout has to be done carefully; the least amount of corridors, the higher the efficiency.

Superblock

New Town concept Rapburn, NJ, Henry Wright Limit cars, increase pedestrian Corfu and Niemeyer attempted, but life revolves around automobile so it caused separation rather than inclusion

Non-conforming use

No longer comply with zoning ordinance, but did when it was built. Allowed to remain in use, but if major alterations are to be made - must be adapted to meet code requirements.

Aggrieved

Non conforming but legal structure that existed prior to enactment of land use ordinance.

Sustainable Site Selection

Not within prime farmland, historic site, endangered species habitat, 5' elevation within 100 year flood plain, or 100' within wetland

Boring locations: Open warehouses Large structures Uniform conditions *how deep into the strata?

Open warehouses: one in each corner and one in middle Large structures: 50'-0" spacing Uniform conditions: 100-500'-0" spacing min. 20' deep into strata

Something organic (wood fiber, paper, cotton, etc) that mold can use as an energy source

Organic feedstock -love drywall paper -most common in hot, humid areas

Moisture Migration

Passage of moisture into/through a material or construction in the form of water vapor due to a difference in vapor pressure in the two faces

Loam

Paste of clay and water with sand, chopped straw, etc., used in making bricks and plastering walls.

Drain Tile

Perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to release hydrostatic pressure from foundation of retaining walls

French Drain

Perimeter foundation subsurface drainage system, continuous perforated pipe near footing in a ditch lined with filter fabric and filled with gravel

Aquifer

Permeable stratum of soil material that allows passage of water underground and is water source for wells

Standard that sets the number of asbestos fibers a worker can be exposed to

Permissable Exposure Limit (PEL)

Paul Leon

Philosophy of restoration claiming that buildings must remain true to the past.

PUD

Planned Unit Development, zoned parcels for different uses

Vapor Barrier

Plastic or foil sheet that resists diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling, floor - located on warm side of insulation

Soil Load Test

Platform erected on site and loads increased incrementally until settlement becomes regular under subsequent loadings. Total test load is usually double the contemplated design load.

Public Transit, general rules min. population max distance to a stop average speeds

Population density of 30 persons/acre Max walking distance: 1/4 - 1/2 mile Local Bus: 15-30mph Express Bus: 40-60mph Rail: 40-70mph

Building Orientation and Heat Gain

Position buildings to accept Southern sun, overhangs and louvers based on sun angles, exterior louvers, patios based on climate, and deciduous trees for blocking summer sun and accepting winter sun.

Lien release

Relieves owner of a lien placed on property due to outstanding payment of labor and materials.

Cost Estimating Preliminary Costs: Detailed Costs: Value Engineering: Pro-forma:

Preliminary Costs: SF Cost Estimates - based on occupancy, size, type of construction Detailed Costs: itemized break down Value Engineering: process to get the best value using similar, but more affordable, materials and techniques Pro-forma: financial analysis of a building project which involves cost/return on the investment

Land passed from father to eldest son

Primogeniture

Water Infiltration

Process in which water on ground surface enters soil

Types of Insurance Professional Liability: Workers Comp: Property/Builders Risk: Loss of Use: Product and Completed Operations: Contractual/Indemnification:

Professional Liability: held by the design professional, liability due to negligence of not meeting standards expected of them (ex. not designing ADA restrooms in public building Workers Comp: held by almost everyone, injury/sickness as result of employment Property/Builders Risk: held by owner, covers any damages/loss of work on site/off site/in transit Loss of Use: held by owner, covers financial loss due to delay in construction because of damage/accidents/fire/other hazards Product and Completed Operations: Contractual/Indemnification: written contract where contractors agree to hold owners/architects harmless for damages that are the result of specific events.

Additional Services

Programming, project feasibility studies, verification of owner supplied information, site analysis and selection, environmental studies, landscape design and drawing of existing conditions.

Project budget vs. Construction Estimates:

Project budget: [there is a cap] the purpose of a project budget is to develop cost parameters within which the owner and architect will work. The project budget establishes cost limits, which reflect all anticipated costs. Construction estimates: [subject to change] require adjustments during the course of development. (change order or construction change directive)

After SD, what is most significant reason NOT to proceed to DD?

Project financing. Preliminary cost estimate compiled at the end of SD: project may be over budget. Adjustments can be made on: 1.) scope 2.) quality of materials 3.) owner requests more time to arrange financing

Types of Specs (3)

Proprietary (Closed): doesn't allow for substitution, used to control aesthetics, function, quality. identifies name, model number, finish type, and submittal req't. Descriptive (Open): used in competitive bidding, described characteristics and gives lists of comparable manufacturers Performance Space: used with vendors who propose products they think will meet requirements. - describe only the desired/required results, no characteristics or manufacturers

Underpinning

Provide additional support to existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing: needle beams or pipe cylinders with hydraulic jacks a method to temporarily support existing foundations while they are being repaired or strengthened or when they are being extended to a lower level

Accessibility route is less than 60" (5'-0") wide for 2 wheelchairs

Provide passing spaces of 60"x 60" (5'-0"x 5'-0") at intervals not exceeding 200'

Maneuvering Clearance at doors @ Front Approach

Pull Side: 60"(5-0") minimum Latch Side: 18" (1'-8") / 24"(2'-0") preferred

What to do is water is within 6'-0" of land surface

Pump out excavation Waterproof basement Resist hydrostatic pressure (continuous drain pipe installed at foundation)

Construction Assembly Tests (3)

Rate ability of construction assembly to prevent passage of fire and smoke from one space to another, and tests that rate the degree of flammability of a finish material 1. ASTM E119: evaluates assembly's ability to prevent passage of fire, heat, and gas for X amt. of time. given a rating 1-4hours, and 20/30/45 minute ratings for doors. 2. NFPS 252

Catch Basin

Reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain

John Ruskin

Restoration philosophy was hands-off. Significant buildings should remain unrestored. Felt that beauty of age should be appreciated and remain intact. Buildings should be built to last forever and be left untouched rather than artificially changed.

Investigation process applied to existing buildings to improve and optimize operating/maintenance

Retrocommissioning

Value Engineering

Review process of proposed systems and materials used to explore less expensive options that will achieve similar result.

General Conditions

Right, responsibilities and relationships of parties involved

Riparian Rights

Rights and duties of water to owners of waterfront property, can use water adjacent to their property, but can't infringe upon rights of others to use it

Riprap

Rock along watercourse to prevent erosion

Sheepsfoot

Roller used during soil compaction, has large teeth used to increase soil stability and bearing capacity

Christopher Wren

Royal architect, English baroque, London. -master plan for London after great fire of 1666 (not used) -st. paul's cathedral -52 London churches

The amount of runoff in relation to the amount of precipitation received.

Runoff Coefficient [larger value for areas with low infiltration and high runoff (pavement, steep gradient), and lower for permeable, well vegetated areas (forest, flat land).]

Scheduling of Design and Construction

Setting up a timeframe for design & construction is one of the most important parts of programming because it influences cost (the longer it takes, the more it will cost), design decisions, and determines the feasibility of a project. Both schedules for design and construction should be flexible and responsive to changing conditions, and allow for contingencies of at least 2-4 weeks. Several methods are used for scheduling: bar chart or Gantt chart and the Critical Path Method (CPM). → Effects of extending a schedule: 1. Original team members may retire or take other positions before completion of the work; 2. Cost of the project will increase due to inflation that may result in the project being terminated or reducing its scope. → Methods of shortening a schedule: 1. Team works overtime; 2. Hire more people (part-time, freelance, subcontract work); 3. Reduce the man-hours spent on the project. → Effects of shortening a schedule: 1. Higher cost of design; 2. Higher cost of construction; 3. Lower quality project.

Hachure

Shading technique representing relief/slope

Earthwork Diagram

Shows how much of a building site needs to be regraded/ cut and fill diagram

What is placed around a site during construction to filter out sediment while allowing water to pass through?

Silt Fence

Basis for Garden City Movement

Sir Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities of Tomorrow -utopian city where people live harmoniously with nature -"three magnets": town, country, town-country -suburban towns of limited size but financially independent, surrounded by belt of agricultural land, connected by ring of rail transportation and surround large city concentric system of relationships among public buildings, commercial, housing, industry and agriculture that combines the best of the city with the best of the country. One of the earliest concepts of zoning.

ADA ramp

Slope must not exceed 1:12 (~8%), preferably 1:16 (~6%) 3' min. width 30' max. run 5' long landings >6" rise or >72" run must have handrail Max cross slope: 2%/1:48 Should not be interrupted by crack or edge 1/2" in height max. walkway slope: 5%

Calculating rise of ramp transition area

Slope of transition area required at top and bottom of slopes over 10% should be 1/2 the slope of central portion of ramp. So a central ramp sloping 12% would require transition areas sloping 6%. If transition area is 8' long, (.06)(96")=5.76"

Battering

Sloping/recessing of stone or masonry to help resist soil thrust

Soil Creep

Slow downward progression of soil

Backfill

Soil placed around exterior of foundation wall or excavation and compacted to avoid settlement. Should be free of debris and organic material that might later disintegrate and create void spaces.

What was asbestos originally used for?

Spray fireproofing, sound proofing, pipe installation, floor/ceiling tiles, mastic, etc. EPA banned spray application with asbestos in 1973, can only be identified with lab analysis, owner is responsible for its removal, removal is less of a concern if no children will be living in the building

Silt

Stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002-.05mm)

Proxemics

Study of spatial requirements of humans and effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction

Condemnation

Taking private property for public use, with compensation to the owner, under the right of eminent domain.

Ad Valorem Tax

Tax based on the value of the property.

Sheeting

Temporary wall of wood/steel/precast concrete to retain soil around excavation

Shoring

Temporary wood or steel bracing usually set at an angle and used to hold walls in place

Mothballing

Term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract

Stormwater Runoff

The amount of water that doesn't seep into ground, calculated by Rational Method

Fire Resistive Standards

The building codes specify requirements for two broad classifications of fire resistance: resistance of materials and assemblies, and surface burning characteristics of finish materials → For finish materials, building codes regulate the flame spread rate along the surface of a material and limit the amount of combustible material in a building. → When a fire-resistive barrier is built, any penetrations in the fire-resistive barrier must also be fire rated. Duct penetrations are protected by fire dampers placed in line with the wall → Many materials by themselves do not create a fire-rated barrier; it is the construction assembly of which they are part that is fire resistant. - Three types of partitions: fire partition, fire barrier, fire wall

Subsidence

The sinking of land

Conductivity

The speed at which heat passes through a material. Materials with low conductivity better in temperate climates (ex. wood instead of stone paving) [Metals are high, soils/sands are low.]

Book suggesting that functions of a city could be separated by zoning into four categories:

Tony Garner's Une Cite Industrial 1. leisure 2. industry 3. work 4. transportation -developed in response to industrial revolution -no churches/government/police buildings -pioneered use of reinforced concrete -designed innovative building block with free standing houses -enormous open spaces -trees incorporated into important streets created a set of drawings of imaginary industrial city where public, residential and industrial areas are clearly separated.

Lead

Toxic material once used in paint and other household products, found in air from industrial sources, and drinking water from plumbing materials

Slurry Wall

Type of sheeting: narrow trench filled with slurry (clay+water), steel lowered into trench, concrete poured, slurry removed

Medieval Cities

Typically located near water, church/market at center, main crossroad streets. After creation of gunpowder early: built on the foundations of pre-existing Roman outpost towns. started at the crossroads of 2 main streets, adjusted to site conditions ⇒ irregular shape that seemed to lack geometrical rode, but planned with the use of orderly geometry (rectilinear, circular and radio centric). organized around the church and the market. Security: Towns are walled for defense and depended on hygienic practices (i.e. waste removal) Security: the invention of gunpowder required more protection Star-shaped City: regularly spaced bastions at points around the wall so that the entire enclosure and all approaches to the city could be defended. Streets radiated from out from the center allowing the defense to be controlled from one point and easy movement of materials and troops.

Storm Drain

Underground conduit used to carry rainwater from a catch basin to body of water

Heating Degree Day

Unit that measures how often outdoor daily dry-bulb temps fall below an assumed base, normally 65 F (helps determine how, where, and whether a vapor diffusion retarded should be used)

What to do is rock is near surface of site

Use explosives to reduce manual labor

General Obligation Bonds

Used to fund civic projects, or non revenue collecting facilities. (libraries, police/fire stations) and require voter approval. All taxpayers in jurisdiction help pay off bond through property tax.

Developer Impact Fee

Used to fund infrastructure needed to support new developments. Paid by developers, who generally look to develop areas with lowest fee.

Sump Pump

Used to remove water that has accumulated in a water collecting sump basin, commonly found in the basement of homes

Ground Coupling

Uses stable coolness of earth to cool a building, typically with ground-source heat pump

Radiative Cooling

Uses thermal mass to store heat during day and release it at night

Assessment (3 types)

Valuation of property for tax purposes. 1.) income approach: used by appraisers to value properties that earn income (offices, warehouses, apts, malls) using reliable financial data available for recent sales of similar properties in a given market. 2.) market approach: determines true underlying value based on estimated amount for which a property would trade in a competitive auction setting. 3.) cost approach: estimates land value and depreciated value of any improvements. typically applied to special use buildings (ex. marinas)

Soil Settlement

Vertical strain on the soil as dead load is added, void volume below footing is reduced, can cause serious cracks

Mat Foundation

Very expensive, used when strata is weak, acts as one continuous foundation

Nonconforming Use

Was acceptable when it was built, but no longer conforms to current zoning code

Surface Runoff

Water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity

Typical Human Comfort Zone Winter Summer Tolerable Humidity Uncomfortable Humidity

Winter: 63-71 F Summer: 66-75 F Tolerable Humidity: 30-60% Uncomfortable Humidity: 75+%

Surveying: Regulations (5)

Zoning and easement restrictions Deed and covenant restrictions Historical preservation rules Local and energy codes Determine construction type and occupancy

Incidental Use Area

a space or room, not exceeding 10% of the floor area of the story where it is located, which is incidental to a main occupancy and has the same qualification has the nearest main occupancy, but must be separated from the main occupancy by a fire barrier. Ex: linen collection room on the same floor as hotel rooms

Cost plus fee contract

actual cost of construction (materials + equipment + lowest Sub bids + CMC own labor) and negotiated fee for CMC services. This type of contract is often used when the owner wants to select a specific contractor for his/her capabilities, rather than bidding the project competitively. It usually includes a GMP (see below). An owner will generally select this option if he is not concerned with cost and the contractor will be encouraged to be more efficient in his spending.

Agency

agent acts on behalf of principle in dealings with third party in architecture: agent is architect, principal is owner/client, third party is contractor

General Contract

agreements between owner and contractor for construction of a project

ADA T-Shaped Space

all sides of T = 36"

Datum

also called reference plane. sea level is a common reference plane. Horizontal plane to which ground elevations or water surface elevations are referred.

Ludwig Hilbersimer

architect/urban planner, 1920s-50s, Germany, Chicago. -taught at the Bauhaus -wrote city plan: emphasized street hierarchy including safety for children to walk while increasing speed of vehicular circulation -developed studies for new town center -human habitation should be built in a way to secure people against disaster and crisis

Estimate yearly tax

based on a mill levy (rate) on the assessed valuation of a piece of property. The assessed valuation is a percentage of the actual value of the property set by the taxing authority: • Example: the assessed valuation of developed property is based on 19% of actual value, and the mill levy is 0.04931. If a developed piece of property is estimated to have an actual valuation of $150,000.00, what will the yearly tax be? → Assessed value: (19%) ($150,000.00) = (0.19)( $150,000.00)= $28,500.00 → Yearly tax: (0.04931) ($28,500.00) = $1405.00

Ad valorum tax

based on the value of property being taxed

Construction Types

classified by types I-V based on fire resistance. purpose is to protect from fire and collapse, and divide buildings into compartments. I is most resistive, V is least. I and II and noncombustible.

litigation

conflicts/disputes that are settled in court; typically an option of last resort

fast track schedule

construction documents are issued in phases and construction begins while design is still being completed; requires a lot of coordination with consultants, staged bidding [which may result in multiple contractors]; may reduce time of project by 10-30%

Accessible route

continuous unobstructed path connecting all accessible elements and spaces in a building or facility. The standards for accessible routes are designed to accommodate a person with a severe disability who uses a wheelchair, and are also intended to provide ease of use for people with other disabilities. The accessible route includes: Corridors, floors, ramps, elevators, lifts, and clear floor space at fixtures.

Smoke Barrier

continuous vertical or horizontal membrane designed and constructed to restrict movement of smoke. passive form of smoke control. openings must have at least 20 minute rating.

Street front pattern

developed in a linear fashion, with houses and apartments lining both sides of the street

Exit access travel distance

distance that an occupant must travel from the most remote point in the occupied portion of the exit access to the entrance to the nearest exit. Because exit access areas are not protected, the code limits how far someone must travel to safety. Travel distances are based on the occupancy and whether or not the building is sprinklered

Stipulated Sum / Fixed Price Contract

guaranteed cost for construction before the start of construction and CMC services. Once the cost is agreed upon, the owner is obligated to pay the amount. However, construction cost may be revised by change order. Construction cost ($7,000) is greater than fixed price ($5,000) = owner does not pay the difference in cost amount ($2,000), CMC is responsible resulting in financial loss Construction cost ($4,000) is less than fixed price ($5,000) = owner does not receive the savings amount ($1,000), CMC keeps it resulting in a profit

Design Scheduling

he architect has control over the scheduling of design and the production of contract documents, but no control over construction. However, the architect must be able to estimate the entire project schedule during programming so that the best course of action can be taken in order to meet the client's goals, such as suggesting a fast-track schedule to meet a deadline. The time required for these phases is highly variable and depend on several factors. → To organize the design process, the architect separates the design efforts into phases, each of which must be substantially finished and approved by the client (1wk-1mo) before moving to the next phase: 1. Schematic design phase (1-2 mo): general layout of the project, preliminary alternates studies for materials and building systems; 2. Design development phase (2-4 mo): decisions from the previous stage are refined and developed in more details, preliminary specifications, more detailed cost budget; 3. Construction documents phase (3-7 mo): final working drawings, project manual, bidding documents, contract documents; 4. Bidding or Negotiation phase (3-6 wks): obtain and analyze bids from several contractors, or negotiate a contract with one contractor; 5. Construction administration phase (varies): assure that the structure is being built according to the contract documents. [CJL / PPP Study Notes] [Page 24 of 112] → The time required for each phase depends on the following factors: 1. The size and complexity of the project; 2. The number of people working on the project - the design team; 3. The abilities and methodology of the project team - level of experience, skill; 4. The quality and completeness of the program information supplied by the client; 5. The type of client and the decision-making and approval processes of the client; 6. Financing - time to secure financing for the project.

professional liability insurance

held by architects/design professionals to cover negligence if not meeting the standard of care expected of them [eg not designing ADA compliant restrooms in a public building]

product and completed operations

held by contractor to cover for damages caused by installed goods after the construction phase and transfer of title

property/builder's risk

held by owner to cover any damages, loss of work onsite, offsite, or in transit

loss of use

held by owner to cover any financial loss due to delay in construction because of damage, accidents, fire, or other hazards needed to be dealt with

Guaranteed maximum price

highest cost of the construction project guaranteed by the CMC Construction cost ($6,000) is less than GMP ($10,000) = savings go to the owner ($4,000). Sometimes, the owner shares the savings with the contractor as an incentive to perform the work for less than the GMP. Construction cost ($13,000) is greater than GMP ($10,000) = CMC is responsible to pay the amount over ($3,000) and absorb the loss

Wale

horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing or other members such as concrete form work

BOMA International

it stands for Building Owners and Managers Association. It is a professional organization for commercial real estate professionals. These professionals monitor and lobby pertinent legislative, regulatory and codes/standards issues in relation to the commercial real estate industry. It is a primary source of information on building management and operations, development, leasing, building operating costs, energy consumption patterns, local and national building codes, legislation, occupancy statistics, technological developments and other industry trends. BOMA International has also set standards for measuring buildings and calculating rentable area.

Residential Density -calculating net: -calculating gross:

measure of the number of people accommodated in a given area of land. It is important to determine the density for planning public services such as public utility systems, and for calculating traffic volumes. The density may be expressed in net or gross density. → Net Density: inhabitants ÷ housing land (it does not include streets) → Gross Density: inhabitants ÷ total land (including streets, local facilities, and open spaces)

R-Factor

measure of thermal resistance in a component U value = 1/R-Value, typically the opposite of a U-Value. Used to define level of insulation

Clear floor space ADA

minimum unobstructed floor or ground space required to accommodate a single stationary wheelchair - 30"x 48" (2'-6" x 4'-0")

Width of exits

minimum width in inches of exits is determined by multiplying the occupant load served by a .03 factor for stairways or a .02 factor for egress components other than stairways. If the minimum width is less than the minimum width given in the code, use the larger of the two. If a greater width is specified in the code, the larger number must be used Example: an office has an occupant load of 157; the minimum width of the corridor will be determined by 157 x .02 = 31.4" or 32" clear width. But elsewhere in the code, it says that when the occupant load is greater than 50, provide a 44" corridor. Therefore, 44" should be used for the corridor clear width.

Fire barrier

more protection than fire partition. vertical or horizontal assembly that is fire-resistance rates and designed to restrict spread of fire, confine it to limited areas, and/or afford safe passage for protected egress. ex. stairways, separate mixed-use occupancy

Mezzanine loan:

often used by developers for large projects. It is a large loan with variable interest rate that increases substantially near the time repayment is due. The loan is secured by using stocks in the developer's company as collateral in case of default; this loan is based on a gamble that property will produce enough revenue to repay the loan when the interest rates escalate.

What started the rectangular survey system of US that reinforced idea of grid planning that began with Penn's plan of Philly

ordinance of 1785

Common path of egress travel

portion of an exit access that the occupants are required to traverse before two separate and distinct paths of egress travel to two exits are available. If the common path of egress travel is greater than 75 feet provide 2 exits, except in H occupancy group. Sometimes, the common path of egress travel can be extended to 100 feet, if certain conditions are met, such as a fully sprinklered building.

Building commissioning

process of verifying, in new construction, that all the subsystems achieve the owner's project requirements as intended by the building owner and as designed by the building architects and engineers; it is a quality-focused process necessary for both non-complex and complex modern construction projects. All forms of building commissioning share the same goals: to produce a building that meets the unique needs of its owner and occupants, operates as efficiently as possible, provides a safe, comfortable work environment, and is operated and maintained by a well-trained staff or service contractor

value engineering

process to get the best value for the project using similar, but more affordable, materials and techniques

Professional Fee plus Expenses

professional services separated from services from identified costs (reimbursable, consultants, etc)

Hourly Billing Rate

project billed at standard rates for every hour worked. often this is a "not to exceed" value without consent of owner

Hard money loan:

relatively short-term loan used where there is a distressed financial situation (foreclosure, bankruptcy, or nonpayment of previous loan). The amount of the loan is based on the quick‐sale value (usually less than the market value) of an asset (property or real estate).

Fire Tower

required in buildings over 75' (one exit, min.) non combustible constructions connected with mechanically vented vestibules on backup power or balconies

Standpipes

rigid water piping built into multi-story buildings in vertical position, to which fire hoses can be connected, allowing manual application of water to the fire. Within buildings standpipes thus serve the same purpose as fire hydrants. They are required in buildings that are 3+stories and they should be operational during construction. → Wet standpipe: it is filled with water from a public supply and is pressurized at all times and they can be used by building occupants. → Dry Standpipe: it is only used only when needed for fire fighting. It is not filled with water and it is not connected to a constant public water supply; fire engines supply the water to the system

End on pattern

rows of units at right angles of streets

Service planning:

service spaces or secondary spaces as well as service access must be planned for during programming. Mechanical rooms should be centrally located to minimize lengths of ducts and runs. Toilet rooms should be located to satisfy adjacency requirements or in an area that has easy access to the entire floor.

Room data sheet

these sheets list all of the relationships requirements in a given room, including layout, equipment, activity zones, and lighting, temperature, and comfort requirements. For example, several diagnostic imaging departments may have different needs; therefore each will have a room data sheet

Special district assessment / Business improvement districts (BIDs) / Benefit assessment

used to finance public space improvements in order to enhance an area's appeal and, indirectly, its property values (Ex: park, streetscapes...). Owners within the district's boundaries are required to contribute through assessed taxes, only if a majority of them has agreed to the improvement.

Construction loan:

used to finance the building of a project for the duration of construction. Once construction is complete, the loan must be converted into a long-term, permanent loan whereby the lender is repaid monthly;

Revenue Bond/Rate Supported Bond

used to fund revenue producing facilities - bonds are paid back by revenue from consumers using the services that the bond funding paid for (ex. toll bridges, city water, etc)

Tax-increment financing

used to purchase land, planning and public works improvements to encourage private development. based on increased taxes due to increased property value. tax increment acquired from increased taxes used to pay bond issued to originate the development.

mediation

used to reach an agreement between two parties that is not legally binding

Establishing a project budget (4 variables, 3 methods)

→ Establishing a project budget or project development budget for construction influences design decisions and determines the feasibility of a project. Budgets are established following four basic variables: quantity, quality, available funds, and time, using several methods listed below: 1. Pro format statement, from which an estimated selling price is calculated and balanced against all the various cost - e.g. construction cost - which becomes the budget within which the architect must work. 2. Public funding or legislation - revenue taxes, bonds - where construction budget is often fixed without the architect's involvement, and the project must be built and designed for the fixed amount 3. Architects at the request of the owner set a budget and base it on the proposed project. This proposed budget can be further reviewed using value engineer

Design-Award-Bid

→ General Information: 1. Standard method of construction 2. Used when the owner wants to participate in design process 3. Design decisions are made before getting a GC (general contractor) involved → Steps: 1. Owner hires the architect to develop PD to CD phases 2. Architect prepares bidding process 3. Owner awards a construction contract to the lowest bidder or other at his own discretion 4. Subcontractors and suppliers are selected 5. Cost of construction is determined 6. Construction Administration begins with the architect as the owner's agent 7. Project completed → Advantages: 1. Owner participates in the design process 2. Cost is accurately based on complete sets of documents 3. Clear separation between design and construction responsibilities 4. Construction scheduling is simple → Disadvantages: 1. Long time to complete CD phase before being able to establish an accurate cost and for construction to begin 2. General Contractor experience and knowledge of pricing and constructability is not available during the design phases

National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)

→ In addition to building codes, there are companion codes that govern other aspects of construction. Ex: National Electric Code, International Fire Code... → Building codes indicate what tests or standards a particular type of material must satisfy in order to be considered acceptable for use. For that reason, model codes make extensive use of industry standards developed by trade associations, standard writing organizations, standard approving groups, and government agencies (see testing and material standards below). → Building codes recognize that there is no such thing as a fireproof building; there are only degrees of fire resistance (see types of tests and standards + fire resistive standards below).