ARH 303 Unit 2 Key Images

German Expressionism - tortured, anguished, brutally primitive, passionately spiritual reflecting elemental cosmic forces

-raw, primal energy and an earthiness -wild color and abstraction - show us how color and form is significant - incorporates emotion - thinking about emotion and painting as expressing emotion to the viewers to produce universal - different than van gough- thinks about emotion on a world level rather than personal -Instead of just being interested in painting it self and color as a tool, they wanted to use color to get to a spiritual space - Expressionist use the form of the composition to create an emotion space

Daguerrotype

Daguerre discovered that using silver AND mercury fumes, you can make the development process quicker and more clear and mixed Daguerreotype is a direct exposure onto metal type There is only one of them, can only make one image because you exposes one light onto this They are hyper crisp, the first HD photography Detail is hyper crisp, but only one of them His process became hugely popular, and would get thir portarits made portraits and landscapers calotypes didn't have same crisp quality

lithography

- Extremely new print process came about in 1800s- used during the late 1800s to create posters for the city - "stone- writing" • They used stone • Grease and water don't mix, • Draw on stone using greasy crayon and printer wets stone so that all parts of stone not inked get wet and roll ink onto part on stone that as drawn • Water and grease don't mix so it goes on it • Reproduction of drawings able to produce them in different colored layers

Jean Honoré Fragonard

- Rococo, - Style: Fantasy, flirtation, and licentiousness - Here he epitomizes the sensuality of the Rococo, and works are marked by his extraordinary use of color - Range from erotic fantasies to intimate studies and pastoral landscapes, subjects that provide for a distraction for his wealthy patrons

Julia Margaret Cameron

- british pictorials, most celebrated - used out of focus blurring to make her images seem painterly as seen in Sister spirits --Like talbot she used photography to make images that were expressive; not just documentation but through the way they looked, formal qualities would be expressive about the subject ---When Thomson documents crawlers he wants it un-manipulative= bc that tells the truth ---But Cameron wanted them to be fuzzy and off centered and unusual

art Nouveau begins at turn of century in Belgium - transforming everyday objects into evocative beautiful organic exotic feeling - has swirling viney, plant-like quality to it - a total style of art: because where it happens across all these different fields; - takes industrial materials (iron , steel) and transform them form practical objects to beautiful ones - similar to asceticism because it beautifies already existing spaces - sets apart form others: not afraid to use exotic designs -exuding youth, liberation and modernity; - shared with symbolism the element of fantasy

- concerned themselves equally with exterior finish and interior space - typically complex, animamied facades give them a quality that engages viewers - energy on interior, there is a sense of movement-- --influenced by Japanese principle of total design: every detail of an interior space should be integrated into a single style was a response to William Morris's Arts and Crafts Movement, and the emphasis on handcrafted, finely designed produces reflect this - influenced by the design products of Louis Comfort Tiffany: gemlike luster and spiritual glow of medieval stained glass, based on nature, depicting wooded landscapes, flowers and trees

Gertrude Kasebier Blessed Art Thou Among Women Pictorialism highly textured 1. soft, grainy image, slightly out of focus and with a range of lush grays that only a platinum print can provide 1. blurry, out of focus and using contrast and tone to make it striking 2. framed specifically for this symbolic moment of female space; nineteenth century belief in role women play in development of children 3. narrative moment: creates a tranquil domestic sanctuary based on, as the title suggests, the nurturing care of a mother 4. spiritual setting dedicated to maternal nurturing

- displaying the hallmarks of Pictoralism: a soft, grainy image, slightly out of focus and with a spectacular range of lush grays that only a platinum print can provide - scene has a spiritual quality,set within a sanctum dedicated to maternal protection and nurturing; - creates a tranquil domestic sanctuary based on, as the title suggests, the nurturing care of a mother - shares the nineteenth-century belief in the important role that women play in the development of children - using contrast and tone to make it striking - not a snapshot or documenting a moment - framed specifically for this symbolic moment - artistic perspetive: female space - her work is pictorialist because of the visual qualities - its is blurry, out of focus, counteracting the sharp straight on focus of documentary - high contrast, narrative moment, makes it all pictorial - symbolism that makes it not just a straightforward image; this maternalism relates her to other female artists

Impressionism formal qualities of impressionism --- realistic depiction of light; Impressionist artists sought to capture fleeting moments, ---objective reality on this optical level 1. use painting to evoke feelings of the scene they are looking at through color, brush stroke and manipulating the way its painted 2. loose brush strokes 3. use complimentary colors to make colors seem brighter 4. interested in optical effects; use of color techniques an loose brushwork (connects to realists; see things the way they are= simplifying realism to a visual encounter) 5. paintings painted outdoors - en plen air- painting on the spot; capturing how we see things from a visual standpoint; 6. Impressionists are very empirical; interested in empirical optical vision use of small strokes and dabs of brightly-coloured paint; and (5) the use of light and colour to unify a picture, instead of the traditional method of gradually building up a painting by outline and modelling with light and shade.

- shares with realism of Manet a sketchy unfinished look, a feeling of the moment, and a desire to appear modern -- documenting the rise of the middle class - interested in recording transformation occurring in French society, especially leisure activities of the nouveau riche - focused more on the evolution of rural villages surrounding Paris into bustling suburbs with factories, railroads, restaurants and regattas - focused on landscape and city scape -- worked empirically, outdoors --painted what they saw, not what they knew --set entirely new standards for how artists "saw" and depicted nature ---The impressionists were radical artists at there time even though we think of grandma paintings ---Impressionism is a specific movement: group of artists living in Paris who are working together ; it's a style but also tied to a specific group of people working on it, its tied to these certain artists

Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House Modern Architecture

- shockingly modern for its time - built in prairie style - stacked long horizontals and verticals - main technique: cantilevers- overhanging projection that would otherwise need support beam but is supported by the steel, they define one space, while they floor of the terrace charts another - resonates with nature and the organic - interior space not only flow into the exterior but into one another - this sense of growth can be seen from the exterior where the later spreads of roofs, terraces, and balconies seems to be in constant movement - picturesque variety of overhands and recesses creates a play of light and shadow that we don't not normally associate with architecture but with nature - - designed everything specifically, even the bricks - controlled everything in these houses, had to sign contract that you wouldn't change anything

Pictorialism

- staged images meant to look like paintings

modernism where are its beginnings?

-- Idea of modernism starts with the realists; this turn to really representing everyday life in art in Courbet's "the Stone Breakers" --saw beginning of modernism with Manet: Especially modernism: called the father of modernism because With Manet we get modern life plus experimentation; with finish quality of painting and painting as a material practice ---Manet is first one that pushes artists experimentation in terms of how you paint ---Everyone is influenced by Manet bc he says look how you can experiment with techniques and push against this tradition of painting on a window to another reality byproduct of impressionist stylistic developments was this -bright colors and bored brushwork, abstract qualities of work seemed to challenge the representational components as the subject matter of the painting - shift toward abstraction -

Aestheticism

-- arts function is to be beautiful, to appeal to the senses, and not to project moral values to tell stories • Group of people vaguely friends who started making works of art that were specifically geared towards art for its own sake (Its not trying to convince viewers of anything) • Oscar Wilde- spokesperson of this idea "A work of art is useless as a flower is useless" • Decadent is used to describe these artists- had many critics group of people who started making works of art geared towards art for its own sake - motto: "Art for Art's sake" - not trying to convince people of anything, just for its own production - influenced a number of other groups at turn of the century

Monet

--- offers us impressionism based on optical effects • Impressionists on the other hand actually took their canvas outside and made work on spot • This color literally breaks down colors he sees into optical effect so when you look at painting you are getting optical environment effect of what Monet saw this day • This optical effect really connects impressionists to realists : breaking down to minimum amount of information • You see things and they are literally documenting the way you see; instead of documenting social reality they are interested in capturing how we see things from a visual standpoint; simplifying past cultural stuff, simplifying realism to a visual encounter • By using brush strokes and optical colors they are trying to break it down into these basic components • They argue, when you look around you don't have perfect clarity, for them breaking down into components expresses how you see things in real life Connection to realism

Post impressionism wanted to make art great like the past - more structure and more attentive to form of composition Complimentary optical effects with these colors ; includes more color

--Take use of bright colors, breaking down brush strokes of a picture, and painting from observed experience and instead of making them fleeting impressionists they try to put more structure into impressionism ---The artists take experimental things impressionists did and instead of making sketchy works they make them more structured and geometrical, visionary and expressive -- rejects the empiricist premises of Realism and Impressionism in order to create art that as more monumental, universal and visionary -- rejected collective way of seeing; each artists developed a person aesthetic --

Avant-garde

--leaders of modernism who positioned themselves outside of mainstream society and against the traditional art world; focus on experimentation rather than tradition Literally "advance force" in French; Artists in 20th century Europe who led the way in artistic experimentation and rebelled against established conventions of the art world.

Romanticism

-Interest in the common man and childhood -Strong senses, emotions, and feelings -Awe of nature:vRomantics stressed the awe of nature in art and language and the experience of sublimity through a connection with nature. - Romantics rejected the rationalization of nature by the previous thinkers of the Enlightenment period. -Celebration democracy and of the individual; nationalism -Importance of imagination

abstraction in general

-a common idea in human culture where you take something away to get at something more essential ; idea of taking layers off to get as at something more essential -Always ask the question when you see something abstract? = what Is the artist taking away? And what are they trying to get at? what's the end essential truth? = helps you understand what's happening

Courbet

1855- wrote manifesto on realism becoming the most noteworthy person associated with movement Changed the way people approached contemporary events and life Was apposed to painting anything that he couldn't't see ; was a positivist When we think about art making and life we have to concentrate on the world around us, not on systems of thought

Bolshevik Revolution

1917 political revolution in Russia that, in part, led to the establishment of a Communist government

modern abstraction

Can be main idea behind early modernism, tool is primary hammer in avant garde to smash down tradition

Fin de siècle decedent movement : literary fashion started in France focused on exotic bizarre, self indulgent characters obsessed with leading anti-bourgeois lifestyles of visionary splendor that rejected the rational and the mechanization of modernity. -

Fin de siècle French for, "end of the century." Used to refer to the spirit of the age that dominated at the turn of the 19th to 20th centuries. Refers to whole cultural period from 1890s- to 1910. more than just time period, but about the spirit of the age and looking through art at what the spirit was ---Artists are moving away from art as a documentation of what we see and deeper into psychological subjective emotion states ---This is due to that fin de siécle spirit- in tune with larger cultural atmosphere; ---The rise of spiritualism and people interested in the other world people Turn of century- machines are changing society ; the artist's today try to get away form industrialized aesthetic and more towards personal psychological space

Whistler

First times we see artists just making art to be beautiful and for the feelings for it Main painter is James whistler; revolutionary thinker and first person to argue that a paining doesn't't have to be about anything or a meaning. It can just be a assemblage of colors. This is the first moment we see abstraction in this way Making work at the same time impressionists are - Whistler started off as a realist painter. Painting portraits and society - They all sound like Music titles: relates to idea of aestheticism because he Is thinking about the colors, arrangement of shapes and the people pictured are secondary; what's important is the paint colors, and visual qualities of the work itself

The Enlightenment

Isaac Newton and John Locke - back to rationality Turn away from thinking just scientifically, start to think about how their rational understanding can apply to human life Feminism, rights for the oppressed Art during the enlightenment: Neoclassicism - Heralded by twin revolutions: Industrial Revolution and the political revolutions of the US and France - Upward transition of moving toward life through science and knowledge= forced by the Enlightenment - Locke and Newton = stressed empiricism -- the idea that knowledge comes from practical experience rather than abstract thought or religious revelation -- as the basis for philosophy and science ○ Newton: proceeding from personal collected data and onbservation ○ Locke: empiricism established experience as the only basis for formulating theory and principle

Edvard Munch

Norwegian symbolists - his version of symbolism is very dark - ll works tend to have skull faces and people who look half dead - desire to explore visually the most elemental psychological forces underlying modern civilization - themes explores the psychology of sex and the meaning of existence, delving int the deepest recesses of the mind

Japanese wood block

Key block has the entire image, produce other blocks that break it down For every color in the print, you have a different block Not religious, but tap into the zen buddhist idea that life is just a fleeting moment

Henri Toulouse Lautrec

Not academic salon context- Most works were turned into posters He was a peoples artist making work for the public space An aristocrat who left aristocrat world Born with a disease so he only reached 5'1 Connected to cabaret in Paris - works of nightlife of the city

modernism

Modernism = approach to art making - subgroups of modernism= pubism, expressionism, futurism which are the styles within modernism -its an overarching idea that unites all the different abstract artsits together - applies to all different cultures - time period when artists are trying to understand modern society - moment when artists are thinking about the present,right now; not looking back at traditions - all united bc they each are trying to express what modern age means - artists trying to express modern age - emphasis on experimentation : unites them all; they need to come up with new tools and systems, they are all experimental becase they are trying to find new things to show modern life - Avant- Garde: what they are called; specific groups that had specific ideneties of what they are doing

Pictorialism in Photography

Movement that came up in response to the technological advancements in photo technology - Photography becomes more accessible and present in everyone's life,= cameras are now handheld, half-tone printing process, picture postcard, dry plates and Kodak camera - photography organizations promoted pictoralist aesthetic, placing a premium on a painterly, artistic look, countering the sharp focus that characterized postcard, newspaper and magazine images and the single fixed focus of the Kodak camera - highly textured - Period where printing technology was good enough to where pictures were in newspapers Change of century : Moments where photography becomes a part of people everyday life Art is a tool Fighting against the idea that photography is just a tool ; reclaim photograph as an artistic medium and do that in how they take them Links them with the aesthetics because its more about beauty rather than documentation

photography

Realism as an artistic style happens soon after the photographic process becomes a new medium When photography was invented it changed the way completely people think about images This is the moment when this medium first starts and changes the way painters make paint and the way people think about proof and scientific evidence documentation and how to understand the world through pictures precedents from The camera obscura = lens box and mirror; the problem is that no one knew how to make a fixed image Wasn't until the 1700's people knew silver salt were light sensitive but in 1800ss they started using them - recording process capable of scientifically documenting the world - interpretive vehicle allowing new ways of perceiving and understanding reality = artistic vision

Rococo - art shifts more to the people 1. either for aristocrats for flirty reasons 2. for moral ethical scenes --Turn away from the spectacle of big art patronage, --more intimate and domesticate artworks --Pink, white, gold, and fluffy --Grottos --Smaller level of Baroque excess --Hotel particulier - townhome - half public, half private spaces - would open up the townhouse to hold gatherings called "salons" ---Rococo painting: no church commissions, no religious paintings

Rococo Style pretty pink white gold, and detailed idea of irregular shaped pebble, -- getting smaller spaces so people start buying art that fits in their homes rather than versallis -- all about fantasy and intimacy but on a smaller scale- still have baroque influence - Linked with Louis XV (1774-1792) - Still belongs to renaissance - Notion of the "simple man" existing in an idealized nature - Féte galante- type of painting added to French Academy celebrating the tradition of love and eroticism in art and broadened the range of human emotion depicted there - Mostly in France and most of western and central Europe France: The Rise of the Rococo - After the death of Louis XIV (1715) Versaillis was free from royal control, Louis XV was 5 at his fathers death and wouldn't be crownend until 1723 - This Early period of the Rococo from 1715-1723 is known as the Regency, with his cousin Philip in reign = abandoned all strict rule - Salons: many people started to move to Paris where they built elegant homes with intimate rooms; these hotel particulars developed into social centers called salons, for intellectual gatherings Rococo in Central Europe - Rococo Architecture in central Europe is larger in scale and more exuberant than in France - Painting and sculpture are more closely linked with their settings aristocracy regained power and began to abandoned the strict life of versailles, and chose to move to paris

Aesthetic movement

Rossetti gravitated toward a visionary, medieval style art that expressed his own personal psychology, not social morality - Burne- Johnes followed him down this path toward a visionary art that eventually developed into what is known as the Aesthetic movement - Rossetti's shift away from its principals was significant because it anticipated the direction art was going to take in the closing decades of the century as Realism waned, and was replaced by a personal devotion to portraying strong emotions and imagination - Gaurier: "art for Art's sake" : arts function was first and foremost to be beautiful, to appeal to the senses, and not to project moral values to tell stories - repessed sexuality a reflection of the strict moral code of victorian britian that outlawed even the discussion of sex

Primitivism

Similar to Orientalism; The appropriation of non-Western art forms (especially African and Polynesian) by Modern artists in pursuit of abstraction and pure, "uncivilized" expression - idea expressionists are looking at is that these objects from cultures that they are looking at they saw as being primitive, outside of civilization or structured society, they represented a pure state of being outside of civilization ; idea of the noble savage

Buddhism

Teachings: how to transcend the everyday world in order to reach enlightenment Zen buddhism: most popular form in Japan - using meditation to reach enlightenment

Victor Horta Tassel House, Brussels Art Nouveau

everything works together to create this atmosphere - make industrial materials like a post as is and would transform it into a tree or set of vines etc. - the stairwell is made from wrought-iron columns and railings that were shaped into vines that evolved into whiplash tendrils on the walls, ceiling and mosaic floor - supporting role of the column have been downplayed by making them as slender as possible - linear patters on floor and wall further integrates the space visually - sunlight filters through the glass ceiling, heightening the organic quality of the space - everything has organic fluidity, a springlike sense of growth and life, which destroys the conventional boxlike quality of interior space

Fauvism Salon d'automne = salon for new art

Took idea of abstraction and focused on color - "wild beasts of Color" French word meaning wild geese Leader : Henri Matisse - use abstraction just about color - shows us color is significant for early modern artists ---Take idea of color theory and use it as primary means of abstraction ---None of these are actual colors, just investigating how color can be used exclusively ---Intention: very simple and straightforward ---Like post impressionists: use lots of complimentary colors

UKiyo-e

Ukiyo-e prints come out of entertainment culture that was so popular They represent these entertainments; pictures of the floating world: images not super symbolic or heavy with meaning but capturing fleeting entertainment in daily life All about daily life and fleeting happiness

surrealism

thinking about conscious, much more psychological and looking inward --- both interested in irrationality and chance (like dada) -- to Freuds idea as there -- using art as means to get at unconscious reality that freud showed shaped our lives -- evoke feelings of disgust or disturbance in viewer -- uses chance, and juxtaposition to reach this unconsience

Fuseli

antihero established personal moral codes and followed personal passions to attain freedom and fulfill individual needs = foundation of his art - chose psychologically and physically agonizing events for his subjects -

Frank Lloyd Wright

best known for domestic architecture; most work is houses - based on nature - rather than just using industrial material in building buildings, he made emphasis in architecture and making relationship between building and the natural environment; all are conscious of surroundings - "praire style" : long, flat horizontals that stack on top of each other - falling water house : build house on waterfall - incorporates building into the current existing natural space - abstract artsits because of his interest in the relationship between building and space - architecture approach was to design building as a total object and work of art with all different elements working together cohesively - emphasize pattern making not construction

Realism leading up to it 1848- Date of French revolution; we begin to see emphasis on imagination and spiritualism; the Romantic search for psychology goes away and we get artists that are more interested in the world around them as objective observers, rather than the emotional events inside See artists returning to world away from that psychology Main influences for Advent of realism was the number of positive philosophy and social things happening in the world : - Leading philosopher August Comte: sociologist Rise of a bunch of philosophical and academic fields to understand the world - Sociology is invented by Comte- No longer are people trying to understand the world through romantic notions but by observable facts all started with Comte - Influence of positivism and sociology artists begin to look at the world around them

concentrated on blunt contemporary modern life, unembellished and unidealized ; fleeting bc changing so rapidly - about the present truth, whats in front of us - country peasants, urban poor, leisure activity of middle class -

AUTOMATISM

draw stuff on paper without looking and after you look at it you pull things out --- way of using chance to reach unconsience ideas you didn't know were coming through

cubism

uses geometry to fracture the picture - has nothing to do with emotion or psychological spaces - was interested in looking how compositions were made as fractured plains - a single recognizable figure that is viewed from multiple angles all at once - Picasso's Idea of cubism was of trying to visualize what art looks like in four dimensions

Manet

grandfather of modernism salon de refuses- so many art works were being rejected by he the Salon that Napoleon created this - telling us the present cannot live in the past; we must find their subject matter in the modern world; exposing - Realism is the most valid direction for art to take and its as important and vital as the great art of the past Painted this: the size- big paintings were submitted to these academic salons as the size of history paintings, the larger the painting the more professionally worthy it was- he made this work to submit but it was refused because this isn't a finished work.... Not going to let him show it and this caused a huge uproar During that year 1863 the acemdy denied 3000 works of arts from being hung in the exhibitsons, and then these artists banded together to demand anoether exhibition This painting was the celebrating examble of this refused salon ; the avon guard Group of artists who are banding together against the academy to make new types of art works This painting was shocking to people- the talk of paris for lke a month because it was so shsocking

symbolism - in response to impressionism and realism Femme Fatale: main theme, • Category of women: used female body to plug into psychological places • Uses eroticism to bring men to their downfall In this art, scenes from nature, human activities, and all other real world phenomena will not be described for their own sake; here, they are perceptible surfaces created to represent their esoteric affinities with the primordial Ideals." symbolsim is connected to astehtiscm an how it uses art to evoke psychological state

literary movement announced in a manifesto issues by poet Jean Moréas in the newspaper Figaro Littéraire in 1886 --portraying fundamental human urges and the psychology of sexual desire ; strange dream like imagery, otherworldly and psychology - art as means to reach other states • takes aestheticism approach and adds more psychology, use painting to probe deep psychological states - goal was to "objectify the subjective... instead of subjectifying the objective" meaning the everyday, contemporary world was to be rejected an replaced by one of dreams that abstractly expressed sensation, moods, and deep-seated fears and desires - five objectives: "ideal, symbolist, synthesis, subjective and decorative" - use abstract means to project powerful emotional yearnings an tap into the most elemental states of mind - group of artists to use waiting to probe deep psychological states with the use of symbols - similar to van gough and whilster because they are getting to the idea of art being of objective reality - upheld subjective over objective - no object is painted for its own sake, they are means for getting at primordial ideas - art is a means to reach these other states - influenced by 19th century spiritualism - an idea of what art should be but all have different approaches

Tokonoma

main alcove in a tea room or guest room, which usually holds a hanging scroll, flowers, painted screen

Neoclassicism (second half of 18th century) primary art form of the enlightenment - planarity, tight drawing, consistent lighting and smooth handling of pain -featured clean lines and depicted heroic figures of Ancient Greece and Rome. -Governed by the ideals of the Age of Reason, Neoclassic art was intellectual and restrained. -featured clean lines and depicted heroic figures of Ancient Greece and Rome. Governed by the ideals of the Age of Reason, Neoclassic art was intellectual and restrained.

meaning "New Classicism", return to the greeks and romans values -finished clear images - Second half of 18th century was period of transition from old world to the new - Art of time reflects this transformation , for its changing and complex with several contradictory attitudes existing in a single work - Feel of classical antiquity and embrace moral values - Embraced the logic and morality of the Enlightenment - Rejects sensual pastel colors and bold painterly flourishes of the Rococo and instead return to the hard line and cool paint handling of the Italian Renaissance and French Classicism - logic and desire to control the forces of nature through science - take classical ideas and ask how it can be applied to democratic issues or how humans relate to the world

Koan

questions posed by zen masters to novices to guide their progression toward enlightenment during mediation

impressionism

realism evolved into impressionism in landscape painting - documented transformation of landscape from rural to suburban - outdoors, with bold brushstrokes and strong colors captured world before their very eyes -empirical representational art - marked appeared of the avant guard = ideas are new and radical for their time - avante guard leads to decline in academic salons in western world

Hudson River School

response to Romanticism - group of people who are dedicated to the land in the US and showing the Us landscape as soemething to celebrate - Hudson river school paintings take natural landscapes and incorporate symbolic meaning into them - Idea of the sublime: when a human encounters the greatness of nature we are totally unable to wrap our reason around it and the sublime is the feeling that nature is about to overtake you even thought you have this rationality, nature is always on the verge of swallowing us up - Being in control but also being totally overwhelmed and recognizing how big and immense the world is - Use sublime to show huge landscapes (storms swallowing up landscape) in the Hudson river school

Chashitsu

specially designed room used for tea ceremonies